crispr/cas technology' - ucll · 'crispr/cas technology' julia manetsberger, phd...
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'CRISPR/Cas technology'
Julia Manetsberger, PhDLaboratory of Neuronal Communication
Outline
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
CRISPR/Cas9 technology• Mechanism• Variations
Applications• CRISPR in Research• HIV• Human genome editing
Regulation
Genetic Engineering
• Research
• Medicine (Protein/Enzyme
production)
• Agriculture (Crops)
• Industrial Biotechnology
(Biofuel production)
• Entertainment
“The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.”
The Way towards Genetic Engineering
Rules
1859 Darwin“Origin of Species”
1856-66 Mendel “Mendelian inheritance”
1871 MieskaNucleic acids
Information
1944 Avery–MacLeod–McCartyDNA as the genetic material
1953 Watson, Crick and FranklinDNA structure
1961-1967 Genetic code
Basics
1970 Restriction Enzymes
1977 Sanger Sequencing
1983 PCR
2003 Human Genome Project
Genome editing
Zink Fingers
TALENs
CRISPRs
Adapted form Doudna, 2016
Nonhomologous end-joining(NHEJ)
XKnockout
Homology directed repair (HDR)
Repairtemplate
Repair, Novel Function, Therapy etc.
Genetic Editing uses DNA Repair PathwaysGenomic DNA
Genome Editing using Site Specific Nucleases
Zinc Fingers
TALEN
CRISPR
Adapted from Duke University
Protein based
RNA based
History of CRISPR
1987 1st report on repetitive sequences (CRISPR, Ishano et al.)
2000 CRISPR present throughout prokaryotes (Mojica et al.)
2005 Foreign elements, proposed immunity function (Mojica et al.)
Adapted from Hsu, P. D et al. Cell, 2014
CRISPR-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats
History of CRISPR
1987 1st report on CRISPR (Ishano et al.)
2000 CRISPR present throughout prokaryotes (Mojica et al.)
2005 Foreign elements, proposed immunity function (Mojica et al.)
2010 Cas9 is guided by spacer and induces DSB in target (Garneau et al.)
2011 Heterologous expression of CRISPR type II (Sapranauskas et al.)
Adapted from Hsu, P. D et al. Cell, 2014
History of CRISPR
1987 1st report on CRISPR (Ishano et al.)
2000 CRISPR present throughout prokaryotes (Mojica et al.)
2005 Foreign origin of spacers, proposed immunity function (Mojica et al)
2010 Cas9 is guided by spacer and induces DSB in target (Garneau et al.)
2011 Heterologous expression of CRISPR type II (Sapranauskas et al.)
2012 Proposal CRISPR for Genome editing (Jinek, Doudna, Charpentier et al.)
2013 CRISPR used for genome editing in eukaryotic cells (Zhang et al.)
2014 Crystal structure of Cas9 gRNA complex (Nishimasu, Zhang et al.)
Adapted from Hsu, P. D et al. Cell, 2014
Outline
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
CRISPR/Cas9 technology• Mechanism• Variations
Applications• CRISPR in Research• HIV• Human genome editing
Regulation
Genomic organisation of CRISPRCRISPR-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats
CRISPR-Cas loci:
Repeat-spacer array
• array of identical repeats
• invader DNA-targeting spacers
• Operon of cas genes encoding Cas protein components
cas operon
• Transactivating RNA
tracrRNA
Components and Cleavage
Repeat-spacer arraycas operontracrRNA
Type II
Cas proteins for DNA cleavage:
Type I and Type III
Components and Cleavage
Cas9(S. pyogenes)
• AdaptationRecognition of target site
• Two nuclease domains RuvC (gray) - cleaves non-target DNA strandHNH (cyan) - cleaves-target strand of DNA
• PAM-interacting domain (orange)
Jinek et al. Science, 2014
Components and Cleavage
pre-crRNAtracrRNA
Processing
guide RNA(gRNA)
Complex formation
Cas9:gRNA complex
Repeat-spacer arraycas operontracrRNA
Components and Cleavage
Repeat-spacer arraycas operontracrRNA
PAM PAM
N G G
Viral DNA
PAM-Protospacer Adjacent Motive
Enhancing specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 technology
1. Nickase Activity
Hsu, P. D et al. Cell, 2014, Jinek et al. Science, 2014
Enhancing specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 technology
1. Nickase Activity
Guilinger et al., Nature Biotechnology, 2014
2. FokI-Fusion
Enhancing specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 technology
1. Nickase Activity
Slaymaker et al., Science, 2016
2. FokI-Fusion
3. Improved target recognition
• Efficient
• Versatile
• Easily adaptable (RNA level not Protein)
• Multiplexing
• Specificity
• Toxicity
• Delivery
Adapted from Charpentier, Doudna et al., Science, 2014 and OriGene
plantsbacteria fungi Animals/human cellsAdapted from Charpentier, Doudna et al., Science, 2014 and OriGene
Outline
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
CRISPR/Cas9 technology• Mechanism• Variations
Applications• CRISPR in Research• HIV• Human genome editing
Regulation
CRISPR to study disease genes-example LRRK
Choose locus LRRKG2019
Identification and characterisationof desired mutant
LRRK
G2019S*
Transfection of cells with components
DSB generation LRRK LRRK
LRRKXX *
LRRK
Cas9 gRNA
*
gRNA, Donor designLRRK
Cas9 gRNA
*
CRISPR/Cas9 Toolbox
1. Genome Editing
LRRK LRRK
LRRKXX *
2. Regulating Gene Expression
Gene
3. Imaging of Genomic Loci
Gene
GFP
CRISPR in Humane Genome Editing
• modify the gene responsible for β-thalassaemia (potentially fatal blood disorder)
• unviable human embryos (leftover from IVF)• Mutation in HBB gene (human β-globin) is corrected in single cell stage• CRISPR not efficient
Cyranoski & Reardon, Nature News, 2015
HBB*
• Reduce miscarriages and understand earliest developments in life treatment for infertility
• healthy human embryos (leftover from IVF)• target genes (OCT4) that are active in the first few days• Experiments will follow first 7 days
Callaway, Nature News, 2015
CRISPR in Humane Genome Editing
Outline
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
CRISPR/Cas9 technology• Mechanism• Variations
Applications• CRISPR in Research• HIV• Human genome editing
Regulation
National Academy of Sciences (USA)
National Academy of Medicine (USA)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Royal Society (UK)
1. Basic and Preclinical Research. a) Research is needed b) modified cells should not be used to establish a pregnancy.
2. Clinical Use: Somatic. a) Directed at altering genetic sequences only in somatic cells (sickle-cell anemia, immune cells to
target cancer). b) Evaluation within existing and evolving regulatory framework.
3. Clinical Use: Germline.a) relevant safety and efficacy issues have to be addressed b) societal consensus about the appropriateness of the proposed application. c) appropriate regulatory oversight.d) clinical use of germline editing should be revisited on a regular basis.
4. Need for an Ongoing Forum.a) Each nation ultimately has the authority to regulate activities under its jurisdiction, but the
human genome is shared among all nations. b) establish norms concerning acceptable uses of human germline editing and to harmonize
regulations, in order to discourage unacceptable activities while advancing human health and welfare.
We therefore call upon the national academies that co-hosted the summit – the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and U.S. National Academy of Medicine; the Royal Society; and the Chinese Academy of Sciences – to take the lead in creating an ongoing international forum to discuss potential clinical uses of gene editing; help inform decisions by national policymakers and others; formulate recommendations and guidelines; and promote coordination among nations.
• Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) causes browning of mushrooms during storage• CRISPR to introduce mutations to 1 out of 6 PPO genes• 30% reduced activity• Prolonged storage time
Waltz, Nature 2016
polyphenol oxidase (PPO)
• US Department of Agriculture (USDA) will not regulate a CRISPR modified mushroom(“No foreign DNA present”)
• Cultivated and sold without passing through the agency's regulatory process • First CRISPR-edited organism to be approved
Waltz, Nature 2016