critical thinking in nursing new
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Critical Thinking in Nursing
Titin Andri WihastutiPSIK FK Unbraw
Why would nursing students need to be able to reason well ?
Professional decisions depend on a clear understanding of factors and their relationships.
Actual cases do not always resemble textbook examples; improvisational strategies are often required
Development of clinical Judgment
Expanding knowledge base
Critical thinking
Clinical experience
Clinical reasoning
Clinical judgment
Critical Thinking is ...
Vital to nursing. More than gathering facts and figures. A search for the best answer - not just
any answer. A systematic way of thinking.
Critical Thinking is ...
A multifaceted and complex concept based on reason and reflection, knowledge and instinct derived from experience.
Applying two theories of critical thinking
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Thinking Skills
Sternberg’s “Successful Intelligence”
Evaluation
Evaluate Choose Estimate Judge Defend Criticize
Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Thinking Skills
Bloom, B. S. (Ed.). (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, Vol.1: The cognitive domain. New York: McKay.
Table adapted from http://www.umuc.edu/prog/ugp/ewp/bloomtax.html
Knowledge
List Name Identify Show Define Recognize Recall State Visualize
Comprehension
Summarize Explain Interpret Describe Compare Paraphrase Differentiate Demonstrate Classify
Application
Solve Illustrate Calculate Use Interpret Relate Manipulate Apply Modify
Analysis
Analyze Organize Deduce Contrast Compare Distinguish Discuss Plan Devise
Synthesis
Design Hypothesize Support Schematize Write Report Justify
Robert Sternberg: Successful IntelligenceArticle: http://www.indiana.edu/~futures/r_stbg.html
Analytical
Thinking
Creative Thinking
Practical Thinking
MemoryRECALL RECOGNIZE MATCH VERIFY REPEAT
ANALYZE
EVALUATE
EXPLAIN
COMPARE/CONTRAST
JUDGE
CREATE
INVENT
EXPLORE
IMAGINE
SUPPOSE
PUT INTO PRACTICE
USE
IMPLEMENT
APPLY
RECALL RECOGNIZE MATCH VERIFY REPEAT
ANALYZE
EVALUATE
EXPLAIN
COMPARE/CONTRAST
JUDGE
CREATE
INVENT
EXPLORE
IMAGINE
SUPPOSE
PUT INTO PRACTICE
USE
IMPLEMENT
APPLY
Critical Thinkers ask...
What am I taking for granted ? Did I explore all points of view ? Do I understand the question ? What information do I need ? What are the implications ?
Standards for Critical Thinking
Clarity vs. Lack of Clarity Precision vs. imprecision Specificity vs.
Vagueness Accuracy vs. Inaccuracy Relevance vs.
irrelevance Adequacy vs.
inadequacy
Consistency vs. inconsistency
Logical vs. illogical Depth vs. superficiality Completeness vs.
incompleteness Significance vs. triviality Fairness vs. bias
Reading Listening Observing Analyzing Speaking Writing
The Six Critical Thinking Skills :The Six Critical Thinking Skills :
To Improve Critical Reading
Highlight the main ideas as you read. If most of the text is highlighted you are not reading critically.
Join a study group and see if your main idea is the same as fellow group member’s.
Dialogue with yourself to identify the main idea of your reading.
Try to state the main idea in your own words
To Improve Critical Listening
Restate the points made in a discussion with others to see if you understand them.
Focus on what a speaker is saying and listen for key points.
While listening, make note of anything you find confusing, and ask about it later.
To Improve Critical Observing
Remove any restrictions in your mind. Eliminate or decrease any distraction. Ask yourself if you understand the
most important points? Create new ways of looking at
situations Always look from outside the situation.
To Improve Critical Analyzing
Maintain clear and accurate logic. Take all details into consideration. Use systematic and scientifically-
based process. Use both cognitive and psychomotor
skills.
To Improve Critical Writing
Summarize, in your own words, what you’re going to write about.
Put your writing away for a day and then reread it.
Ask yourself if you understand the most important points?
Ask a friend for input.
To Improve Critical Speaking
Maintain clear and accurate logic. Avoid ambiguous statements. Listen to yourself for any personal
biases. Practice in front of a small group and
ask for feedback.
4 MAJOR CRITICAL THINKING PROCESSES
CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS & DECIDING WHAT TO OBSERVE AND CONSIDER
EXPLORING & IMAGINING ALTERNATIVES
ASSUMPTION RECOGNITION & ANALYSIS
REFLECTIVE SKEPTICISM / DECIDING WHAT TO DO
# 1 CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS & DECIDING WHAT TO OBSERVE AND CONSIDER
This includes an awareness of what’s happening in the context of the situation, including values, cultural issues, and environmental influences
Sample questions include: What was going on in the situation that may have
influenced the outcome? What factors influenced my behavior and others’ behavior
in this situation? What else was happening simultaneously that affected me
in this situation? What happened just before this incident that made a
difference?
# 1 CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS & DECIDING WHAT TO OBSERVE AND CONSIDER
What emotional responses influenced how I was reacting to the situation?
What else do I need to know? What information is missing? How do I go about getting the information I need? What about this situation have I seen before? What is
different / dissimilar? Who should have been involved in order to improve the
outcome? What’s important and what’s not important in this situation? What changes in behavior alerted me that something was
wrong?
# 2 Exploring and Imagining Alternatives
This involves exploring as many alternatives as you can think of for the given situation
Sample questions include: What is one possible explanation for [insert what is
happening?] What are other explanations for what is happening? What is one thing I could do in this situation? What are two more possibilities / other alternatives? What else would I want to know about this situation?
# 2 Exploring and Imagining Alternatives
Are there others who might be able to help me develop more alternatives?
Of the possible actions I am considering, which one is most reasonable? Why are the others not as reasonable?
Are there other resources that need to be mobilized?
# 3 Assumption Recognition and Analysis
This involves analyzing assumptions you are making about the situation as well as examining the beliefs that underlie your choices
Sample questions include: What has been taken for granted in this situation? Which beliefs / values are shaping my
assumptions? What assumptions contributed to the problem in
this situation? What rationale supports my assumptions? How will I know my assumption is correct?
# 4 Reflective Skepticism / Deciding What to Do
This critical thinking approach involves questioning, analyzing, and reflecting on the rationale for decisions.
Sample questions include: What else might work in this situation? Am I sure of my interpretation of the situation? What rationale do I have for my decisions? What aspects of this situation require the most careful
attention? Why was it important to intervene? What got me started taking some action? In priority order, identify what I would do in this situation
and why?
Reflective Skepticism / Deciding What to Do
What priorities were missed? Having decided what was wrong /
happening, what is the best response? What might I delegate in this situation? What was done? Why was it done? What would I do differently after
reflecting on this situation?