critical thinking & reasoning
TRANSCRIPT
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CRITICAL THINK ING & REASONING
Prepared By
Dr. Ahmed Yakout
Lectured ByProf. Adel El Hennawy
Prof. Abdel Wahab El Ghandour
Dr. Walid El Khattam
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REFERENCE
R. Paul, R. Niewoehner, and L. Elder, The
Thinkers Guide to Engineering
Reasoning, 2nd edition, 2006.
M. Mostafa, Technical Repo rt Wri t ing,
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams
University .
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TALK OUTLINE
1. Critical Thinking
a. A Model For Critical Thinking
b. Intellectual Standards
c. Elements of Thought
d. Intellectual Traits
2. Reasoning
a. Inductive Reasoning
b. Deductive Reasoning
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1. CRITICAL THINK ING
Critical thinking is routinely applying intel lectual
standardsto the elements o f thoughtas they
seek to develop the t rai ts o f a mature
eng ineer ing m ind.
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1.1 A Model of Critical Thinking
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1.2 In tel lec tual Standards
1. Clar ity : understandable, the meaning can begrasped
2. Accu rac y: free from errors or distortions, true.
3. Relevance:relating to the matter at hand
4. Log icalness :the parts make sense together,no contradictions.
5. B read th : encompassing multiple view points.
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1.2 In tel lec tual Standards
6. Prec is io n: exact to the necessary level of detail.
7. Signif ic ance: focusing on the important, not trivial.
8. Comp leteness: something is whole, nothing ismissing.
9. Fairn ess : Justifiable, non self serving or one sided
10.Depth:containing complexities and multiple viewpoints.
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1.3ELEMENTS OF THOUGHTS
1. Purposes
2. Ques tions
3. Po in ts of v iew
4. In fo rmation
5. In ferences
6. Concep ts
7. Implicat ions
8. Assum ptions
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1.3 ELEMENTS OF THOUGHTS
When we
understand the
structure ofthought, we ask
impor tant
quest ions
implied by thesestructures.
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1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS
1. In tellec tual Humi li ty : is knowledge ofignorance, sensitive to what you know andwhat you dont know.
2. In tellec tual Au tonomy :is thinking for oneselfwhile adhering to standards of rationality.
3. In tellec tual In tegr ity :consists of holdingyourself to the same intellectual standards youexpect others to honor (no double standards)
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1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS
4. In tellec tual Courage:is the disposition toquestion beliefs about which you feel strongly.
5. In tel lec tual Perseverance:is thedisposition to work your way throughintellectual complexities despite frustrationsinherent in the task.
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1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS
6. Con fidence in Reason:is based on thebelief that ones own higher interests andthose of humankind at large are best served by
giving freest play to reason.
7. In tellec tual Empathy :is awareness of theneed to actively entertain views that differ from
your own, especially those with which youstrongly disagree.
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1.4 INTELLECTUAL TRAITS
8. Fair m indedness :is being conscious of the
need to treat all viewpoints alike, without
reference to ones own feeling or vested
interests, or the feelings or vested interests ofones friends, company, community or nation.
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2. REASONING
Reasoning occurs when we draw conc lus ionsbased on reason.
Reasoning includesAnalyzing and InterpretingInformation and Data where,Trends are observed,Percentages are determined, Common Sense is
applied, and Logical explanation is given to Draw
Conclusions and Formulate Recommendations.
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EXAMPLE 1
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SOLUTION
Company 1 has the largest power reserve.
Company
no.Reserve Power
(MW)
Average Unit
Capacity(MW)
Generation
Cost($/MWh)
1 450 164.285 100
2 288 87.52 503 - 680 345.556 25
Table 2 Reserve and unit capacities of three electric companies.
Company 3 needs to buy extra power from other companies to
supply its loads.
Company 3 should buy the total reserve 288 MW of company 2
as it is cheaper and then buy the rest 392 MW from company 1.
Company 3 has the largest unit capacity, while company 2 has
the least.
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EXAMPLE 2
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If Figure 1 shows some experimental results,
Discuss the figure.
Figure 1 Potential difference versus current.
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SOLUTION
Resistance changes with temperature.
The relationship is nonlinear for coil in air.
Resistance increases for coil in air.
Resistance is constant for coil in water.
The relationship is linear for coil in water.
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2.1 Two basic categories o f
human reasoning
Deduct ion:reasoning from general premises,which are known or presumed to be known, to morespecific, certain conclusions.
Induct ion:reasoning from specific cases to moregeneral, but uncertain, conclusions.
Both deductive and inductive arguments occur
frequently and naturallyboth forms of reasoningcan be equally compelling and persuasive, andneither form is preferred over the other (Hollihan &Baske, 1994).
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2.2 Deduction Vs. Induc tion
Deduct ion:
commonly associated
with formal logic.
involves reasoning from
known premises, orpremises presumed to be
true, to a certain
conclusion.
the conclusions reachedare certain, inevitable,
inescapable.
Induct ion
commonly known as
in formal logic, or
everyday argument
involves drawing uncertaininferences, based on
probabilistic reasoning.
the conclusions reached are
probable, reasonable,plausible, believable.
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2.3 Sample Deductive and
Induc t ive A rguments
Example of Deduc t ion
major premise:All
tortoises are
vegetarians
minor premise:Bessie
is a tortoise
conclusion:Therefore,Bessie is a vegetarian
Example of Induc t ion
Boss to employee:
Biff has a tattoo of an
anchor on his arm.He probably served in
the Navy.
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Induct ive or deduct ive
reasoning? A sample of fifty motorists
who were stopped by acheckpoint on a Saturdayat midnight revealed that
one in four drivers wereeither uninsured,intoxicated, or both.Thus, if you get involvedin an accident on the
freeway there is a 25%chance the other motoristwill be drunk or
uninsured.
The Law of the Sea treatystates that any vesselbeyond a 12 mile limit is ininternational waters. The
treaty also states that anyvessel in internationalwaters cannot be legallystopped or boarded.Therefore, when the U.S.
Coast Guard interceptsboats coming from Cuba orHaiti more than 12 milesfrom the U.S. coast, it isviolating the Law of the Sea.