critical thinking - with case study
DESCRIPTION
For the development of Critical thinking skills, complete with case studies examples and solutions. Great for first time workshop.TRANSCRIPT
By Karyn Thng
CRITICAL THINKING WORKSHOP
1. What is Critical Thinking?
2. What do you expect to achieve through attending this workshop?
CRITICAL THINKING
What is Critical Thinking? Critical Thinking is the attempt to ask and answer questions
systematically.
This means
1. Asking the most useful questions in the most productive sequence in order to yield a coherent and credible “Story”
2. Asking questions instead of accepting “at face value” what you write or read, i.e.,
i. separating reliable facts from false assumptions
ii. Look for evidence and good reason before believing something to be true
CRITICAL THINKING
CRITICAL THINKING
During World War 1, head injury among soldiers was very high and soldiers took a long time to recover .
Evaluate.
CRITICAL THINKINGStructure
Model to Generate Critical Thinking
Topic / Issue / Title
What next?
What? When?
Who? Where?Why?
How?
What if?So what?
Description
Analysis
Evaluation
CRITICAL THINKINGThe Common Question Words
Starters:
WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, WHY
Follow by:
WHAT IF, WHAT NEXT, SO WHAT
DESCRIBE • To describe is to clearly define what you
are talking about, say exactly what is involved, where it takes place, or under what circumstances.
• Basically an introduction to a topic.
CRITICAL THINKING
ANALYSE • To analyse is to examine and explain how
parts fit into a whole given reasons, compare and contrast different elements, show your understanding of relationships.
• Analysis basically forms the main part of any in-depth study.
CRITICAL THINKING
EVALUATE• To evaluate is to judge the success or
failure of something, it’s implications and/or value.
• Evaluation leads us to conclusions or recommendations and are usually found at the end of a topic.
CRITICAL THINKING
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• This is the Topic/Issue you might want to explore in a particular section or paragraph.
• Write key words in the middle of a sheet of paper, or a blank document screen.
Identify a topic
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• Starting with ‘what’ questions. Your answers may become part of an introduction, defining your terms or identifying issues.
Try to answer the questions
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• To generate descriptive background information.
• This will provide context or scene-setting material which is also useful for an introductory section.
Using the ‘who’, ‘when’ and ‘where’ questions
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• ‘How’ requires consideration of the ways that something operates or works – e.g. processes or procedures.
• Attempting to answer questions using “how‟ takes you from descriptive to more analytical work.
Using the “How” question
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• ‘Why’ also moves you deeper into analytical territory. It gets you to find reasons, explanations or causes.
• Think about all the possible questions to do with ‘why’.
Using the “Why” question
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• Asking questions using ‘what if’ moves you into a more evaluative phase of your thinking.
• It helps you to consider the possible implications or results of a particular action.
• This question is also useful for considering predictive work done by others, or engaging in forecasting of your own.
Using the “What if” question
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• ‘So what?’ is really the KEY QUESTION for an evaluation. It gets you thinking about value or values, meaning and significance.
• It is also about discriminating between more or less important factors in any situation.
• It helps you to think through and justify your own position, and discuss its implications.
Using the “So what” question
CRITICAL THINKINGGenerating Critical Thinking
• ‘What next?’ might refer to recommendations and predictions that your argument has brought to light.
• It leads you to consider and plan for more specific actions that might be necessary in certain kinds of assignment, such as a project or business report.
Using the “What next” question
CRITICAL THINKINGCritical questions – A Linear Model
Descri
pti
on
WHAT? What is this about?
What is the context / situation?
What is the main point / problem / topic to be explored?
WHERE? Where does it take place?
WHO?
Who is this by?
Who is involved?
Who is affected?
Who might be interested?
WHEN? When does it occur?
An
aly
sis
HOW?
How did this occur?
How does it work – in theory? – in practice / context?
How does one factor affect another? Or,
How do the parts fit into whole?
Introductory and background information to contextualize problem / topic.
Exploration of relationship of parts to whole.
Critical questions – A Linear Model
WHY? Why did this occur?
Why was that done?
Why is argument / theory / suggestion / solution?
WHAT IF? What if this were wrong?
What are the alternatives?
What if there were a problem?
What if this or that factor were – added? removed? altered?
SO WHAT?
What does this mean?
Why is this significant?
Is this convincing? Why/ why not?
What are the implications?
Is it successful?
How does it meet the criteria?
An
aly
sis
WHAT NEXT?Is it transferable?
How and where else can it be applied?
What can be learnt from it?
What needs doing now?
Possible situations and alternative response?
Evalu
ati
on
ImplicationsSolutionsConclusionsRecommendations
CRITICAL THINKING
CRITICAL THINKING
SO WHAT??
CRITICAL THINKING
WHAT’S NEXT??
CRITICAL THINKING
A survey conducted in Minnesota, USA presented below proves that Women are better drivers than Men.Discuss .
Age 20 - 65 Women Men
No. of Accidents in Year 2010 42 300 60 000
THANK YOU
• World War IWHO – WW1 Soldiers WHAT – Head Injury
WHERE & WHEN - Brief Introduction
• World War I
• When: WW1 Started in 28 July 1914 and lasted till 11 November 1918 in
• Where: Europe.
• How: The cause of the conflict is due to long term imperialistic foreign policies of the great powers of Europe (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, British Empire, French Empire & Italy)
SAMPLE HELMET USED PRE WWI
SAMPLE HELMET USED IN WWI
WHY - Soldiers’ Helmets
• World War I
WITHOUT TIN HELMET WITH TIN HELMET
WHAT IF
• World War I
CRITICAL THINKING