critical thinking1
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
CRITICAL THINKING
WHAT IS “CRITICAL THINKING”?
WHY DOES IT MATTER?
TRUTH VS. HUMAN NATURE…
Macro level context…
MONEY
POWER
THE BIG LIE
ABSOLUTE POWER
JOSEPH GOEBBELS:ON THE "BIG LIE"
• “If you tell a lie big enough and keep repeating it, people will eventually come to believe it. The lie can be maintained only for such time as the State can shield the people from the political, economic and/or military consequences of the lie. It thus becomes vitally important for the State to use all of its powers to repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension, the truth is the greatest enemy of the State.”
NOTHING NEW!
RELATIONSHIPS
INFOTAINMENT
IGNORANCE / HONEST MISTAKES
IMAGINATION
DEMETER, PERSEPHONE, AND HADES
THE CHILD-LIKE MIND
WHAT DO YOU SEE?
JOYS OF FANTASY
WRITERS ARE HUMAN BEINGS TOO!
CRITICAL THINKING FOR READERS:HOW TO
Overview:
Do
IT
THE CORE TYPES OF INFLUENCE
• PATHOS = Emotions
• ETHOS = Credibility
• LOGOS = Evidence
OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE
• Objective = fact-based, measurable, (universally) observable
• Subjective = opinions / interpretations / points of view / emotional judgment
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING
EXAMPLES OF FALLACIES
ON PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIPULATION
BEWARE• Assumptions
• Presumptuous claims
• Dogma
• Superstition
• Pseudoscience
• Slander
• Defamation
• Hysteria
• Phobias (irrational)
• Prejudice
• Magical thinking / scenarios
• Hype
• Delusions
• Fantasy
• Lies and Fraud
REASON AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Formulation of a question
• Hypothesis
• Prediction
• Testing
• Analysis
• Peer access and review
• Right to change worldview
THE BALONEY DETECTION KIT CHECKLIST
• How reliable is the source of the claim?
• Does the source make similar claims?
• Have the claims been verified by somebody else?
• Does this fit with the way the world works?
• Has anyone tried to disprove the claim?
• Where does the preponderance of evidence point?
• Is the claimant playing by the rules of science?
• Is the claimant providing positive evidence?
• Does the new theory account for as many phenomena as the old theory?
• Are personal beliefs driving the claim?
IDENTIFY ARGUMENT COMPONENTS
1.Topic2.Motive3.Claim4.Support
Claims
Support?
Reasoning?
(Proof)
Topics
WEAK ARGUMENTS
TYPES AND LEVELS OF CLAIMS
claim
Mini claim
Mini claim
claim
Mini claim
Mini claim
“Thesis” = Master Claim
Support
SupportSupport
Support
TYPES OF EVIDENCE / SUPPORT
• Textual: Quotes, paraphrases, summaries
• Stories or anecdotes
• Statistics
• Expert Authority
• Visuals: graphics, charts, etc.
• Historical facts
• Analogies: Comparisons, metaphors, and similes
MOTIVES AND CONTEXT• When and where did the author of this content live?
• Why was this content created?
• Why are you reading it?
• What is the author trying to achieve with this piece?
• What is the author trying to achieve with his career or even life?
• Did social, economic, political, or other forces affect the author?
• What events occurred in the author’s past that could have shaped his worldview?
• What other works has this author done? Is there a theme to or thread through his works?
• Did this work have an editor?
• Did this work have a ‘target market’ it was focused on satisfying?
• YOU bring yourself to this exercise! Consider your own humanity! The writer of the piece has that same humanity and lives amongst the same micro, macro, physical and psychological forces.
DICTION AND TONE• What are they?
• Are they shifting?
• These can reveal or ‘tip’ the FULL meaning and implications of a chunk of text.
GENRE
BEWARE PARAPHRASES
• Check the Works Cited!
• Make the effort to actually track down some of those works that were cited!
THINKING / CLARIFYING TOOLS
• Dialectic journal
• Matrix
CRITICAL THINKING CAN BE CRITICAL TO YOU!
MLA
CONTINUE YOUR JOURNEY
CONCLUSION
“Dreamers often lie”
Logos
Ethos
Pathos
THE GREATEST SLIDESHOW EVER!!!9 out of 10 fairy queens approve!