crop protection china market opportunities and challenges 2009

CCM Data & Primary Intelligence

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Crop Protection China Market:

Opportunities and Challenges

- The Second Edition

Researched & Prepared by:

Guangzhou CCM Information Science and Technology Co., Ltd

Guangzhou, P. R. China

November 2009

Copyright by Guangzhou CCM Information Science and Technology Co., Ltd (P. R. China) Any publication, distribution or copying of the content in this report is prohibited. Website: http://www.cnchemicals.com Tel: +86-20-3761 6606 Fax: +86-20-3761 6968



Description:

China is a traditional agricultural country, with a total area of 5,000 billion square meters stricken by plant diseases and insect pests each year. With only 7% of the world’s arable land, China has fed 22% of the world’s population, which is a great marvel in history. How do Chinese people achieve this? One answer is making good use of crop protection. Crop protection is widely applied across the world and plays important roles in guaranteeing the safety of agricultural production and the quality of products, minimizing environmental pollution, safeguarding public health and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture in China. In recent years, crop protection has drawn more and more attention from the government and its status has been improved, due to the frequent outbreak of diseases, insect pests and weeds, and the stricter requirement on ecological environment, food quality and natural resources. The total CP market value was USD11,499.39 million in 2008. With USD6,191.50 million which accounts for 53.84% of total market value in 2008, seed plays the most important role in Chinese CP market. Chemical control has ranked the second largest market value of USD15,738.10 million in 2008, taking up 68.13%. CP machine, with USD827.93 million in 2008, also plays an important role. Though China is promoting environmentally friendly methods, such as physical control and biological control, these methods’ value is still not very high. Their market value is only USD343.17 million, consisting of only 3.00%. But these methods will have very bright future. As the largest agricultural and most populous country, China’s plant structure of crops and grain situation have played important role in national strategic security. However, owing to frequent natural disasters, increasing entering of alien species and serious pesticide resistance, the occurrence of crop diseases, insect pests and weeds is becoming more and more serious, which contributes to great challenges in crop protection, such as development and promotion of lowly toxic pesticides, the R&D of GM seeds. At the same time, it also bring many investment opportunities in the fields of seed trade, seed R&D, pesticide trade and pesticide R&D, etc. In this report, CCM will give a detailed introduction and summary about the trade and treatment of seeds, grain supply and demand, production and consumption of pesticides, control measures for crop diseases, insect pests and weeds and opportunities and challenges of CP market, etc. MNCs, with their endeavors, captures 20% pesticide market, 50% vegetable seeds market and 4% corn seed market in 2008 in China. Compared with the former edition in 2008, this edition enhances the following parts: -- Supply and demand of grains -- Seeds situation -- Serious pest & malignant weed -- Crop protection value in China -- Biological control, includes Predatory mite and Parasitoid -- Physical control, includes pest-killing lamps, sex attractant, insect screening and yellow board



-- Seed treatment and seed treatment agents -- Crop protection machinery -- MNCs’ involvement in China’s crop protection industry -- Roles and market strategies of MNCs and their competition with local companies -- Opportunities and Challenges of crop protection in China -- How to enter China’s pesticides market The key findings in this report include: -- The total CP market value is USD11,499.39 million in 2008. Seed plays the most important role in Chinese CP market. -- Chemical control is still the main control method in China which will not be changed in the foreseeable future. -- Physical control and Biological control will have a bright future in China. -- With the promotion of Chinese government, seed treatment has developed quickly. Now, about 80% seed is treated and most of them are treated by peasants themselves with fungicide and insecticide, though some peasants choose seed coating agent. -- Above 350 CP machine manufacturers produce about 14 million CP machines in 2008 with 12 million sold in China. Now, China totally has about 80 million CP machines. Mechanical CP machines will be more popular in the future. -- Chinese peasants pay more attention to products quality MNCs, with their endeavors, captures 20% pesticide market, 50% vegetable seeds market and 4% corn seed market in 2008 in China. -- Glyphosate-resistance corn and GM rice are possibly to be approved in the next five years From this report, you will get the following knowledge about Chinese CP market: -- Opportunity and challenge of CP market -- Current situation and forecast of crops and grain -- Current situation and forecast of pesticide industry -- Current situation and forecast of crop protection technologies -- Current situation and forecast of plant diseases, insect pests and weeds -- Current situation and forecast of seed and seed treatment -- Current situation and forecast of CP machines -- The regulations and policies and their influence on crop protection -- Relationship between pesticides and environment protection -- The purchase and use habit on CP products by peasants This report is helpful to: -- Producers pay close attention to Chinese CP market, embracing pesticide, seed, natural enemy and machine producers etc. -- Traders pay close attention to Chinese CP market -- Analysts and consultants trying to gain insight into the Chinese CP market -- CP associations pay attention to Chinese CP market -- Governments pay attention to Chinese CP market



Main content:

No. Content Page Executive summary 9 Methodology 17 I Overview of crop protection in China 19 I-1 Concept and components of crop protection 19 I-2 Roles of crop protection 19 I-3 Government attitudes and behavior on crop protection 21 II Seeds, crops and grains situation in China 23 II-1 Plant structure of crops 23 II-1.1 Traditional crops 24 II-1.1.1 Cereal crops 24 II-1.1.2 Soybean and oil-bearing crops 28 II-1.1.3 Sugar crops 28 II-1.1.4 Cotton 30 II-1.2 GM crops 31 II-1.2.1 Overview 31 II-1.2.2 Main GM crops in China 32 II-2 Supply and demand of grains 35 II-2.1 Overview of grains production and consumption 36 II-2.1.1 Production 36 II-2.1.2 Consumption 37 II-2.2 Grain supply and demand 38 II-2.2.1 Rice supply and demand 39 II-2.2.2 Corn supply and demand 39 II-2.2.3 Wheat supply and demand 40 II-2.2.4 Soybean supply and demand 41 II-3 Seeds situation 41 II-3.1 Seed market scale and benefit 42 II-3.2 Seed market structure and trade 42 II-3.3 Seed companies 45 II-3.4 Transgenic seeds 46 II-3.5 Seed management 47 II-3.6 Seed market prospect 47 II-4 Regulations and policies related to crops and grains 47 II-4.1 Crop protection 48 II-4.2 Crop quarantine 51 II-4.3 Forecast and control of crop diseases and insect pests 51 II-4.4 Safety of GM crops 52 II-4.5 Grain security 54 III Diseases, pests and weeds situation in China 56 III -1 Major Diseases, pests and weeds 57



III -1.1 Introduction to major diseases 57 III -1. 2 Introduction to major insect pests 61 III -1. 3 Introduction to major weeds 67 III -2 Serious pest, disease and malignant weed 68 IV Crop protection in China 70 IV-1 Crop protection value in China 70 IV-2 Means of crop protection in China 71 IV-2.1 Monitor and forecast of crop diseases and pests 71 IV-2.2 Treatment of diseases, pests & weeds 74 IV-2.2.1 Chemical control 74 - Traditional pesticide control 74 - Pesticide-resistance management 74 IV-2.2.2 Biological control 78 IV-2.2.3 Physical control 78 IV-2.2.4 Ecological regulation 82 IV-2.2.5 Crop quarantine 83 IV-2.2.6 Integrated control 84 IV-2.3 Seed treatment 84 IV-2.3.1 Introduction to seed treatment technologies 85 - Physical treatment 85 - Chemical treatment 86 IV-2.3.2 Seed treatment agents in China 86 - Fungicides 87 - Insecticides 88 - Plant growth regulators 88 IV-2.3 Genetic modification and breeding 88 IV-3 Crop protection machinery 89 IV-4 MNCs’ involvement in China crop protection industry 90

IV-5 Roles and market strategy of MNCs and their competition from local companies

92

IV-6 Opportunities and Challenges of crop protection in China 95 V Production and market of pesticides in China 96 V-1 Historical data about pesticides 96 - Producers 96 - Product structure 102 - Capacity & output 105 - Production distribution 105 - Import & export 107 - Demand 111 V-2 Current situation of pesticides 114 - Production and producers 115 - Market size by volume & value 117 - Potential products 118 - Competitiveness 118



- Bottleneck 120 V-3 Distribution channels of pesticides in China 120 - Changes in recent years 120 - Channels nowadays 122 - Trends in next 10 years 126 V-4 Challenges and opportunities of pesticides 127 V-5 How to enter Chinese pesticides market 129 VI End user behaviors in China 131 VI-1 Crop growers’ habits and attitudes to crop protection 132 VI-2 Approaches to choose crop protection products 134 VI-3 Knowledge & educational level of crop growers 135 VI-4 Purchasing power and cost analysis 137 VII Outlook of crop protection China market 139 VII-1 Crops and grains 139 VII-1.1 Crops 139 VII-1.1.1 Driven forces and key issues 139 VII-1.1.2 Forecast on crops in China to 2014 142 VII-1.1.2.1 Grain crops 142 VII-1.1.2.2 Oil-bearing crops 143 VII-1.1.2.3 Cotton 144 VII-1.2 Grains 146 VII-1.2.1 Rice 146 VII-1.2.2 Wheat 147 VII-1.2.3 Corn 148 VII-1.2.4 Soybean 149 VII-2 Crop diseases, insect pests and weeds 150 VII-2.1 Key factors influencing outbreak of diseases, insect pests and weeds 150 VII-2.2 Outlook of crop diseases, insect pests and weeds 150 VII-2.2.1 Crop diseases 151 VII-2.2.2 Crop insect pests 152 VII-2.2.3 Crop weeds 153 VII-3 Crop protection technology 153 VII-4 R & D 155 VII-5 Pesticides 155

Executive summary:

China’s crop protection started fairly late compared with developed countries, and it kept operating at a low level for a long time because of insufficient investment. Chinese government pays great attention to crop protection, and increases the input year by year. Therefore, crop protection in China has witnessed significant improvement, and many infrastructures have been established. Now China leads the world in researches on control of insect pest and disease by biodiversity.



Agriculture is of vital importance to the nation’s economy and the people’s livelihood. With GDP fast growth and population explosion, China’s crop structure has great changed in the past decade. The total crop protection market value is USDXXX million in 2008. Seed plays the most important role in Chinese crop protection market, with total value accounting for 53.84% of the total market value in 2008. Chemical control has the second largest market value of USDXXX million in 2008, taking up XXX% of Chinese CP market due to the high price and high output of pesticides. In 2009, the share is expected to reduce to XXX% as the price plummeted from the end of 2008. Nearly all international top pesticide players have business in China as it is a key market for pesticides. Global players like Bayer, Syngenta, Basf, Monsanto, Dow, DuPont, Makhteshim Agan, etc, capture about XX% of the Chinese pesticide market. In seed market, MNCs take up about XX% of the Chinese vegetable seed market. Besides, they capture XX% of Chinese corn market. In order to compete with domestic companies and capture more market share, MNCs use many market strategies such as up-down strategy, 4C’s of marketing, etc, in China. China has become one of top pesticide production centers in the world, with over XXX pesticide manufacturers and XXX of whom actually produce technical, while the rest are formulation producers. Almost all mainstream pesticides including over XXX kinds of technical and about XXX kinds of formulation can be produced in China. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, China’s total output of pesticides was XXX million tonnes in 2008, up XX% over the previous year. How to choose crop protection products is a most important question for peasants in China. Aspects considered by Chinese peasants when choosing crop protection products are price, quality, recommendation, advertisement, efficiency of crop protection products and use experience.

Character of CCM' Report:

The aim of this report is to provide powerful assistance to the strategy group and the management team in making correct decision as how to penetrate the ever-increasing China market and how to catch the maximum commercial opportunities. The report is formulated independently by CCM’s professional market researchers, based on the first-hand and primary data which are analyzed by scientific methodology, confirmed with both manufacturers/end users/traders and legal authorities, and presented in a logic way.

Sample pages：

II Seeds, crops and grains situation in China Table II-1 Challenges in China’s seeds, crops and grains in the next five years

N

o.

Challenges Reason

1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxx

4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Table II-2 Opportunities of China’s seeds, crops and grains in the next five years

No. Opportunities Reason

1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

II-1 Plant structure of crops Table II-1.1 Planting area of different crops in China, 2004-2009 (103 hectares)

Item 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

est.

grain crops xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

vegetable xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

oil-bearing crops xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Cotton 5,693 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

melon 2,147 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

sugar crops 1,568 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

tobacco leaf xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx

medicinal herbs xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Other crops xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Total xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

II-2.2 Grain supply and demand II-2.2.1 Rice supply and demand China's rice supply is witnessing slight oversupply, while the gap between domestic and international prices is not big enough to stimulate large export rises that could cause shortages.

Table II-2.2.1.1 Rice supply and demand, 2004-2009 Item 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 est.

Planted area ('000 ha.) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Yield (tonne/ha.) xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Beginning stocks (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Production (million tonnes) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Imports (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx

Total supply (million tonnes) xxxxxx 165.87 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Domestic use (million tonnes) xxxxxx 127.31 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Exports (million tonnes) xxxx 0.69 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Total use (million tonnes) xxxxxx 128.00 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Ending stocks (million tonnes) xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Stocks/Total use (%) xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

II-2.2.2 Corn supply and demand …… Table II-2.2.2.1 Corn supply and demand, 2004-2009

Item 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 est.

Planted area ('000 ha.) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Yield (tonne/ha.) xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Beginning stocks (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx

Production (million tonnes) xxxxx 139.4 xxxxx xxx xxx xxx

Imports (million tonnes) xxxx 0.00 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Total supply (million tonnes) xxxxx 176 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx

Domestic use (million tonnes) xxx 137 xxx xxx xxx xxx

Exports (million tonnes) xxxx 8.64 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Total use (million tonnes) xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx

Ending stocks (million tonnes) xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

Stocks/Total use (%) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

II-2.2.3 Wheat supply and demand Table II-2.2.3.1 Wheat supply and demand, 2004-2009

Item 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 est.

Planted area ('000 ha.) xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx

Yield (tonne/ha.) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx

Beginning stocks (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xx xxxx

Production (million tonnes) xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx

Imports (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Total supply (million tonnes) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Domestic use (million tonnes) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx

Exports (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx

Total use (million tonnes) xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx

Ending stocks (million tonnes) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx

Stocks/total use (%) xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx

II-3.2 Seed market structure and trade

Seed market structure

…… Table II-3.2.1 China’s market structure of seed products in 2008

Crop Species

number

Sales revenue

(million USD)

Market

share

Annual output

(000' tonnes)

Commercialized

output

Commercialization

rate

Corn xx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

Rice xx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

Rapeseed xx xx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxx

Wheat xx xxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

Cotton 98 xxx xxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxx

Soybean 32 xx xxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxx

Vegetable xx xxx xxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxx xxx

Melons xx xx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxx xxx

Floriculture xx xxx xxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxx

Others xxx xxx xxxx xxx xxx xxx

Table II-3.2.2 China’s import and export situation of vegetable seeds, 2004-2008

Year Import value

(million USD)

Import volume

(tonne)

Export value

(million USD)

Export volume

(tonne)

2004 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx

2005 xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx




III Diseases, pests and weeds situation in China III-1.1 Introduction to major diseases Table III-1.1.1 Total stricken area of major diseases in traditional crops, 2004-2009, million hectares

Year Rice Corn Wheat Cotton

2004 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx






Table III-1.1.2 Total stricken area of major diseases in rice in 2004-2009, million hectares

Year Rice blast Sheath blight Rice stripe Rice false smut Total

2004 xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx






Table III-1.1.3 Total stricken area of major diseases in wheat in 2004-2009, million hectares

Year Stripe rust Powdery mildew Sharp eyespot Fusarium head blight Total

2004 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx






III -1. 2 Introduction to major insect pests Table III-1.2.1 Major insect pests that seriously threaten crops in China

No. Insect pests Item

1 xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2 xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3 xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

4 xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

5 Mole crickets xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

6 xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

7 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

8 xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

9 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

10 xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

11 xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

12 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

13 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

14 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Table III-1.2.2 Total stricken area of omnivorous insect pests in 2004-2009, million hectares

Grasshopper

Year East Asia

grasshopper

Asian

grasshopper

Tibet

grasshopper

Haplotropis

brunneriana Sauss

Armyworm Meadow

Moth

2004 xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx




2008 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

2009 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Table III-1.2.3 Total stricken area of major insect pests in traditional crops, 2004-2009, million hectares

Year Rice Wheat Cotton Corn







III -1. 3 Introduction to major weeds Table III-1.3.1 Major weeds that seriously threaten traditional crops in China

Crop Weed Crop Weed

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Rice

Alternanthera philoxeroides griseb

Cotton

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Wheat

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Corn

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

III -2 Serious pest, disease and malignant weed Table III-2.1 Serious insect pests, diseases and weeds threatening traditional crops in China

Crop Serious insect pests, diseases and weeds Crop Serious insect pests, diseases and weeds

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx

Rice

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Wheat

xxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx

Cotton red mite xxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Cotton

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Corn

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Table III-2.2 Alien species of insect pests, diseases and weeds in China

Insect pests Source Diseases Source Weeds Source

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx North Korea xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx US xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx North

America

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Japan xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Brazil

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Japan xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx South

America

xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx US xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx North

America

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx US xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Mexico

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Japan xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Central

America

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Japan xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Central

America

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx US xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Brazil

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Japan xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Brazil

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx US xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Europe

IV Crop protection in China IV-2.1.1 3S technology (Remote Sensing, Geography Information System and Global Positioning System) Table IV-2.1.1.1 Institutes which developed radars used to monitor insects

Year Radar Institute

1986 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

1998 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2004 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2006 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2006 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

IV-2.2.2 Biological control Table IV-2.2.2.1 Key parasittoids and their target in China

Parasitoids Pests

Trichogrammatid. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Table IV-2.2.2.2 Imported natural enemies for the prevention and control of insect pests

Natural enemy Insect pests Source of

natural enemyComments

Rodolia cardinalis xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

IV-6 Opportunities and Challenges of crop protection in China Table IV-6.2 Opportunity of Chinese CP market in next five years

No. Title Reason Opportunity

1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

5 xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

6 xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Table IV-6.3 Challenge of Chinese CP market in next five years

No. Title Reason Challenge

1 xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

V Production and market of pesticides in China V-1 Historical data about pesticides Table V-1.1 Number of pesticide producers with three certificates in China, 2003-Sep. 2009

Year Pesticide Biological pesticide

2003 xxx xx

2004 xxx xx

2005 xxx xxx

2006 xxx xxx

2007 xxx xxx

2008 xxx xxx

2009 xxx xxx

Table V-1.2 Top 50 pesticide companies in China in 2006, by sales income (million USD)

No. Company Abbreviation Sales

income Profit

Profit

ranking

1 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx x

2 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx x

3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xx

4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx x

5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx x

6 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxx xxx

7 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xx

8 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx x

9 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xx

10 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx x

11 Shandong Binnong Technology Co., Ltd. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xx

12 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x

13 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

14 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

15 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

16 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

17 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

18 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

19 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

20 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

21 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x

22 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

23 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

24 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

25 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

26 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

27 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

28 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

29 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

30 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

31 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

32 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

33 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

34 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

35 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

36 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

37 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

38 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

39 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

40 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

41 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

42 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

43 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

44 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

45 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

46 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

47 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

48 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

49 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxx xxx

50 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xx

Total x xxxxxxxx x x

Table V-1.7 Capacity and output of pesticides in China, 1994-2008 (tonne)

Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Others Total Year

Cap. Output Cap. Output Cap. Output Cap. Output Cap. Output

1994 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

1995 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

1996 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

1997 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

1998 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

1999 632,900 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

2000 652,600 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

2001 685,900 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx

2002 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx

2003 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx

2004 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx

2005 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx



2008 xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx

2009

est. xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx

Table V-1.8 Registration volume of water-based formulations in China

Item 1998 2002 2006 2007

Suspension concentrate (SC) xx xxx xxx xxx

Flowable concentrate xx xx xxx xxx

Micro emulsion (ME) x xx xx xxx

Emulsion in water (EW) xx xx xx xx

Water dispersible granule (WG) x xx xx xx

Suspension emulsion (SE) xx x xx xx

Capsule suspension (CS) x x x x

Table V-1.12 Pesticides import & export, break down by category (converted to 100% technical, tonne)

Export Import Year

Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Total Insecticide Herbicide Fungicide Total

1998 33,795 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

1999 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx

2000 xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx




2004 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx

2005 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

2006 xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

2007 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

2008 xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

2009 est. xxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

Table V-1.13 Application area of pesticides by category, 2006-2009 (million hectares) Pesticide category 2006 2007 2008 2009

Insecticide xxx xxx xxx xxx

Herbicide xxx xxx xxx xxx

Fungicide xx xxx xxx xxx

Total xxx xxx xxx xxx

Table V-2.1 New registration of pesticide formulations in China, 2006-2008

2006 2007 2008 Specification

Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%) Number Rate (%)

EC xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

SP xxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxxx

SL xxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx

SC xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx

EW xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx

WDG xxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx

GR xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx

Seed treatment xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx

Others xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx xxx xxxxx

Total xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx

Table V-2.3 Potential pesticides in China, 2009 -1

Category Product Inventor Patient

xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx Insecticide

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxx

Fungicide

xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxx Dupont xxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx Herbicide

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx

Table V-4.1 Regulations on re-registration of pesticide producers and threshold of new ones

Type of enterprises Registered

capital (yuan)

Investment

(yuan)

Environmental protection

investment (yuan)

New technical producer xx xx xxxx

New formulation producer xx xx xxxx

Technical producers who need re-registration xx x x

Formulation producers who need re-registration x x x

crop protection china market opportunities and challenges 2009

Education

chinese cp market

total cp market

primary intelligence

cp market

total market

important role

market strategies

largest market