Abiotic In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Ex sunlight, wind, water rain and soil

Angiosperm The term "angiosperm" derives from two Greek words: angeion, meaning "vessel," and sperma, meaning "seed." The angiosperms are those plants whose seeds develop within a surrounding layer of plant tissue, called the carpel, with seeds attached around the margins.

Annuals plants that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seed, within one year, and then diesAsexual reproduction

s a type of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only. Advantage: propagation in shorter period of time

Autotrophy organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. from the Greek autos "self" and trophe "nourishing")

Broadcast is one of the oldest and most common methods of seed sowing, where the seeds are just spread on the soil; the seeds may or may not be covered with soi. This method is cheap

Tillage The act of tilling a land. Its purpose is to mix orgaic matter to soil, controls weeds, break up crusted soil or loosen up soil

Chlorophyll a green pigment, present in all green plants responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

Cloning The process of creating an exact copy of a biologicalunit; asexual reproducttionComplete flower A flower having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Exx GumamelaCompost decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer. Compost is usually made by gathering plant material, such as

leaves, grass clippings, and vegetable peels, into a pile or bin and letting it decompose as a result of the action of aerobic bacteria, fungi, and other organisms

Cuttings is a piece or a part of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual)propagationClimate the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.Dicot short for dicotyledon. An angiosperm that is not a monocotyledon, having two cotyledons in theseed. Diffsion Diffusion happens in living systems, for example, it explains the movement of carbon dioxide in leaves. Osmosis is

the movement of water from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane. Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis through their root hair cells.

Disease free seed certified seeds that are free from significant diseases, including viruses

Dusting Or Aerial application, the spraying of powdered fungicides or insecticides on crops, usually from an airplaneDwarfing a process in which a breed or cultivar of plants is changed to become significantly smaller than standard members

of their species. This can be done by selective breeding, genetic engineering or grafting.Embryo s part of a seed, consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves, stem (see hypocotyl), and root (see radicle), as well

as one or more cotyledons. Once the embryo begins to germinate — grow out from the seed — it is called a seedling (plantlet).

Enzymes 1. Natural proteins produced in tiny quantities by all living organisms (bacteria, plants, and animals) and functioning as highly selective biochemical catalysts in converting one molecule into another.

Erosion erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage.

Fallow plowed and harrowed but left unsown for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation or to avoid surplus production. pagpapahinga

Fertigation is the injection of fertilizers, soil amendments, and other water-soluble products into an irrigation systemFertilization is the process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen

tube by the pollen grain ,which develops into an embryoFertilizers is any materialof natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more

plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.Foliar Relating to leaves, Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their

leaves.Fungicide Are pesticides that kills or control and prevent the growth of fungi Germinate Is the time where the seeds begin to grow or develop/Green manuring Is the process where agreen manure is created by leaving uprooted or sown crop parts to wither on a field so

that they serve as a mulch and soil amendmentEvaporative cooling is the process by which the temperature of a substance is reduced due to the cooling effect from the

evaporation of water. amount of cooling that can be achieved from evaporative cooling systems is dependent on how much water can be evaporate

Growth defined as a gradual development in maturity, age, size, weight or height. irreversible increase in the dry mass of an organism

Herbicide a substance that is toxic to plants and is used to destroy unwanted plant. also commonly known as weedkiller Humidity Halumigmig a quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gasHybrid the offspring of two plants of different species or varieties, such as a mule (a hybrid of a donkey and a horse).Hydroponics is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soilInorganic not having the structure or characteristics of living organisms. is growing agriculture by using synthetic

products such as pesticides and chemicalsInternode a part or space between two nodes, knots, or joints, as the portion of a plant stem between two nodes.Leeching leaching refers to the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation. Soil

structure, crop planting, type and application rates of fertilizers, and other factors are taken into account to avoid excessive nutrient loss.

Lodging is the collapse or bending of the stem when it can no longer support its own weightMedia Often also referred to as “substrate” or “potting soil”, a growing medium is a material, other than soil on the

spot, in which plants are grown.Monocot Any of a class of angiosperm plants having a single cotyledon in the seed. Monocotyledons have leaves with

parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of three, and fibrous root systems. Their primary vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, not arranged in a ring as in eudicotyledons.

Mulch s a layer of material applied to the surface of an area of soil. Its purpose is any or all of the following: to conserve moisture. to improve the fertility and health of the soil. to reduce weed growth.

Olericulture Olericulture is the science of vegetable growing, dealing with the culture of non-woody (herbaceous) plants for food. Olericulture is the production of plants for use of the edible parts. Vegetable crops

Organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. A plant has two organ systems: 1) the shoot system, and 2) the root system

Organic matter Combining compost, plant or animal materials/waste, or green manure with soil will increase the amount of humus in the soil

Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.

Perennial having a life cycle that is more than two years longPesticide a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.Plowing an agricultural implement used for cutting, lifting, turning over, and partly pulverizing soilRatoon a new shoot or sprout springing from the base of a crop plant, especially sugar cane, after croppingPruning s removing selective parts of a tree to ensure healthier growth. to ensure that all essential nutrients are

reaching every part of the structure. To trim parts of a tree that has been affected by fungi or is dead or decayed

Residual fertility the level of available plant nutrients which a soil can provide without additional fertilizersRogue An organism, especially a plant, that shows an undesirable variation from a standard.Rotation a method of farming where a number of different plants are grown one after the other on a field so that the

soil stays healthy and fertileScarification in botany involves weakening, opening, or otherwise altering the coat of a seed to encourage germination.Seedbed seedling bed is the local soil environment in which seeds are planted. Often it comprises not only the soil but

also a specially prepared cold frame, hotbed or raised bed used to grow the seedlings in a controlled environment into larger young plants before transplanting them into a garden or field. 1;1;1

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male parts of a flower to the female parts of a flower of the same species, which results in fertilization of plant ovaries and the production of seeds.

Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's largeovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm

Sidedress An application of fertilizer between the rows of growing cropsTillage Loosen soil mass to facilitate good oot development, incorporates OM and fertilizers to the soil, kills weed

and pest, facilitates good water movementVenation the arrangement of veins in a leaf ex rotate, parallel, palmateWeed a wild plant growing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants.

Grass, sedge and broad leavesYield (also known as "agricultural output" the full amount of an agricultural or industrial productTrellis a framework of light wooden or metal bars, chiefly used as a support for fruit trees or climbing plants.Windbreak or shelterbelt is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a

manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosionHarrowing is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soilDay neutral developing and maturing regardless of relative length of alternating exposures to light and dark

periods, corn , tomatocucumberDrupe A fruit onsisting of an outer skin, a usually pulpy and succulent middle layer, and a hard and woody inner

shell usually enclosing a single seed. Peach, cherry plumEthylene A plant hormone Synthesized by most tissues in response to stress. In particular it is synthesized in tissues

undergoing senescence or ripeningPrecipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. This includes snow, rainPhotosynthesis is the manufacture of sugars and its precursors by green plants in the presence of light and chlorophyllSoil texture Refers to relative proportion of 3 soil separate: sand silt clay ;sizeSoil structure Is defined by the way individual particles of sand, silt, clay are assembled; shapeWeather The daily conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, and moistureSeasons a period associated with some phase or activity of agriculture

a period of the year characterized by or associated with a particular activity or phenomenonGlobal warming a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the

greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.Acid rain rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm, typically to

forests and lakes. The main cause is the industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with atmospheric water to form acids.

El nino is an abnormal weather pattern that is caused by the warming of the Pacific Ocean near the equator,La nina a cooling of the water in the equatorial Pacific that occurs at irregular intervals and is associated with

widespread changes in weather patterns complementary to those of El Niño, but less extensive and damaging in their effects

Water logging occurs whenever the soil is so wet that there is insufficient oxygen in the pore space for plant roots to be able to adequately respire

Locationg A place that are used to identify a cetain point or an area Size Measurement of how big or small something isIntermittent irrigation

A method of applying irrigation water by which the field is alternately watered and drained. The soil surface is allowed to dry prior to the next application of water.

Off baring is plowing or cultivating in a way that the soil is drawn away from the plants, usually in between the furrows for the purpose of killing the weeds.

Hilling up piling soil up around the base of a plant. It can be done by hand (usually using a hoe)Cover cropping a planting crops that is used primarily to slow erosion, improve soil health, enhance water availability,

smother weeds, help control pests and diseases, increase biodiversity and bring a host of other benefits to your farm.

Photo tropism the orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light, either toward the source of light Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or nightEvapotranspiration the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and

other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.Hardening is the process of moving plants outdoors for a portion of the day to gradually introduce them to the direct

sunlight, dry air, and cold nights.Vernalization the artificial exposure of plants (or seeds) to low temperatures in order to stimulate flowering or to

enhance seedproduction.Senescence can be defined as a developmentally regulated, highly controlled process that leads ultimately to the death

of the plant or plant tissueEndogenous Substance that is produced or synthesized by a plant. Ex hormonesAllelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the

germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms.Urban agriculture Urban agriculture can be defined as growing fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in cities,

An urban area is a location characterized by high human population density and many built environment features in comparison to the areas surrounding it

Ultraviolet degradation

any materials that is exposed to sunlight that is attacked by ultraviolet radiation

Thinning To remove some of the plants in a crop so that it is less crowded and those remaining have room to developretting The exposure of harvested flax to moisture so that it is partially rot and fiber are more easily separated from

the rest of the stem