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The Rise of the Islamic Empires andChristian Responses

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Series of Holy Wars launched by theChristian States of Europe against theSaracens

(Moslems). There were 9 Crusades. The first 4 were

called the principal crusades and theremaining are the minor crusades.

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Massacre of 3000 Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem which prompted the firstCrusade.

Religious conviction Instinct to fight

Teaching of Peter “the Hermit” 

Threat of the Turks

Council of Clermont led by Pope Urban II

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To release the Holy Land, in particular Jerusalem, from the Saracens, but extendedto seizing Spain from the Moors, the Slavsand Pagans from Eastern Europe, and theIslands of Mediterranean.

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On Europe of Middle Ages were animportant factor in the history of progressin civilization.

Influenced the wealth and power of theCatholic Church, political, etc.

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The first prophet of Islam Born in poverty about A.D. 570 Married at the age of 25 to Kadija Archangel Gabriel had appeared to him in a

sun-drunk vision, informing him of theunity of God, the necessity forrighteousness, the reward of paradise forthe faithful, and the reservation of hell for

the negligent and evil. Died in A.D. 632 at the age of 62

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He simply demands for surrender for ISLAMS

means SURRENDER.

Moslem- “one who surrenders himself” 

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1095-1099 The People’s Crusade  1146 The Second Crusade

1189 The Third Crusade

1200-1204 The Fourth Crusade 1212 The Children’s Crusade 

1217-1221 The Sixth Crusade

1228-1229 The Seventh Crusade

1248-1254 The Eight Crusade 1270 The Ninth Crusade

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This was the greatest and most successful of the crusades, for it united Christendom asnever before.

The first wave was under Peter “the Hermit”and Walter “the Penniless.”

The main route taken was along the DanubeValley and so to Constantinople.

Greek Emperor Alexius, dismayed by theirconduct, shipped them across Asia Minor, butthey were massacred by the Seljuk Turks.

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In 1146, St. Bernard preached the need forthe Second Crusade, which started thefollowing year, led by Louis VII of France andEmperor Conrad III.

Less successful than the First Crusade.

The aims were divided and uncertain.

In 1169, a Kurdish adventurer named Saladin

began to unite the Moslem world from Cairoto Bagdad and led the Jehad or Holy Waragainst the Christians.

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Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem provoked theThird Crusade.

Led by Emperor Frederick I (“Barbarossa”),King Philip Augustus of France, and KingRichard (“Coeur de Lion”) of England. 

The Third Crusade was a failure.

 Jerusalem was not retaken from the Saracens.

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During interval of the 2nd and 3rd Crusade theHospitallers and the Templars were created.

By the 3rd Crusade the Teutonic Knights were

created.

The Moslems warriors were called the“ASSASINS” or “HASHIHIN”.

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Brought by Persian Hasanas-Sabah.

Chief objective is was political or religious

assassination.

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The Middle Ages saw the emergence of amilitary order called the Poor Fellow-Soldiersof Christ and of the Temple of Solomon. Theirname was to become the Templar Knights.

The Knights of the Middle Ages were theprincipal members of the Templar Knightsand were supported by lower class soldiersand priests.

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The Knights Hospitaller were Knights of theOrder of Saint John the Hospitaller who werealso known by such names as Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta, Cavaliers of Malta,

and Order of St John of Jerusalem. TheHospitallers grew out of a brotherhood forthe care of sick pilgrims in a hospital at Jerusalem following the First Crusade in 1100

AD.

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Teutonic Knights were members of the orderof the Teutonic Knights of the Hospital of theBlessed Virgin. The Teutonic Knights were amilitary-religious order of knights that

restricted membership to Germans. Theywere part of the original Hospitallers, butunder Hermann von Salza they split from themain branch and founded their own order,taking on a very distinctive white cloakbearing a stark black cross on the leftshoulder.

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Upon the fall of Acre in 1291 they retired toVenice where Emperor Frederick IIcommissioned them to convert the heathensin Prussia, Lithuania, and Estonia, becoming a

very successful order headquartered inMarienburg from 1309-1509.

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The Fourth Crusade resulted from PopeInnocent’s exhortations. 

Began when the armies started marchingthrough Lombardy to Venice.

Did not reach the Holy Land .

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The girls and boys of France and Germanymoved southwards to the Mediterranean,expecting to walk dry-shod across the sea tothe Holy City.

From the 30,000 French children only onereturned. The rest were auctioned off in Algiers, or sold

into slavery in Cairo.

The German boys and girls were morefortunate; of their 20,000, a tenth straggledacross back the Alps.

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Pope Innocent was succeeded by Honorious,whose own death in 1227 placed PopeGregory in a righteous position.

He threatened the German emperor Frederick

with excommunication unless he conducted anew crusade.

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Led by King Louis IX of France, the Seventhand Eighth Crusades were complete failures.

In the Seventh Crusade Louis sailed to Egyptin 1248 and recaptured Damietta, but after

he and his army were routed he had to returnit as well as a massive ransom just to getfree.

In 1270 he set off on the Eighth Crusade,

landing in North Africa in the hope of converting the sultan of Tunis to Christianitybut died before he got far.

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Led by King Edward I of England in 1271 whotried to join Louis in Tunis, the Ninth Crusadewould fail in the end. Edward arrived afterLouis had died and moved against the

Mamluk sultan Baibers. He didn't achievemuch, though, and returned home to Englandafter he learned that his father Henry III haddied.