cross cultural
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© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 2
Chapter PreviewChapter Preview
• Define culture and list its components
• Discuss attitudes toward time, work and cultural
change
• Describe the roles of religion and communication
in a society
• Discuss how physical environment affects culture
• Describe two frameworks for classifying cultures
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 3
What is Culture?What is Culture?
Set of values, beliefs, rules and institutions held by a specific group of people
Cultural literacyDetailed knowledge of a culture that enables a person to function effectively within it
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EthnocentricityBelief that one’s own
ethnic group or culture is superior to
that of others
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© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 4
Nations and CultureNations and Culture
National cultureNational culture
Nation states build museums and monuments to preserve the legacies of important events and people
SubcultureSubculture
Group of people that share a unique way of life within a larger culture
(language, race, lifestyle, attitudes, etc.)
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 5
Components of CultureComponents of Culture
Physicalenvironments
Education
Personalcommunication
Religion
Social structure
Manners &customs
Values &attitudes
Aesthetics
CultureCulture
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 6
AestheticsAesthetics
Music
Painting
Dance
Drama
Architecture
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 7
Values and AttitudesValues and Attitudes
ValuesValuesValuesValues AttitudesAttitudesAttitudesAttitudes
Positive or negative Positive or negative evaluations, feelings and evaluations, feelings and tendencies people hold tendencies people hold toward objects or conceptstoward objects or concepts
The Ideas, beliefs and The Ideas, beliefs and customs to which customs to which people are emotionally people are emotionally attachedattached
• FreedomFreedom• ResponsibilityResponsibility• HonestyHonesty
• TimeTime• WorkWork• Cultural changeCultural change
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 8
Manners and CustomsManners and Customs
Manners
Appropriate behavior, speech and dressing
in general
Customs
Traditional ways or behavior in specific
circumstances
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 9
Social StructureSocial Structure
Social structureCulture’s groups, institutions, social
positions and resource distribution
Social stratificationProcess of ranking people into social layers
Social mobilityEase of moving up or down a culture's
"social ladder"
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 10
World ReligionsWorld Religions
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Judaism
Shinto
Origin ofOrigin ofHuman ValuesHuman Values
Origin ofOrigin ofHuman ValuesHuman Values
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 11
Language BlundersLanguage Blunders
Braniff Airlines’ English-language slogan “Fly in Leather” was
translated into “Fly Naked” in Spanish.
Sign in English on a Majorcan storefront read, “English well-talking”
and “Here speeching American.”
Sign for non-Japanese-speaking guests in a Tokyo hotel read, “You
are respectfully requested to take advantage of the chambermaids.”
English sign in a Moscow hotel read, “If this is your first visit to the
USSR, you are welcome to it.”
Japanese knife manufacturer labeled its exports to the United States
with “Caution: Blade extremely sharp! Keep out of children.”
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 12
Mixed SignalsMixed Signals
"Okay"
"Vulgar gesture"
"It's a secret"
"Very nosey"
"Crazy"
"Very clever"
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 13
EducationEducation
Cultures pass on traditions, customs, and values through schooling, parenting, group memberships, etc.
Education level
Well-educated attract high-paying jobs, while poorly educated attract low-paying manufacturing jobs
Brain drain
Departure of highly educated people from one profession, geographic region or nation to another
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 14
Problem of IlliteracyProblem of Illiteracy
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 15
Physical and Material CulturePhysical and Material CulturePhysical and Material CulturePhysical and Material Culture
These influence a culture’s development and pace of changeThese influence a culture’s development and pace of change
TopographyPhysical features characterizing the surface of a geographic region
TopographyPhysical features characterizing the surface of a geographic region
ClimateWeather conditions of a geographic region
ClimateWeather conditions of a geographic region
Material CultureTechnology used to manufacture goods and provide services
Material CultureTechnology used to manufacture goods and provide services
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 16
Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck FrameworkFramework
Relation to natureRelation to nature
Time orientationTime orientation
Trust and controlTrust and control
Material or spiritualMaterial or spiritual
Responsibility to othersResponsibility to others
View of personal spaceView of personal space
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 17
Hofstede FrameworkHofstede Framework
Individualism Individualism vs. collectivismvs. collectivismIndividualism Individualism
vs. collectivismvs. collectivismPowerPower
distancedistancePowerPower
distancedistance
UncertaintyUncertaintyavoidanceavoidance
UncertaintyUncertaintyavoidanceavoidance
AchievementAchievementvs. nurturingvs. nurturingAchievementAchievementvs. nurturingvs. nurturing
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 18
Power Distance & Power Distance & IndividualismIndividualism
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 19
Power Distance & Uncertainty Power Distance & Uncertainty AvoidanceAvoidance
© Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3e Chapter 2 - 20
Chapter ReviewChapter Review
• Define culture and list its components
• Discuss attitudes toward time, work and cultural
change
• Describe the roles of religion and communication
in a society
• Discuss how physical environment affects culture
• Describe two frameworks for classifying cultures