cross-cultural exchanges chapter 12. long-distance trade and the silk roads network ld trade was...
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Cross-Cultural Exchanges
Chapter 12
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Long-Distance Trade and the Silk Roads Network
• LD trade was risky: bandits, pirates -> high costs• 2 developments: roads/bridges and empires• Hellenistic empires: more trade due to colonies– monsoon winds = access to Indian Ocean Basin– Maritime trade required military forces, construction,
bureaucracy
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Hellenistic Trade• Costs paid off by stimulating economy and tax
revenue• Caravans and ships carried goods from China to
Mediterranean, linking empires, as well as smaller societies– Overland routes = Silk Roads
• Traded manufactured goods, agricultural commodities, slaves– Silk, spices, cotton, horses, glassware, art, jewelry,
olive oil, wine
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The Organization of LD Trade• Few travelled far distances (e.g., Roman trading
posts in India)• Travelled to cities with markets, bought/sold,
returned home, etc.
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Cultural and Biological Exchanges• Merchants, missionaries, and travelers carried
beliefs, values, and religions with them• Buddhism: spread by merchants into C Asia (esp.
in oasis towns, where monasteries were built), by nomads into E Asia (Chinese began to convert by 5th century CE), and by mariners into SE Asia
• Hinduism: along with other Indian elements, spread into SE Asia by mariners and was used by leaders to build power
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Cultural & Biological Exchanges (cont.)• Christianity: – 1st century CE: persecution by Romans, but spread
along roads and sea lanes– 2nd-3rd centuries: became popular, Christian
communities throughout the Empire• Spread into SW Asia to India – not dominant, but influenced
Med. With practices of asceticism and abstinence
– By 5th century: Med and SW Asian Christianity diverged (Nestorians)
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Cultural & Biological Exchanges (cont.)• Manichaeism: – Mani = Zoroastrian prophet from Babylon– Combined Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Christianity– Good vs. evil, rejection of worldly pleasures , personal
salvation– “the elect” and “the hearers” – strict moral code– Appealed to merchants, spread in Sasanid and Roman
Empires, but faced persecution in both
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Cultural & Biological Exchanges (cont.)• Infectious diseases also spread along trade routes
(e.g., small pox, measles, bubonic plague)• Infected populations with no inherent or acquired
immunity– Especially bad in Rome and Han China -> population
decrease -> decrease in trade, contracting of economies, move toward regional self-sufficiency
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Fall of Han Dynasty• Internal decay: factions, land distribution
issues (-> peasant rebellions)• Generals (-> warlords) fought for power, set
up puppet emperor• 220 CE: abolished dynasty – split into 3 large
kingdoms
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Post-Han Culture Change• Disorder: warring kingdoms, nomadic invasions,
destruction of Han heartland and capitals• 2 major changes: – Nomads adopted many elements of Chinese culture– Confucianism lost credibility: many turned to Daoism
(became religion) or Buddhism (brought in by nomads)
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The Fall of Rome• Combination of internal and external issues• Internal: factions/opposition to the emperor,
unmanageable size– Diocletian divided empire in 2 (with co-emperors and
other leaders), took control of armies, economic reforms (spent less, strengthened currency, decreased inflation -> stabilized econ.)
– But, once he retired -> civil war
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Constantine • 340 CE: moved capital from Rome to
Constantinople and reunified E and W• But, with econ. problems, it was difficult to
govern and W part fell to invaders
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Germanic Invaders• Settled along borders of the Roman Empire
(buffer societies)– Mid-5th century: Attila the Hun (Turkic) invades and
attacks Germanic groups– Forced Germanic groups to migrate into Roman
Empire to seek refuge – est’d settlements– 410 CE: Visigoths sacked Rome– 476 CE: imperial authority ended in west (but,
continued in east as the Byzantine Empire)• Germanic groups built kingdoms (incorporated Roman
elements) -> Medieval Europe
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Christianity and Rome• 312 CE: Constantine’s conversion -> Edict of
Milan• 380 CE: Theodosius made Christianity the official
religion of Rome • Converts increased, esp. among elites • St. Augustine of Hippo tried to reconcile
Christianity with Greco-Roman philosophy -> intellectualized
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Institutional Church • Standardized: hierarchy of officials (5 top
bishops/patriarchs – eventually, pope in Rome emerges as leader of W. Christianity), bishops over dioceses
• 325 CE: Council of Nicaea (ironed out beliefs)• Missionary campaigns