cross cultural practice at the end of life
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Maggie Draper at the Hospiscare conference 'Dignity of Difference' 5th November 2010.TRANSCRIPT
The Dignity of Difference – Cross cultural practice at the end of life
When beliefs conflict: cohesion and conflict in teams
Maggie DraperNHS North Yorkshire and York
07961 [email protected]
Dignity of differenceCross cultural practice in Teams
What do we bring to our practice ?
Individual belief systems and influences Culture of Professional rolesCulture of teamsCulture of Institutions Beliefs about service users and end of life care
Conflict and Cohesion in Teams 2
Individual Beliefs and values
3
Individual Beliefs and values
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Individual Beliefs and values
What do I bring with me to the team?• Values about a “good death”• Values about family, responsibility, freedom• Beliefs about vocation/ work • Power in roles, language, education,
professional identity, health hierarchies• Palliative care myths and culture
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Where individual beliefs might conflict
• Attitudes to preservation of life at all costs• Religious beliefs about choices service users
make • What is unacceptable individual behaviour ?• What is a reasonable expectation of services ?• What if my belief conflicts with yours ?
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Team culture and differences
Literature on organisation culture, power and performance and changing cultures
In our work settings - issues of: • Gender• Ethnicity• Expert Knowledge Power• Professional Roles and status• Professional beliefs
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Professional values British Association of Social workers: “ ... Responsibility to encourage and facilitate the self-realisation
of each individual person with due regard to the interests of others.”
General Medical Council :“...duty to make the care of your patient your first concern”
Institute of Health Care Management:
“strive for accessible and effective health care according to need”
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Problems in teams include:
• Debate and confusion over what is palliative care
• Lack of understanding of contribution of others
• Role tension and role confusion• Lack of continuity of team members +“Team work takes the form of client discussions
…… marginalising clients and contributing to their disempowerment” (Corner 2003)
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Why do teams get into difficulties ?
• Lack of clarity and understanding re roles• Lack of structure• No clear visions and explicit goals• Inadequate Resources• Poor organisational climate• Perceived inequalities
(King, 2005)
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The “challenging” patient and family
How did it make the staff feel ?
Nurses - mixed views• could not get it right• patient not trying, manipulative and
ungrateful• In an inappropriate place• She has the right to be non-compliant
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The “challenging” patient and family
Medical views:Patient – is she dying or stable disease ?Pressure on bedsUnreliability of reporting of symptomsConcern re manipulationUnfettered permission to stay
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the “challenging” patient and family
Chaplain - rejected by patient and distressed to hear patient describe herself as “being tossed in a little boat in a big sea”
Physiotherapist Conflict re professional safety, skin careNon compliance and patient complaintRight to refuse all care - and then not to complain
about lack of care
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the “challenging” patient and family
Social WorkerAngry with team for being “punitive” re moving
out of side roomInability to give re-assurance to pt and family re
permission to stay Issues of equity re length of stay Inability to find good quality alternative care
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How did it make the team feel ?
• Split• Powerful and powerless• Vocal and non vocal• Angry• Ashamed of Hospice reaction
How do we make decisions in teams? Does 2 HCAs + Chaplain = I consultant ?
Who has responsibility ? Does everyone want it ?
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Cohesion in teams- case review
Case review using “Thinking Hats” (De Bono) tool
• Acknowledge what did go well • What did not go well – without blame• What we could have done differently in ideal • What we can do differently • Action plan
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• The MDT – Fact or Fiction ? - J Corner (2003)
Successful teams:
– Members share a common language
– Do not feel threatened by other professional groups
– Individuals value the different contributions made by team members
– Professional values and cultures shared
Characteristics of effective teams
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• Clear team goals and objectives• Clear accountability and authority• Clear individual roles• Regular formal and informal communication• Confronting conflict constructively• Team rewards (King, 2005)
• Acknowledging and valuing patients and staffs diversity
Institutional Abuse and “culture of niceness” in end of life care
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“Culture of Niceness”
Gunaratnam’s work challenges• the public myth of goodness and compassion
of hospice staff - and the danger of the myth• Challenges vocational calling of palliative care• “founding history, structures, philosophies
and practices in speciality .. with emphasis on individualised care” = lack of challenge of abuse of power
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Culture of NicenessIs there pressure on staff to do more than is
reasonable? /“donate” extra timeLower rates of pay/Tolerate poor working
conditions / generational expectationsBullying and Harrassment in small work groupsAvoidance of conflict – and emphasis on
“cultural sensitivity rather than race equality” - Because - “Its a charity - they are dying – tomorrow will
be too late”21
What helps us work with difference ?
• Knowing yourself - acknowledging what you bring to the work, to the relationship
• Knowledge about other people’s beliefs and values and organisational agreement about safe challenges
• User involvement - focussing on patient experience and outcomes
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What helps us work with difference?
• Time - Teams become more collaborative and consensual – a coalition develops over time
• Clinical Case review – way of safe reflection and challenge
• Celebration of difference – and willingness to engage in the challenge
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