Cross-Cultural PsychologyCross-Cultural Psychology

Psychology 3053.001Raymond T. Garza, Ph.D.Professor of Psychology

Spring 2010M.W. 4:00-5:15

http://www.utsa.edu/lhri/PSY3053.html

Cross-Cultural Psychology: Cross-Cultural Psychology: Introduction and OverviewIntroduction and Overview

How does culture affect human behavior?

Is psychology relevant in developing countries?

How do child-rearing practices differ across cultures?

Do multi-cultural work groups perform well in organizations?

Is crossing cultures stressful? What methods should you use for

conducting cross-cultural research?

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives

Examine the role of culture in the development and validation of psychological theories at the conceptual level.

Increase awareness and understanding of the critical issues in the application of psychological theories developed in the United States and Western Europe to other cultural groups, including ethnic minority subgroups in the United States and elsewhere.

Course Objective Course Objective (continued)(continued)

Examine the cultural appropriateness of various research methods and procedures.

Examine the role of culture in personality and social development.

Review cultural issues in specific content areas including human developmental processes, inter-group relations and communication, leadership and organizational behavior, and clinical assessment and treatment.

Overarching TopicsOverarching Topics

Defining culture Factors that influence culture Groups that have cultures Contrasting culture, race, personality and

popular culture The psychological contents of culture How does culture influence human

behaviors and mental processes? The contribution of the study of culture

What is Culture?What is Culture?

We use “culture” to describe and explain a broad range of activities, behaviors, events and structures

Descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, structural, genetic

General characteristics, food & clothing, housing & technology, economy & transportation, individual & family activities, community & government, welfare, religion & science, sex & life cycle

As a result, much confusion and ambiguity

One of the most well-known and quoted often definitions was put forth by Kroeber & Kluckholm (1952):

“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments of artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may on one hand be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action” (p. 181).

THE STUDY OF CULTURE THE STUDY OF CULTURE IN PSYCHOLOGYIN PSYCHOLOGY

Cross-Cultural Research and PsychologyCross-Cultural Research and Psychology

Most theories in psychology are based on studies with American university students

Do these theories hold true for all people, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, class or lifestyle?

In part, Cross-Cultural Psychology attempts to answer this question by studying the attitudes and behavior of people from differing cultural backgrounds.

Cross-Cultural Research and PsychologyCross-Cultural Research and Psychology

Elements of cross-cultural psychology

Research method employed test the cultural parameters of psychological knowledge by comparing data from participants from more than one cultural background.

Cross-cultural psychology is scientific paradigm based on a philosophy of science

Not topic specific

Cross-Cultural Research and PsychologyCross-Cultural Research and Psychology

Scientific contribution of Cross-cultural Psychology

Tests limitations of our knowledge in psychology by examining whether theories are universal or culture-specific.

Promotes methodological change in psychological research by examining the impact variations in cultural background of the samples being studied.

The Growth of Cross-Cultural The Growth of Cross-Cultural PsychologyPsychology

Cross-cultural psychology has had a substantial impact on psychology worldwide, especially in the in the past two decade.

In part, this popularity is due to increased awareness of importance of culture and increasing frequency of intercultural conflicts.

Lately there has been a significant increase in the number of cross-cultural studies published in cross-cultural and culture and psychology journals, and increasingly, in top-tier mainstream journals.

Figure 1.1Figure 1.1

Number of publications

400

800

1200

1600

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003

Publication year

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ber

Proportion of publications

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003

Publication year

Pro

port

ion

Number of publications

400

800

1200

1600

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003

Publication year

Num

ber

Proportion of publications

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003

Publication year

Pro

port

ion

Where do we Start?Where do we Start? What are its theoretical underpinnings?

Is culture real?

Can it be studied scientifically?

What role can it play in the overall development of the field of psychology?

Where does culture come from?Where does culture come from?

Figure 1.2

Human Nature and Culture

Universal Biological Needs and Functions

Universal Social Motives

Context

Cultureadapta

tion

Where does culture come from?Where does culture come from?

In order to survive, biological needs (e.g. reproduction, eating AND social motives (e.g. negotiating complex hierarchies) must be met.

All humans need to come up with solutions on how to adapt to environment to address needs and motives – environmental adaptation involves culture.

Where does culture come from?Where does culture come from?

These solutions are dependent on context (e.g. physical environment, social factors, types & sizes of families and communities).

Where does culture come from?Where does culture come from?

Solutions to these challenges require manifestations of culture

Product of interaction between universal biological needs, social motives and context

Solution to the problem of individual’s adaptation to their contexts to address their social motives and biological needs

Is culture a uniquely human product?Is culture a uniquely human product?

Many aspects of human culture are shared with other animals

Therefore culture is NOT uniquely human product

What is unique about human culture?What is unique about human culture?

Unique human skills 1) Language

2) Complex social cognition

3) Ratchet effect

As a result, human cultures have three characteristics: complexity, differentiation, institutionalization

Humans evolved to have human culture

The difference between society and The difference between society and cultureculture

Society is “a system of interrelationships among people” Both humans and non-human animals have society

Culture embodies meanings and information associated with social networks Humans give social groups unique meaning Non-humans do not have human culture associated

with social groups

Factors Influencing CultureFactors Influencing Culture

Ecological Factors geography, climate, natural resources

Social Factors population density, affluence, technology,

government, media, religion

Biological Factors temperament, personality

A Meta-theoretical A Meta-theoretical FrameworkFramework

How can we categorize the various systems and variables that make up culture?

1. The Ecology:

- physical environment, resources, geography.

2. The Subsistence System: methods of exploitation of the ecology

to survive – agriculture, fishing, gathering, industrial work.

A Framework…A Framework…3. The Socio-cultural System:

institutions, roles, norms and values as they exist outside the individual.

4. The Individual System: perception, learning, subjective

culture, including the perception of elements of the cultural system.

5. The Inter-individual System:- patterns of social behavior, including child rearing methods.

Groups that have CultureGroups that have Culture

Nationality Country of origin and each country has own culture

(as well as subcultures)

Ethnicity Racial, national or cultural origins

Gender Behaviors society/culture deems appropriate for men

and women

Groups that have CultureGroups that have Culture

Disability Some type of physical impairment in senses, limb, or

other parts of bodies

Sexual Orientation Person with whom one forms sexual relationships