CROSS CULTURE CROSS CULTURE UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDING

LecturerLecturer DR. I Gede Budasi, M.EdDR. I Gede Budasi, M.Ed..

S1 Degree in Applied Linguistics (FKG UNUD,1983)S1 Degree in Applied Linguistics (FKG UNUD,1983) Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Linguistics (RELC-Post Graduate Diploma in Applied Linguistics (RELC-

Singapore, 1990)Singapore, 1990) Master in Applied Linguistics (Univ. of South Australia, Master in Applied Linguistics (Univ. of South Australia,

1994)1994) Doctor in Historical Comparative Linguistics (UGM Doctor in Historical Comparative Linguistics (UGM

2007)2007)

Countries Visited through Countries Visited through International Seminars on CCUInternational Seminars on CCU

Singapore, 1989Singapore, 1989 Malaysia 1990Malaysia 1990 Australia 1994Australia 1994 India, 1997India, 1997 Newzealand, 1997Newzealand, 1997 Swiss, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2012Swiss, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2012 Denmark, 2009Denmark, 2009 Russia, 2012Russia, 2012 Germany, 2012Germany, 2012

Future Plan for Other International Future Plan for Other International Seminars on CCUSeminars on CCU

Camboja 2013Camboja 2013 Mexico 2013Mexico 2013 Canada and America 2013Canada and America 2013

CCU SPECIFIC GOALSCCU SPECIFIC GOALS

To encourage an appreciation of cultural diversity and the To encourage an appreciation of cultural diversity and the process of intercultural communicationprocess of intercultural communication

To provide a context for reading and vocabulary To provide a context for reading and vocabulary developmentdevelopment

To stimulate discussions about culture based on the To stimulate discussions about culture based on the readings and conversational activitiesreadings and conversational activities

To become a better, more tolerant personTo become a better, more tolerant person To become more skilled intercultural communicationTo become more skilled intercultural communication

What in culture?What in culture?

All accepted and patterned ways of behavior of a given All accepted and patterned ways of behavior of a given people. It is a body of common understanding. It is the people. It is a body of common understanding. It is the sum total and the organization or arrangement of the sum total and the organization or arrangement of the group’s ways of thinking, feeling, and actinggroup’s ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

In this sense, of course, every people has a culture and In this sense, of course, every people has a culture and no individual can live without culture. It is our culture no individual can live without culture. It is our culture that enables us to get through the day because we and that enables us to get through the day because we and the other people we encounter attach somewhat the the other people we encounter attach somewhat the same meaning to the same things (Man and Culture, same meaning to the same things (Man and Culture, Ina C Brown).Ina C Brown).

Cont.Cont.

Culture is that complex whole which includes Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral. law, custom, knowledge, belief, art, moral. law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by member of and other capabilities acquired by member of a society ( E.B. Taylor in Kerry, 1994)a society ( E.B. Taylor in Kerry, 1994)

The some total of ways of living built up by a The some total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to generation to another from one generation to generation to another (The Macquarie Encyclopedic Dictionary)(The Macquarie Encyclopedic Dictionary)

Reasons why you might be interested in developing Reasons why you might be interested in developing

intercultural communication skillsintercultural communication skills....

For the sake of improved understanding For the sake of improved understanding and harmony.and harmony.

For the sake of doing business with one For the sake of doing business with one another and living together successfulyanother and living together successfuly

For an enjoyble and self-enriching goal. For an enjoyble and self-enriching goal.

Are you motivated by all three?Are you motivated by all three?

What is the way forward?What is the way forward?

Increase contactIncrease contact GoodwillGoodwill ToleranceTolerance Look for knowledge, awareness and skill Look for knowledge, awareness and skill

needed to improve intercultural needed to improve intercultural communication.communication.

We all have rituals?We all have rituals?

Other cultures have customs and rituals. We Other cultures have customs and rituals. We don’t.don’t.

Other people may follow customs and rituals. Other people may follow customs and rituals. I don’t.I don’t.

I can do exactly what I want. My actions are I can do exactly what I want. My actions are independent of my culture.independent of my culture.

Quite a lot of my behaviour is retiualized. It Quite a lot of my behaviour is retiualized. It follows a pattern prescribed by my cultural follows a pattern prescribed by my cultural group.group.

Cont.Cont.

I don’t have total freedom of choice in my I don’t have total freedom of choice in my behaviour.behaviour.

My actions are rule-governedMy actions are rule-governed Accept that you are a member of a Accept that you are a member of a

culture which regulates your behaviourculture which regulates your behaviour

What should be realized?What should be realized?

Underneath, people are fundamentally the sameUnderneath, people are fundamentally the same Underneath, people of the world can be Underneath, people of the world can be

profoundly differentprofoundly different Cultures are so different that we will never be Cultures are so different that we will never be

able to communicate successfully.able to communicate successfully. People have always succeeded and they will People have always succeeded and they will

continue to succeed in intercultural continue to succeed in intercultural communication.communication.

Accept cultural difference as realityAccept cultural difference as reality

Cultures are very Cultures are very different from one different from one another another Which do you believe?Which do you believe?

““Underneath, we are all fundamentallyUnderneath, we are all fundamentally

similar” similar”

or or

““We are fundamentally different”We are fundamentally different”

Your answer for this question is Your answer for this question is probably largely determined by your probably largely determined by your cultureculture

Are there universals of Are there universals of behaviour? behaviour?

Clearly there are universal categories of Clearly there are universal categories of behaviour. There are five ‘panhuman behaviour. There are five ‘panhuman cultural categories’, each with number of cultural categories’, each with number of sub categoriessub categories

Categories of Behavior (Kerry, 1994)

IndividualBehaviour

SocialBehaviour

Social Controland

EducationTechnology

CollectiveBeliefs

1. Bodily

2. Adornment3. Personal Names

4. Gestures

5. Hair Styles

6. Mourning

1. Dancing

2. Gift Giving

3. Hospitality

4. Games

5. Joking

6. Visiting7. Kinship

Naming

1. Marriage

2. Law

3. Property Rights

4. Sexual

Restriction5. Status

Differentiation6. Inheritance

Rules

7. Education

8. Government9. Modesty

concerning natural functions

1. Calendars

2. Cooking

3. Toolmaking

4. Trade

5. Numerals

6. Obstetrics

7. Medicine

1. Dream

Interpretation

2. Religious

Ritual3. Propitiation of

Supernatural Beings

4. Magic

5. Religious

Ritual

Consider the following:Consider the following:

Great each otherGreat each other React to a complimentReact to a compliment ApologiseApologise Watch TVWatch TV Regard sexual behaviourRegard sexual behaviour Dismiss employeesDismiss employees Interview applicantInterview applicant Assess their status in societyAssess their status in society Stand when talking to the bossStand when talking to the boss Define friendshipDefine friendship Make small talkMake small talk

Some other Concept Some other Concept about culture for you to about culture for you to considerconsider

Cultures are not fixed: change over timeCultures are not fixed: change over time Culture are not Uniform: very internallyCulture are not Uniform: very internally No culture is an IslandNo culture is an Island

Culture

Personality

Perception to Others

Communication

C

A

Culture

Personality

Perception to Others

B

Uncertainty Anxiousness

Accommodative Communication

Strategy

Intercultural Communication Model (Alo, 2003)

Adaptive

Effective

CCU TOPICS OF DISCUSSIONCCU TOPICS OF DISCUSSION

1.1. IntroductionsIntroductions2.2. Verbal PatternsVerbal Patterns3.3. Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication4.4. Personal RelationshipsPersonal Relationships5.5. Family ValuesFamily Values6.6. Educational AttitudesEducational Attitudes7.7. Work Values Work Values 8.8. Time and Space Patterns Time and Space Patterns 9.9. Cultural ConflictCultural Conflict10.10. Cultural AdjustmentCultural Adjustment

INTRODUCTIONSINTRODUCTIONS

Varieties of Introductions Varieties of Introductions Use of Titles in IntroductionsUse of Titles in Introductions Eye Contact and Handshaking in Eye Contact and Handshaking in

IntroductionsIntroductions Small Talk after Introductions Small Talk after Introductions Cultural Variations in Introductions Cultural Variations in Introductions

VERBAL PATTERNSVERBAL PATTERNS

Rulers and Styles of Speaking Rulers and Styles of Speaking Directness in American English Directness in American English InvitationsInvitations Speaking and Refraining from SpeakingSpeaking and Refraining from Speaking Different Ways of Expressing Common Different Ways of Expressing Common

NeedsNeeds

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATIONNONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Cultural Differences in Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

GesturesGestures Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions Eye ContactEye Contact SpaceSpace

PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPSPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Circles of FriendsCircles of Friends Mobility and FriendshipMobility and Friendship Instant FriendshipsInstant Friendships Male – Female RelationshipsMale – Female Relationships Intercultural FriendshipsIntercultural Friendships

FAMILY VALUESFAMILY VALUES

Child Raising Child Raising Young AdulthoodYoung Adulthood The ElderlyThe Elderly The Nuclear and the Extended FamilyThe Nuclear and the Extended Family Familial RolesFamilial Roles Stability and Change in the Family Stability and Change in the Family

EDUCATIONAL ATTITUDESEDUCATIONAL ATTITUDES

Diversity in Education Diversity in Education Active ParticipationActive Participation The Teacher – Student RelationshipThe Teacher – Student Relationship Independent Learning Independent Learning The Honor System The Honor System CompetitionCompetition

WORK VALUESWORK VALUES

The “Work Ethic”The “Work Ethic” The “American Dream”The “American Dream” Rewards and Job SatisfactionRewards and Job Satisfaction WorkaholicsWorkaholics Leisure and Socializing Leisure and Socializing

TIME AND SPACE PATTERNSTIME AND SPACE PATTERNS

TimeTime PromptnessPromptness Division of Time Division of Time Future TimeFuture Time Architectural DifferencesArchitectural Differences Privacy and the Use of SpacePrivacy and the Use of Space

CULTURAL CONFLICTCULTURAL CONFLICT

Communication and CultureCommunication and Culture MisinterpretationsMisinterpretations Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism Stereotypes and PrejudiceStereotypes and Prejudice

CULTURAL ADJUSTMENTCULTURAL ADJUSTMENT

Culture Shock Culture Shock The Adjustment ProcessThe Adjustment Process The Re-entry ProcessThe Re-entry Process Individual ReactionsIndividual Reactions

ReferencesReferences Alo L. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Komunikasi Alo L. 2003. Dasar-Dasar Komunikasi

Antarbudaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Antarbudaya. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Deena R Levina & Mara B Adelman. Deena R Levina & Mara B Adelman.

Intercultural Communication for English as a Intercultural Communication for English as a Second Language: Beyond Language. New Second Language: Beyond Language. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc., Englewood CliffsJersey: Prentice-Hall,Inc., Englewood Cliffs

Kerry O’Sullivan 1994. Understanding Ways: Kerry O’Sullivan 1994. Understanding Ways: Communicating Between Cultures. Sydney: Communicating Between Cultures. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger Pty Limited.Hale & Iremonger Pty Limited.