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ORGANIZATION OF CAPITAL 1870-1990

Scope1870 A Branch level only1870 B Very little1870 CH Local and branch level1870 D Branch level only1870 DK Faellesrep, 1871, at national level1870 F Very little1870 N Virtually nothing1870 NL Very little1870 S Some local activity1870 UK Branch level only

1900 A Branch level only1900 B Fragmentary1900 CH Growing network1900 D Strong growth of employers organizations, some to help b

1900 DK Rapid growth of specific employers associations; sometin1900 F Very little1900 N Growth of associations; NAF, 19001900 NL Some anti-union organization and locks-out; VNW, 18991900 S Rapide growth of associations; CAF co-ordinates except i1900 UK branch-wide organizations in engineering,1896, and ship-

1914 A HAI, 19071914 B Growth of organizations in metals, mines, etc.1914 CH ZSAO, 19081914 D1914 DK Employers try to imposre national bargaining scheme1914 E,P

1914 F Very little1914 I Some organizations in north only1914 N Small employers and hydro-electric industry oranize more1914 NL Some anti-unio organization and lock-outs; VNW1914 S Continuing growth of associations; SAF, 19021914 SF Small but combative national organization, 1907; become1914 UK Continuing growth

1925 A Strang growht1925 B Continued growth1925 CH Growth1925 D Strong Growth; RDI, 1919

1925 DK Extensive growth under DA auspices1925 E Weak1925 F Limited1925 I1925 IRL1925 N Considerable growth1925 NL String growth; VNF, 1917; CO, 19201925 P1925 S Extensive growth under SAF auspices; VF joins SAF, 191


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1925 SF Growth, then decline1925 UK Moderate; stable; Bec, 1919

1938 A,D,I,P,E Employers accept role in structures of fascist and Nazi sta1938 B Continued growth; CCI, 19361938 CH Continued growth1938 DK Widely established1938 F Limited1938 IRL Limited growth; FIM, 19321938 N Widely established1938 NL Continued Growth1938 S Widely established1938 SF Decline1938 UK Branch-level associations well established

1950 A Reconstruction of comprehensive Kammer system for ind1950 B Extensive1950 CH Extensive

1950 E,P Employers accept rpole in structures of fascist state1950 D Extensive; BDA, 19501950 DK,N,S Comprehensive throughout1950 F Fairly extensive1950 I Fairly extensive1950 IRL Patchy; FUE, 19421950 NL Extensive1950 SF Patchy coverage1950 UK Extensive

1963 A Growth of autonomous organizations co-operating with K1963 B Extensive1963 CH Extensive

1963 D Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some ter 1963 DK Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some ter 1963 E,P Fascist structures becoming marginalized in modernizatio1963 F Limited1963 I Extensive1963 IRL Patchy1963 N Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some ter 1963 NL Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some ter 1963 S Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some ter 1963 SF Extensive1963 UK Extensive

1975 A,DK,D,N,S,CH1975 B Extensive1975 E Rapid early growth1975 F Limited1975 I Extensive1975 IRL Growing1975 NL Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some ter 1975 P No clear structure of organizations yet emerging following1975 SF Extensive


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1975 UK Extensive

1990 A, D, CH Continuing stability of existing patterns, but controlled shift1990 B Continuing important role, but increasingly reliant on state1990 DK, SF, N,S Continuing powerful role for organized interests, but centr1990 E Extensive1990 F Increasing1990 I Varied according to region; increasingly important in north1990 IRL Shift of bargaining to company level weaken role1990 NL Stable, but operating increasingly through technocratic rat1990 P Weak1990 UK Major uncontrolled shift of bargainig to company level wea

INDICATORS OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1870-1963

18701870 Agricultural work GNPp.c. (1960 US$)

A 55.6 305B 30.3 571CH 37.4 549D 45 426DK 50.3 340E n.a. high 329F 40 437I 56.7 312IRLN n.a. high 421NL n.a. relatively hig 506

P n.a. high n.a. Very lowS 51.5 246SFUK 10.4 628

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1870-1910

1870 Level

Main pattern Country Plant

Fragmentary A -Contestation B Sporadic strike activity onlyCollective barCH Some bargainingFragmentary D Some bargainingFragmentary DKContestation Elsewhere: virtua -Incipient colle E -Contestation F Sporadic strike activity only


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Incipient colle N -Incipient colle NL -

Collective barUK -


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PowerWeak; some anti-union organization al local levelsNothingLagerly informalWeak; some anti-union organization al local levelsWeak; biulding employers loosely orgalized to fight strikesNothingNoneNothingVitually nothingWeak; but in some areas important in either encouraging or breaking unions

LimitedVery weak; mainly combating social legislationEmployers' associations with well-developede strike fundsCdi Strike insurance fund; also co-ordinates lock-outs

FfA acquiring authority to act in relations with unions; central strike fund, 1896UIMM and Comit des Forges try to organize, but little successNAF organizes many lock-outs; seeks to impose centralized bargaining on LOWeakSome co-ordination of bargaining and strike-breakingLimited co-ordination power, mainly during major conflicts

Central bodies fund strike resistance, 1912Very Weak; mainly combating social legislation

As 1900BdI and CDI form specialized employers' associations to try to centralizebargaining; these merge as VDA, 1913DA has authority to act in relations with unionsVery little activity

UIMM and Comit des Forges continue to experience little success

NAF continues to seek centralized bargainingWeakSAF exercises tight control over employers' bargaining and co-ordinates tough lock-out strategySTK establishes strike support on Swedish modelLimited co-ordination power, mainly during major conflicts

Strng centralization of bargaining strategyVery weak; mainly combating social legislationEmployers' associations with well-developed strike fundsRDI presses for highly centralized collective bargaining; strong powers over affiliates

DA strengthens hold on industrial sector and co-ordinates strategy, seeking a centralized systemWeak organizations engaged by government in co-operation wiyh lobourGovernment encourages formation of CGPF, but with few powersConfinindustria, 1919, accepts role in structures of facist stateVery little developmentNAF rapidly developing co-ordinating role in most sectors

Associations strengthen hold and co-ordinate relations with unions at branch levelEmployers' organizations (weak) accept role in structures of fascist stateSAF strengthens hold industrial sector and co-ordinates strategy, seeking a centralized system


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Co-ordinate role of STK declines after civil war weakens labourIncreasing involvement of associations in lock-outs

tesBranch associations are main actors on employers' side in new commissions paritairesMetal and watch employers' association co-ordinates employers in key sectoral barganingDA co- ordinates industrial employers in major national bargaining relationship with DsFMajor advance in CGPF role, 1936, but this repudisted members; reformed as CNPF, 1938, with weaker powersFIM mainly lobbies governmentNAF co-ordinates industrial employers in major national bargaining relationship with LO

Associations engage in debate over PBO system, but little actionSAF co-ordinates industrial employers in major national bargaining relationship with LOSTK strike fund and co-ordinating power decline in light of union weaknessWeak

ustrial relations and trade purposes; also voluntary organizationFIB gives central steer to branch bargaining; branch bodies have strike support powerMetal and watch employers' association co-ordinates employers in key sectoral barhaining; other sectors imitate

Employers' associations play key role in bargaining at regional and branch level, with extensive strike funds; BDA atteCentral bodies co-ordinate bargaining etc. and imposesanction on deviant firmsCNPF plays key role in very limited bargaining with unionsConfiindustria plays key role limited bargaining with unionsFUE takes lead in co-ordinating pay talks, but few powersEmployers' associations part of PBO system and derive power from statutory obligationsay key role in bargaining at reSTK plays role similar to Scandinavian peak associations, but many firms refuse to bargainBranch-level associations a key level of employer bargaining co-ordination, but few powers

Role of PK strengthens power of central bodiesProgrammation sociale strengthens of FIB and branch organizationsPrimarily informal but effective

BDA requires all memberVerbnde to have strike funds, 1956, and monitors branch collective agreementsDA remains powerful, but losing ability to control decentral tendenciesof economy: little modern role for associations

CNPF has few co-ordinating powersConfindustria weakened by departure of state industries to Intersind; 1956; active but reliant on personal rather than rFIE co-ordinates some wage-round activityNAF controls all bargaining strategyCentralized regulation of labour marketSAF controls all bargaining strategySTK takes power to veto agreements, call lock-outs and fine dissenting firms; seeks tow-year deals with SAKWeak, but attempts at informal co-ordination in co-operation with government incomes policy

Continuing development of tendencies visible in 1963; but Scandinavian organizations weakened by decline in manufFIB merges with tertiary sector organizations to form FEBCEOE establishing cordinating roleCNPF ready to play more active role, but little scopeConfindustria reforms internal structure to equip it for a co-ordinating roleNew IFC, 1969; tries to co-ordinate bargaining strategy of employers and secures informal authorityMerger of former denominational associationscollapse of fascist regimeSTK committed to seeking detailed national agreements with SAK, and acquires power within industry necessary to d


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Merger of BEC and FBI to form CBI, 1965; new body seeks informal co-ordination of employers and co-operation with

to more company-level collective bargaining in Germanyintervention to stabilize collective bargainingl bodies themselves increasingly seek shift to branch or especially company level in relations with labourWeak, though CEOE is very activeCNPF and branch organizations launch several bargaining initiatives, though with little co-ordinating powerConfindustria continues to seek co-ordinating role

her than tripartite formsWeakkens role

Electorate as % of adult male populationnone

8.57980

72.9none

878.9

2111.3

none20

31.4

Level

Locality

-

Bargaining established in skilled trades-

Some bargaining--


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--

Bargaining well established in skilled trades


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Other associative bussiness activityElaborated structure ofKammerand and other organizations represent trade interests to state as paWeak, unstable; discouraged by governmentTrade associations receive state funds for carryng out delegated public taks; Genobenschaften takeElaborated structure ofKammerand and other organizations at local and regional levels organize trTrade involved in trade regulation and trainingComit des Forges on margin of legality; little elseTrade interests involved in advisory councils of non-parliamentary stateGuild legacy still operativeCompulsory trade associations replace guilds, 1864, but are later made illegalVery little; some consultation

Elaborated structure ofKrammerand other organizationsRise of Catholic organizations in agriculture etc. But weakTrade associations receive state funds for carrying out delegated public tasks; Genobenschaften orElaborate structure ofKrammerand other organizations at local and regional levels organize training

Trade associations involved in trade regulation and trainingVery littleTrade interests involved in advisory councils of non-parliametary stateGuild legacy stil operativeSAF works closely with government on export policyVery little; some consultation

As 1900As 1900As 1900As 1900Trade associations involved in trade regulation and training

Very little

Trade interests involved in advisory councilsAs 1900Growing importance of export-sector organizations, especcially in metal industry

Increasing engagement with goverment as war looms

Close involvement of associations in industrial strategyweakTrade associations receive state funds for carrying out delegated public tasks; Genobenschaften orClose involvement of associations in Weimar industrial strategy

Trade associations involved in trade regulation and trainingWeakWeak

Trade interests involved in advisory councilsCIV formed to co-ordinate strategy, 1920

Directors' Club' of export-sector firms co-ordinates export strategy


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LimitedWartime role declining; FBI, 1916

Trade associations involved in planning protectionist arrangementsVerbnde get legal right to organize training and export-risk schemes (both1931)Faellesrep co-ordinates businee response to severe world economic climateVery limitedSome trade association activityTrade associations co-ordinate bussiness response to severe world economic climateTrade associations co-ordinate bussiness response to severe world economic climateTrade associations co-ordinate bussiness response to severe world economic climateLimitedTrade associations involved in planning protectionist arrangements

FIB co-ordinates actionOrganizations heavily involved in cordinating export strategy

Reconstruction ofKammer system of trade representation with new voluntary trade associations (esSome reduction in association role with ending of warCNPF plays weak role; most associations just pressure groups; rival CGPME as radical small-busin

Associations important in northern industryWeakTrade associations incorporated in post-war economic stretegyTrade associations central to operation of Finn-Soviet trade agreementTrade associations important in regulated post-war economy

Growing importance with economic recoveryFIB co-ordinate actionOrganizations heavily involved in co-ordinating export strategy

BDI and DIHT administer foreing trade policyDeep involvement in economic policy

Some involvements in state planningAssociations important in northern industryWeakDeep involvement in economic policyClose involvement in economy policyDeep involvement in economic policyTrade associations central to operation of Finno-Soviet trade agreement

Acitve but not strongly incorporated into policy administration

cturing sector in which their co-ordinating power is rootedFEB co-ordinates action

Too early to determineAssociations important in northern industryIncreasing involvement in economic policyClose envolvement in economy policy

Trade associations central to operation of Finno-Soviet trade agreement


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Active but not strongly incorporated into government policy

Growing involvement with governmentGrowing involvement with governmentExtensive at regional level in north and midlands

As 1975

WeakAs 1975

1900 1914Leading econ 1900 Agricultural w GNPp.c. (196 Electorate as Leading econ 1914

Agricultura A 60.9 361 82.7 Agriculture buATextiles, steel B 21.9 721 90.7 Textiles, steel BMetal industri CH 31 785 78.9 Metal industri CHTextiles, coal D 36 639 80 Coal and stee Dagricultura, S DK 47.5 633 87.4 Agriculture, s DK

Agriculture, te E n.a. high 351 none Agriculture, te ETextiles,mine F 41.8 604 87.9 Textiles, mine F

Agriculture, p I 59.4 335 26.5 Agriculture, p IIRL IRL

Shipping, agri N 41.3 577 89.7 Shipping, agri NAgriculture, s NL 30.8 614 51 Agriculture, s NL

Agriculture P n.a. high n.a. V. Low none Agriculture PAgriculture, w S 49.8 454 25.1 Agricultur, wo S

SF SFTextiles, coal, UK 7.7 881 61.5 Textiles, coal, UK

Level 1900 Level Level Level Level

Branch Main pattern Country Plant Locality Branch Nation

Genobensch Collective barA Worker partici Bipartite Kab - -Sporadic coll B - Some bargain - Bipartite cons

- Collective bar CH Plant to branch: Bargaining well entrechedBook industry Collective barD - Bargaining gr Book industry -- Developing c DK Tillidsmaend Collective bar - Mediation sys- - - - - - -

Very little bar Contestation E - Police repression of strikers; occasional spSporadic coll F; All levels: Delegus de - Bipartite cais -


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Contestation I - Police repression of strikers; occasional sp

Very little bar Sporadic coll N - Locality to nation: some bargaining but decVery little bar Sporadic coll NL - Some bargaining

Contestation P - Police repression of strikers; occasional spSporadic coll S - Some bargaining

- Developing c UK Some bargainBargaining w Bargaining be -


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rt of formal system of non-parliamentary representation

on training role; SHIV, 1870, as national co-ordinatig bodyaining; these structures pre-date the unified German state

anize training; Vorot, 1881in trade regulation and training; cartels and CDI increasiling drawn into sharing responsibility for industrial policy (CDI, 1876; BdI, 1

anize training


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tablished in advance of new republic)

ss lobby


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1925Agricultural w GNPp.c. (196 Electorate as Leading econ 1925 Agricultural w GNPp.c. (196

56.9 490 94.5 Agriculture buA 30 65522.4 891 91.6 Textiles, steel B 19.1 98526.8 964 75.8 Metal industri CH 27.1 1.0235.2 741 94.1 Coal and stee D 30.5 71242.7 862 87.8 Agriculture, s DK 35.2 845

n.a. high 367 none Agriculture, te E n.a. high 42642.7 689 90.5 Textiles, mine F 41.5 89355.5 441 89.8 Growing divisi I 55.7 480

IRL 51.3 62439.2 749 70.3 Shipping, agri N 36.8 86328.4 734 67 Agriculture, s NL 23.6 909

n.a. high 292 none Agriculture P n.a. high 32045.6 680 76.5 Agricultur, wo S 40.4 76571.5 520 88.5 Peasant agric SF 71.5 5208.1 965 62.4 Textiles, coal, UK 7.6 970


State Main pattern Country Plant Locality Branch Nation

Vereinskaben Some collectiA Some develo Growth of barUnio role in p -- Thin collectiv B All levels: little change since 1900

State support Continuing strCH Bargaining weBargaining gr - -Goverment arSome collecti D Some develo Bargaining gr Unio role in p -- Continuing str DK Tillidsmaend Collective barDeveloping DA and DsF a- - - - - - -

oradic repres Contestation E All levels: police repression of strkers; some bargaining i- Fragmentary F As 1900 - As 1900 -


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oradic repres Contestation I All levels: police repression of strkers; some bargaining i

lining after 19 Recent growt N - - Bargaining gr -Thin collectiv NL Some develo Some bargainBargaining gr -

oradic repres Contestation P All levels: police repression of strkers; some bargaining iRecent growt S - - Bargaining gr Bargaining gr Thin collectiv SF Locality to state: some bragaining between unions and a

- Continuing str UK - Bargaining w Bargaining w -


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95)


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1938Electorate as Leading econ 1938 Agricultural w GNPp.c. (196 Electorate as Leading econ

90 Mixed industriA 39 640 none Mixed industri95 Textiles, steel B 17 1.015 95.3 Textiles, steel

85.9 Metal industri CH 20.8 1.204 89.3 Metal industri99.4 Coal and stee D 26 1.126 none Coal and stee

93 Mixed industriDK 29.9 1.045 97 Mixed industrinone Agriculture, te E n.a. high 337 none Agriculture, te

87.7 Textiles, mine F 35.6 936 86.9 Textiles, minenone Agriculture, p I 47 551 none Agriculture, p

99.9 Peasant agric IRL 47.6 649 97.7 Peasant agric96 Shipping,hydrN 35.3 1.298 101.3 Shipping,hydr

96.5 Mixed industriNL 20.6 920 99.4 Mixed industri

none Agriculture P n.a. high 351 none Agriculture96.3 Industrial, speS 28.8 1.097 97.4 Industrial, spe88.5 Peasant agric SF 57.4 913 86.5 Peasant agric88.9 Textiles, coal, UK 6 1.181 99.9 Textiles, coal,


State Main pattern Country Plant Locality Branch Nation

Limited consu State-determiA Statutory Betr Extensive barBipartite cons Centralized cCollective barB - Collective bar Some growth -

State support Incipient neo- CH Collective bar Collective bar Union involve -Limited consu State-determi D Statutory Betr Extensive barBipartite cons Centralized cLabour court Collective barDK Some collecti Extensive barExtensive barUnion involve

- - -n northern Ital State-determi E Comits paritarios for bargaining and consultation all levGovernment t Contestation F - Some limited Union involve -


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n northern ItalAuthoritarian I Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers andContestation IRL - Some bargainSome bargain -

Union involve Collective barN - Some bargainExtensive barExtensive bar- Collective bar NL - Some bargain - Some bargain

n northern ItalAuthoritarian P Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers andUnion involve Collective barS - - Extensive bar Union involvehocgroups Contestation SF - Some limited - Strike breakin

Increased govCollective barUK Some collecti Extensive BarExtensive bar -


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1950 19631950 Agricultural w GNPp.c. (196 Electorate as Leading econ 1963 Agricultural w

A 32.3 721 89.3 Mixed industriA 22.8B 12.1 1.167 93.3 Textiles, steel B 7.2CH 16.5 1.368 92.7 Metal industri CH 11.2D 23.2 834 97.8 Coal and stee D 13.5DK 25.6 1.277 98.3 Mixed industri DK 17.8E n.a. high 367 none Agriculture, te E n.a. highF 33 1.177 90.4 Mixed industri F 20.3I 40 590 100.9 Agriculture, p I 28.2IRL 39.6 744 97.4 Agriculture, s IRL 35.3N 25.9 1.652 98.2 Shipping,hydr N 19.5NL 18.8 1.019 95.4 Mixed industri NL 10.7

P n.a. high 383 none Agriculture P n.a. highS 20.3 1.712 98.1 Industrial, speS 13.8SF 46 1.027 99.7 Primarily agri SF 35.5UK 5.1 1.352 97.8 Coal, steel, e UK 3.6

Level 1938 1938 Level Level Level

State Main pattern Main pattern Country Plant Locality Branch

Formal involvAuthoritarian A Similar to I, P, E, until afterAnschlub , when all structureUnions in con State instituti B - Collective bar Major growth -Union involve Incipient neo- CH Extensive bar Extensive bar Friedensabko -Formal involvAuthoritarian D Deutscher Arbeiter Front replaces unions, but has only toUnions in con Incipient neo- DK Some collecti Declining Extensive bar National barg

- - - - - -Unions particiAuthoritarian E Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and- Contestation F - Some limited Some bargainSome growth


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employers haAuthoritarian I Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and- Collective bar IRL - Some bargainSome bargain -- Incipient neo- N - Some bargainExtensive barHovendavtale - State instituti NL Spread of conSome bargainSome bargainPBO discussiemployers haAuthoritarian P Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers andUnions in con Incipient neo- S Some bargainSome bargainExtensive barSaltsjbaden- Contestation SF - Some limited - -

Union in smal Collective barUK Some collecti Declining bar Extensive bar -


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GNPp.c. (196 Electorate as Leading economic sectors1.232 96.1 Mixed industrial, major steel sector, state-owned large firms and many1.484 95.7 Textiles, steel, coal, capital equipement, finance1.841 79.6 Mixed advanced industries, financial services1.781 99.5 Coal and steel dominant; advanced industry, speccially capital equipme1.65 99.4 Mixed industrial, big tertiery sector, advanced agriculture529 none Agriculture, major industrial development

1.669 89.4 Mixed industrial, agriculture978 101.1 Mixed industrial with major state-owned sector919 100 Agriculture, industry developing

2.078 98.8 Shipping,hydro-electric, mixed industry, forest products1.418 97.1 Mixed industrial, strong tertiary sector, agriculture

514 none Agriculture2.263 96.6 Industrial, specially capital equipment; forest products1.503 99.6 Grwing industrial sector, forest products1.686 99.2 Mixed industrial, financial services

Level Level 1950 Level Level Level

Nation State Main pattern Country Plant Locality Branch

s abolished Incipient neo- A Betriebsrte - Early attemptUnions in consultation arren State-support B Statutory bipa - CommissionsUnion involvement in adminiNeo-corporati CH Extensive bar Extensive bar Union involveken role Collective bar D Betriebsrte Regional bargMain bargainiUnions and employers' assoNeo-corporati DK Some bargain - Extensive bar - - - - - -employers have formal con Authoritarian E Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unionsTemporary concertation of Contestation F Statutory bipa Some limited Limited bargai


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employers have formal con Contestation I Statutory bipa Some bargainLimited bargaiSome union consultation Collective bar IRL - Some bargainExtensive bar Unions and employers' assoNeo-corporati N Some bargain - Extensive bar Union involvement in gover State-support NL Statutory bipa - Union involveemployers have formal con Authoritarian P Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unionsUnions and employers' assoNeo-corporati S Some bargain - Extensive bar Some union consultation Collective barSF - Some limited Limited bargaiUnion in small number of co Collective barUK Crowing colle - Very extensiv


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mall privates ones

nt


Nation State Main pattern Country Plant Locality Branch

of unions and employer org Strong develoA Betriebsrte - Involvement oNational solid Union and emNeo-corporati B Statutory bipa Commissions Growing barg- Union and emNeo-corporati CH Extensive bar Extensive bar Further growt

Union involve Extensive conNeo-corporati D Betriebsrte Regional bargMain bargainiDA and LO s Union and emStrong develo DK Collective bar - Extensive bar - - - - - -f workers and employers haAuthoritarian E Minor development of collective bargainingSome bargainMinor consult Grwing shop- F Statutory bipa Some limited Some growth


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Some bargainMinor consult Grwing shop- I Statutory bipa Some bargainGrowing bargSome co-ordi Extensive uni Strong collect IRL - - Extensive bar NAF and LO Union and emStrong develo N Some bargain - Extensive bar Government Union involve Neo-corporati NL Statutory bipa - Union involvef workers and employers haAuthoritarian P Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unionsSAF and LO Union and emStrong develo S Some bargain - Extensive bar Union involve Extensive uni Grwing shop- SF Intensive auto - Growing barg- Unions in wid Strong collect UK Further growt - Very extensiv


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Nation State Main pattern Country Plant Branch Nation

f unions and employers orga Extensive neoA Betriebsrte - -Programmati - Neo-corporati B Growth of bar Commissions -- Unions and e Neo-corporati CH Stable Stable Stable

Union involve Growing invol Neo-corporati D Betriebsrte, Extensive andkonzertierte A DA and LO s Unions and e Extensive neoDK Extensive bar Extensive aut Increasing us- - - -and shop-floor representati From authorit E Growing dem Rudimentary -

Some bargainGovernmant Contestation F Minor growth Growth of bar Legal racogni


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Some bargainMinor consult Government-l I Massive grow Extensive bar Some attemptAttempts at st Government i Government-l IRL Further major Extensive bar Bipartite atteNAF and LO Unions and e Extensive neoN New legal co- Growing autoAukrust ComGovernment Union involve Neo-corporati NL Works counci Growing auto Collapse of olf workers and employers ha From authorit P Growing dem Rudimentary -SAF and LO Unions and e Extensive neoS Growing bara Growing auto EFO CommittFragile SAK- State regulati Government-l SF Further major Extensive bar -- Government Government-l UK Further major Declining -


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State Main pattern Country Plant Branch Nation State

Further elabo Extensive ne A Stable Stable Essentially stable but someIncreased sta Declining neo B Growth of bar Some decline Resumption o Strict state coStable Neo-corporati CH Stable Stable S -ktion system Neo-corporati D Further increaExtensive an Formal conce StableGrowing state Declining neo DK Extensive Growing auto Fragmentatio growing state

-Collapse of di State-led atte E Growing, but Some bargain Weak, but se Government tSporadic and State-led atte F Major rise, thr Growth of barSome growth Government e


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Attempts to p Incipient rego I Continuing au In norther and Unstable; ran Sporadic attepts to secure State-led atte IRL Continuing sh Declining Collapse of at Intermittent enLimited state i Extensive ne N Growing auto Growing auto Recurrent crisRecurrent statd incomes poli Declining neo NL Increasing shi Growing auto Some decline Some state inRevolutionary State-led atte P Weak Slight growth Limited tripart Limited goverLimited state i Extensive ne S Growing auto Growing auto Recurrent crisRecurrent statStatutory inco Extensive ne SF Growing auto Extensive an Tripartite institutions creata 'Government Disaggregatin UK Continuing sh Collapse of in Collapse of m Government r


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islocation as a result of privatization of state industriestrol of bargaining for most of 1980s; other tripartite institutions continue

intervention and incomes policy; other participative institutions continue, but decline in union involve

ries to encourage tripartite accords and to construct elementary participative networkncourages some participation by representative institutions tripartite accords and to construct eleme


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pts to promote consensuscouragement of tripartite co-operatione intervention in incomes policy; other participative institutions intactervention in income determination; participative institutions continue, but trend towards technocraticment interest in encouraging pacts and participation

e intervention in incomes policy; other participative institutions intactScandinavian' systemejects nearly all strategies of tripartite co-operation, reduces contact with unions to a minimun and ab


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ent

ntary participative network


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rather then representative advisory networks

andons all incomes policy outside public sector

crouch contempo

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