Crude Oil

Oil directly from the ground which is thick liquid with variety of hydrocarbons,

sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen

• 35% of oil in deposits is removed• Remaining 65% of oil is heavy crude oil – Too hard and expensive to remove and refine– If prices of oil continue to increase about 10% of

oil will be flushed with water to remove • Not efficient and requires 1/3 barrel of crude oil to get

a full barrel of heavy crude oil

Oil Drilling

• Negatives– Oil spills– Harmful effects due to

use and extraction

• Positives– Technologies allow for

• Deeper drilling• Fewer rigs• Get to deeper oil

Where is the oil

• OPEC (67%) Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela, UAE, Algeria, and Indonesia, –Saudis 26% –Other Arab nations 40%–Latin America (Ven. 9%)–Russia et al 6 %–US 3% (Refining in gulf of Mexico)

How long will supplies last?

• Believed to have world production peak between 2010+2030 – U.S. peaked in 1975

• Estimates believe that at current usage oil supply will last between 45 and 100 years.

• Need to change primary energy source– Past energy timeline: woodcoaloil???– Believe that by 2100 primary energy source will be

natural gas + hydrogen

Tar Sands• Mixture of clay, sand, water, bitumen• Majority too deep to mine for profit and few

are able to be mined at surface• 3-5x as much greenhouse gas as oil because of

energy required to process• Known as “world’s dirtiest oil”

coal

Lignite

• Brown coal• Lowest quality coal with

the most impurities and sulfur content

• Used as energy for steam power.

• 60% carbon content• Inefficient in use as

energy source

Bituminus Coal

• Made of Bituminus– Naturally occurring

byproduct of decomposition

• 60-80% carbon content• Dark brown/gray in

color

Anthracite

• Highest Carbon content at about 98%

• Cleanest burning and least amount of impurities

What is coal used for

Coal usage / location

• Commercial energy = 21%• Electricity = 62%

• 66% of known coal deposits are in U.S• 11% are in China

ProsCons

• Large supply exists• High energy yield• Cheap ~$.04 per kwhr• Technology already

exists

• Highly pollutant• Land, water, air

destruction• Hard to transport