cryogenic efficiency & losses in ac power machines dr. philip sargent mim mbcs cdipaf ceng....
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![Page 1: Cryogenic Efficiency & Losses in AC Power Machines Dr. Philip Sargent MIM MBCS CDipAF CEng. Diboride Conductors Ltd](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062511/55150d29550346a80c8b5989/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cryogenic Efficiency & Losses in AC Power Machines
Dr. Philip Sargent MIM MBCS CDipAF CEng.
Diboride Conductors Ltd.
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Power SuperconductorsRefigeration Energy Consumption
(normalised at 4K)Carnot Thermodynamics
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
0 20 40 60 80
Temp (K)
EC
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Power Superconductors
How far to "Liquid Nitrogen" regime
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature
Ho
w f
ar
to L
q N
2 f
rom
Lq
He
?
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Cost of Capital – when the superconductor is costly
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature
Ho
w f
ar
to L
q N
2 f
rom
Lq
He
?
Lower running costs,Cheap capital,
Cheap superconductor
Lower capital costs,Expensive capital
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Engineering Needs
• Generators, Transformers, Cables, FCLs, Motors, Grid conditioning, power storage
• Capital cost is most important for all of these in deregulated power markets
• Why superconductors?• Higher power density, 100x the current• Smaller• Lighter (MgB2 is 1/3 the density of Copper)• Cheaper to buy and install• Cheaper to operate• Entirely new capabilities (FCLs)
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HyperTech CTFF for MgB2CONTINUOUS TUBE FORMING AND FILLING (CTFF)
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Boron Chemistry
• Pyrometallurgy: Mg + B + heat• Powder in tube in situ• Powder in tube ex situ• Powder in tube ex situ + Mg• Powder in tube + HIP
• CVD Mg + diborane• Electrochemistry: Mg-borates in KCL• Other chemical routes… ??
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Materials Requirements
• Magnetic Fields 2-5 T (except cables)• AC use requires T > 20 K (cryogenic cost)• Materials parameters:
• Low cost: ~ 10 $/kA.m
• Practical volumes: Je (Jc 105 A/cm2 )
• Low AC losses: W/kA.m at 50Hz.
• Flexible, low Je / strain sensitivity
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Targets
• Copper: 6 – 22 $/kA.m (400 to 100 A/cm2)• Bi2223: 100 – 25 $/kA.m (2002 – 2005)
Device kA/cm2 T $/kA.m
Motor 105 4 10
Generator 105 4 10
Transformer 8.104 0.5 - 2 <10
FCL 8.104 0.2 10
Cable 7.104 <0.5 10-100Dick Blaugher, NREL
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Market SegmentationMarket Segmentation
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Magnetic Field (T)
Cri
tica
l C
urr
ent
Den
sity
(A
.cm
-2)
Transformers and Fault-Current LimitersMotors, Generators, Energy-storagePower transmissionElectronics
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Wire $/kA.m Cost Driver
NbTi (4.2 K, 2 T) 0.90 Materials (Nb)
Nb3Sn (4.2 K, 10 T) 10 Materials (Nb)
Bi-2223 (25 K, 1 T) 25 Materials (Ag)
Y-123 (25 K, 1 T) 4 Capital Plant
MgB2 (25 K, 1 T) 0.8 – 3.6 ? Capital Plant
Competitive Costs
Paul Grant EPRI
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1000 100 10 1 0.11
10
100
1000
10000
Y-123 IBAD77K, 0T
Bi-222377K, 0TNKT Target
"Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost
NbTi4.2K, 2TBi-2212
4.2K, 0TIGC
Nb3Sn4.2K, 12-15 T
$1,000
$100$10 $1 /kAm
Op
era
tin
g C
urr
en
t, Ic
(A
)
Cost ($/m)
Bi-222377K,0T
ASC “50”
Comparative Performance
Paul Grant EPRI
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Transformers: a big prizeCost of Ownership in $/kW
2000 ABB SPI Phase I Analysis
Cu (300 K)@ 300 A/cm2
HTS (68 K) MgB2 (25 K)
Losses 60
Cryo -
Wire 5
Total 65
5
25
50
80
5 5
34
8
48
Paul Grant EPRI
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First Major Applications
• Current Leads? No.• FCLs ? New capabilities!• Transmission Cables ? • Distribution Cables ?
• Dielectric + thermal + AC lossses• Transformers ? 98% efficient.• Generators ?
• Power stations,Wind turbines?
• Non-Utility Power ApplicationsMotors 68% of industrial powerHalf of that over 750kW
• Power electronics & Cryogenics
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Years
Ma
rke
t Sh
are
0%
100%
10 155
Materials ChangeoversMaterials Changeovers
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Effort
Pe
rfo
rman
ce
Technology ‘S’ Curves
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Effort
Pe
rfo
rman
ce
Copper-Iron
HTCs
MgB275y 16y
2002
Power Technologies
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Conclusions
• Necessary Partner Technologies• Cryogenics, not 99.999% reliable• Power electronics, why use AC if DC can do it?
• Motors• Higher power density, 100x the current• Smaller, Lighter • Cheaper to buy and install• Transport: ships, trains• Environmentally friendly• Prefer wire not tape! 12 April 2002