cryptography the art & science of secret-writing

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Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

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Page 1: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

CryptographyThe Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Page 2: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Monoalphabetic Substitution Ciphers

Caesar Shift Keyword with Caesar Shift Shuffling letters

Page 3: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Invention of Cryptanalysis

Arab mathematicians Adab al-Kuttāb (The Secretaries’ Manual) Requires sophisticated knowledge of three different

disciplines: Mathematics Statistics Linguistics

Page 4: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

First Records of Cryptanalysis

9th Century Abū Yūsūf Ya’qūb ibn Is-hāq ibn as-Sabbāh ibn

‘omrān ibn Ismaīl al-Kindī Author of 290 books on medicine, astronomy,

mathematics, linguistics and music Greatest treatise: A Manuscript on Deciphering

Cryptographic Messages

Page 5: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Frequency Analysis

Page 6: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Tables of Relative Frequencies

Page 7: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Variations

No text will have these exact frequencies in letter distribution—the tables are based on averages.

Shorter texts will have more variation than longer ones.

Page 8: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Cryptanalyzing a Ciphertext

PCQ VMJYPD LBYK LYSO KBXBJXWXV BXV ZCJPO EYPD KBXBJYUXJ LBJOO KCPK. CP LBO LBCMKXPV XPV IYJKL PYDBL, QBOP KBO BXV OPVOV LBO LXRO CI SX’XJMI, KBO JCKO XPV EYKKOV LBO DJCMPV ZOICJO BYS, KXUYPD: “DJOXL EYPD, ICJ X LBCMKXPV XPV CPO PYDBLK Y BXNO ZOOP JOACMPLYPD LC UCM LBO IXZROK CI FXKL XDOK XPV LBO RODOPVK CI XPAYOPL EYPDK. SXU Y SXEO KC ZCRV XK LC AJXNO X IXNCMJ CI UCMJ SXGOKLU?”

OFYRCDMO, LXROK IJCS LBO LBCMKXPV XPV CPO PYDBLK

Page 9: Cryptography The Art & Science of Secret-Writing

Frequency of Scrabble Letters

What are the frequency of the letter tiles in Scrabble?

Are they the “correct” ones? Are the points appropriately assigned?

Write a memo to Hasbro Co. explaining your recommendations for changes to the Scrabble game—with a rationale as to why these changes make sense.

If you feel no changes are needed, write to Hasbro explaining what about their design you approve of (and why).

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