11.

E6CUMENT a350 s7.:

Chang; Philip B.

CS 202 779

actor 2malysis of Peking Opera: It Furctfons.in!ass anunications.75 (.47p.; faver presented at ibe Annual.feeting of theAsscciation for education Journalism (Ottawar-Canada, August 1975)

.spa.s.??..tcz .P-miy-$04.3 3C-$2.96 Plus Postage.DESCRZETOBS -*Chinese;-*Chinese Culture; COkmunity Control; Draza;i .-*Cpera; *Revolution; *Social Change; Social Values7E1211.eizmz.- 7-.C.1....:= 4

EBSTRICTThe study .reported in this paper emanimea-the

structur.e and function of Chinese opera (also known as Peking opera)as

ineffective communication median .of_ social control and change in

China, a land populated byi800 million. pedlole and nourished by a540C-=year-old-ciy4lization. The study followed Structural-functionalanalysisz,contbnt apalysiSo and factor analysis and was mainly based'on tep, Peking opera p iv.plays - =five traditional and fire revolutionary:FipdiOs 6f the study indicate that the Chinese Communistrevolutionarywaays deal mostly with the, salvation factor, whichadvocates the full dedication of the masses to `..he revolutionarycauses; that traditional plays are mostly cone ed with the family_security factor, ihich stresses the importance of family love,indiviOnal rights, and human feelings; and that the traditional opera

.-fupdtions fat- social' control, while the revolutionary opera works forsocial change..Appendixes contain data pertaining to the study. ,

(JE)

4

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* Eeproducibility are often encountered and this affecte quality *

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-Shis study siructure and fist on of Poir',-Te opera, also

known as 'Pekinieolxn-a, as an effective c. cation =edit= of social comtTol

an-dike-10*TP lrli71P, a _land pipalat.e.d. by -Sor: =:_u-17--r, people and notaished

by a '',,O0G-year eadre ivilizazica.

The investigation, faZI1Wing:the ttraa..1-a.lal-lunct4cr41 ezalisis, coratemt

?T-Plysis, and factor e",Plysis, is 774'n'y based dh been ?eking opera olags.'

idve are,traditional, fire revolutionary. Also used are metertals from

Chinese literature; *ITese ommunio, official doduments, publicatloms as

well ES professional Apurnals including Min Bah (the Theater Journal), and- 1

n Yi (the Omeratio Lt), bah mmblished in Communist Chi s-. a .

As a tmditioml, performing art Chinei4 opera is of ancient origin,.

r e0 dating fru.., the eP,-liest fol k. songs and folk dances of Caine. 'For genera,-

...,

tions,.it Asa, functioned in-various way$ as a communicatioe-reii,?" in enter-/

, 1 .. A

.

; thetaintent,-education, and information. 4.12 the-oast, the themes and plots

,dealt.nostly with old adltural_yalues (.g., filial obligations, loyalty,

chastity, hnoeneness, benevolence, love, peace, fraternity, truStworthi-.

teas:scholarly dignity, ana equality) by oresenting concrete behavioral

ncdels which common nen could. rnoc--stprrif,

,

Because of its moPularity-and wide acceptance,as a source of entertain-; -

.rent and social standards,,,and'ate ails-because it can involve the audience

as active. gap. Chinese opera has been cosen by the Chinese CourainliArt4.

p

Party as an instrunalemt to bring .ChAhges in behavioral, norms and cul-

tural values and to nob/the support for the Z1B7 radi=eispolicies.

I.

t

Generally speaking, the and revolutienary otera differ greatly*-

traditional

-

_g_

becausf! of lneir vr,entations.t.-asad-on a 'ialnezattitaae system, the factOr

r.

ana'4A;s has categ.--riied

into different factorss(or

opera can he grouP=t4 ..ro

c=--uri4-- ands

opera, bot.,.. tradision-_

According toiohe

salvation, n-

sense of aco=lish..=,./.--

nental valtas, can

4

and revolutionary',

values, nb4,-teseifr .secrxity,

oners, according to she'instru-s

be categorized into two factorsfl

"loime an "lbyel."

She 4'ir-r14,..14.:-.; of the study indicate that th.c.7:14,--ese Connunis+ revo

timez ?. playsdeai mostly vith the salvation faczor, which adrocasqs the full

dedioation of the ;,-.eneral passes to the

The traditional Chinese opera plays are noi-lv concerned with the faFily*

. z re.70 Irv: iC.T.1E-TY

security factdr, which stresves the i ance of fa:lily love, indiviem:al

rights- and 1447743 rt "'gaol

Loyalty is 1:docrirP,,t value for the 0t opera.

of the revolutionary zodel plays are

in traditional Chinese opera, love is

indicate, 100 perttnt

factor in the analysis.

:

. -

The findings

of the "loyal"

a prevailing

value and 60 percent of the old Chinese Plays are of the "/oving"'factor.

---Therefore, in orientations, the two types of Chinese operas are on 4

eXtrenely opposite sides. 'Zoe .,:evolutionary plays tend toward totalitarian-

isi, .which calls'for joint efforts of the general masses for the cainon goals

of the class, the-people or the Com=unist Pay: The traditional opera,

diviri9In_liqn, which prizes personal rights,

121-r^P11 love. The "loving" factor is ,Com-.

itnary plays because it is considered "bourgeous

, the traditional Chinese opera functions nostly, .

pc the other hand, leans toward in

basic ireed=1; fe-rily security and

pletely absent in the revolut

11--and poisonous." To reiterate

for social control while the revolutionary Peking-opera works for social

so

.1

change.

4

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Th4. generi.:l time-ore:ice?

three areas:

TT.: Y777::DCL:JIT

!: nwt.*; ;V.."... ilias res..P,-ch

-,--...-a7tisuMe system e-antent

analysis.

.41e comment analysis nnithe the .o.f...tle ten aimese nvera plays Is

based'.. Fainly_ on a value-alt.nu.desystem-mner--a-mo,rded by415.1-ton Fzkeach.

In pUbIlg spinis research, Rtheach suggested a list of eiretn

are fram

-ter"- -eighteen instrumental tea:Les which are soc-i7:y dessreoe. The system

represents a hieraroniaal arrangement of values; a rank-^r ering of values

along a continuum nf imiartanne.1 However; since the system covers.gemerally

a representative sammie of Western values, a few ne«.Falues whim are es--,

sential in Chinese social norms should be added so as to vresept ad overall

vic4ureof the er'Pysis..

The -.miter decided to keep ;.il tne="t&rtyrsix terminal.and instru-.,-4

- . .--

=anted..values recammended by'Rokeach-thouit eome of them are not-sidtable

in the Chinese value systeml. the adjustment, tone tern nal val e, "new-

hope ,.1 and three instibment:al%values;. "patriotic," "loyal," and "grateful"

were added. These values aree--=2ortant and mecessalry_ineeither the tradatobnal; ,

.-,---.

Chinese,soosety or in the new Comm-aaist c4.7...sse.sys.ten7--77-7--.,.. ,

.. ,.

Therefore, there are, as shoim in .s` I, nine termina 41 twenty-

one instrutental valUes afte-r-todificat'

. .

Factor-prmlysis.ds another tool applied to Ayw,ipp'the'ploti and,themea,.'1

-----__ ,.

of the t:en_Ch1nese opera plaYg.- FiVE:tr 'tional Chinese oDera.-olays are: -The. is

. -f

, - , /Tragedy of a Brave King and His Favourite, Lady unite Sr mks., She Fisherman's

..- .

- ...

..

Revenge, The-Pass of.

'fu Meng, and The Feast at the Yellow Crane To-we'. The.

.

five revolutionary opera plays are: takinz the Tiger Mountain by Strategy; ..

Boke24, "The Rae Lf ilaines in Pnblic OpinionResearch;4Opinion Qdartery, 1968-69; 3, pp. 547 -59.

S.

=0 A

rr

I Termite: Talmes

A Catf6rvatie

1"fej

An Exciting Lifeta ective 1; fe)

(lasting -ctmmTrocticr.,

A World a% Peace,

(free sr vac- and conflict

A Wor.ld of .1?..ealzy

(beauty of natane and e...14-0

(brotherhood., eanal opPortunitylb,- ;all)

ones)

Eerily SecUrity(taking care of,loved

I:teed= _.-

tir.depensik:ce-7 free choice)

Halpiness -

(contentedness)

I

inaer ..Harnony(freedom fran inner

ture Love(sexual, spirit

.atiaaal BectltyItri:pteAion ro attaAk)

a -

confl ict)-

intimacy)

L

Instrrimental

AZ-rrititZ 3s

-r

fhard-vorlri-r-rg, aspiring)

EiroaPmriy-e.taDen-:minded)

-FJ.=alae-o

,vco=etent, ctive)

CheerPelf i -Ji.sheartea, joyful)

Clean(neat, tidy)

7 472-rage012S

( Stana n g for your belidfs)

Frirtivizag

(vialing" to pardon others)

Grateful .

(thanks to -otter.-

Helpful ,

(wor g for otheri ' welfare)

p Honest

(sincere, truthful.)

I2aginative'

(daring, creative)

tndeeendent. (self--reliant, self-sufficient)

CS

( Drag pect new4

.Pleasure -

(arr lenjoyable, leisurely life)

1

Intellectual(intelligent, -reflective )

, -

Logical-. (consistent, rational)

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[,. .; . ,,. ,!. ,,

: it,iEl

P 111 1,-D-' .Li

4 417 .P, 1

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P.)1 ii1,--. .1IT I....... Vi

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She Red Lantern, ShachARanE. The RaId'on Wtei icer F,..z.51-4 and ct the

41

judges were assigned to pr,PlyzThree

_the value-attitude syssc.r. The jrAgAs, all vere.

plays on the basis of

in c-r-,ir-ose cDera, alsc

hawing training in content amlysis. Their task was to re all dialogue end

singing. tarts in ever$/tlay aid to record which.

within each sen-.,ence. .

v.=17.1%si-7 any, were coatained-

Before rLding the plays, they were given ve.;n4r.L. on to pIayg which

were not included in the v.', plays in this study. They were rehuired to read

and record the values acconsi*,-T to -Rol_ceach's system. In the neentine, they

were also asked to list additional values which were tot includiid. in Rokeach's

system:. Therefore, they 4m.14ed their VrPirirg sessions with a fir,0.1 list of

* .

19 terminal values and 21 instrumental vales as listed in Tqble.I.1:

Inter-judge reliabilitios were Obtained, The correlaticios (Pearson

Pi-oduct-Yzment.) are :between the frequencies obtAir54 by all judges, tested

one at a time, for the 40 values. The jlidges4 reliabilities on the ter-

minal and instrumental values were obtained Separately. Since reliabilities

ranged from ..75 to .84, it was fat that all judges Perfotmed reliably aril*

their data could be used.in t.1%.4c stldy.

The dati7iireer'fyzed by -two R-solutions, one on 19 terminal values ansi

the other on the 21 instrirn.qtal Va1es restectively. The two an yses are .A .4;

run on the themes as they _netr in the plays.,

The fl-factoring is used mainly to idati.fy'W-rious groupings of playsif NI,

1

which are similarly oriented to the terminal or instrumental values. It pts

were alse made to Iook'inl:o these play factors and deterx4n they clustered

8

r

. .togett-r crientstion.

It is ass- lined t:mis the Chinese rasys'crA cat ego into-different

gAps because

p-rf---,--f1P, themes and olots-of sctme

tersonal .feeIincsro

--

or s =^ ^s parts, 2 faits sclutions determing which factor she Play -

Amon;: the traditional Plays. for

plsys-d '*stilt with family love and

asPd cn the values whi.,-w are amrolled in the dialogue

*47.;47"7 fall intoaccorr4:-T2y

if course, since ttere arethcusands cf traditional Chinese opera

laYs, most cf then. of years old, five plays nay seem insufficient

to represellt an overall ticture. The reason: for the selecidon of the five

tradi tional plays was merely that the number should catch that of the five

model revolutionary plays aeclared officially by.the Chinese Communist Party4

in 1911 when the research project began.

The results of the content analysis`, then, provided a basis for two

lw

R-factor analysis solutions. iiformation.relatedto the mr,b0r of factors

-that exist as well as the degree of relationship between teach value and each

Play issontained ip a 'portion of the print-out dubbed two simple structure

.(.ApPendiz A-and D) .

, .

Two for cortions :of the factor prim -out are analyzed. The first

...---e---------4s iht- descending array of z-scores.and desoriptiond fgi' factors. This sec-,--- ____:. . , -

t. .---, ,-

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tion'shaws haw the fact are oriented to each value of the-value-attitude..--- 6

system. Based on a ran -3 to 3, the descending z=icore array identifies

the,valuesphat best desdribe the,plays of a certain group.ti

the number of'cases.or items in the analysis is 19 or 21 and the number

of variables is 10 (piay). Stafidard scores are calculated to each factor ..

for each play. Tbs.criterion for a substantial change in pattern is a z- -score

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fThis ,.ssudy items trcduced, .att-on g, other shirzs, info=tion.112.ieh

_

dxnedimmingfu.1 and help in providing insights into Chinese opera,-

,t.'bosh tractivIrr=1 and revolutionary, as a con=mication medium of social

control and ot--Arce.

..I,n sne Pre-Vio& section, a Valtie=aF.fitude syst.cer..iisting, of 29 terminal

and 22 ins-tr.:mental values has been idorted to carry out the content .Plysis

-of.the 1C traditional =i-A'revolutionary-plays. The findings of the erplysis

will be olted

Four-Factor .'S -.moo cation °433' 1 indteen Terminal Yalues1.

discussed on the following sections.

In the-factor amlysis, a s&mole structure matrix of, the 19:+e,-minal.

val 4ApP'endi.-2 51.eided a fouiNrfactor B-solution that accounted for

-.73. percent of the total variance. By factor, the variance accouhted-for

.

,. ,

: Factor 1 (n=4) 27.33 percent; Factor 2 (n=1) 22.70 percent; Factor

a=10 16.52 Percent; and Factor L (n=2) 6-.51 percent.4

Appendix C indicates the descdpating array-of 2-scores and the iten des-

CriptIons for the four factors by the nagnitude of their factor .loadings

ihp i±esent factor, ,

g.mere were le consensus items.

s

This represents across-factor agreement

on about 50 percqfit_ot;thi value*. The consensus items, coupled with thier.

.

±ean z-scones; are Iisted in Appendix D.

I -4

4.

,ti

"

404

(A) Factor 1 (nT-14:

Fac.:tor 1 includes four zevoluti r j otera plays; Fed-IentZrnShachigE-,7 ?aid nn Reriment, and Taking ',co .,. I:bur:T.-aim

, .-by Strategy. This factor of tlays ih hiEtly salvasion-orieLzed.

Ike 2-score value for salvati&mas thehitgest in this factor

nr.0-41 / r51 ...nother nigh z-:score ite_ne is ;true friendshin.2.126.

Rokeach d,gines-saivation as saved, ee,-nal life, and true

-frienozzit az "clnse comtaniomti-

JS.

10 pis factor as non-significant correlation with three other factors;

.&03 Factor 2, .13, with Factor 3. and .116 with Factor 4.

it, The four :days in this category arebgenerally nili,tazy in nature.

Fed Lantern is an anti - Javanese story, arced Shachiapanc 2S similar ip back-,

ground but is more coup i= withthe tresenee of another enemy--the

.

Chinese Nationalist troops. Paid on whit 'e Tiaer Realment s an anti Aze-xican

and anti-::orean play and is Zighly international in orientation with involstemmt1 0

of the Zhinese-Korean (North) peotle" in a plot. T?1,ina Tiaer Mountain by

. -

,rater/ is she only play in this faosor about the civil war. between the

aonalists and the Communiests.

It is ipteresting that sapation g...nd friOndShiu apotiar--

related in the °actor. This 'fact- eight be interpreted to,_mean-that;. - . - /

philosopny, comesnic io the Cornerstone of salvetiOn. :COn

this, Mao states: - ."

...It is an arduous ttSk to ensure a better life for the several--hundred million people of China and to build our economicallY andculturally backward country into a, prosperous and powerful one with ahigh level of culture, And it is precisely in order to'be's.able to.. shoulder

this task more comketetAli and work better tcgether with ,ill. non Party.*people Fho &re actuated by high ideals and determined:x.7o institute retorms.i.

1Vao Tse-tung,'QuOtations (Peking.: Foreign Lariguage Press, 1967), p. 5.

12'

IP`

0 '

sa:Lvation--a saved and nrosperous life-becones'

cause of fritmdshio-ra consrshin It is this"jtstifloat.ion that led to ice

Chines. Coranniwr *roots narticipating in the.Karean war. 2ac once'moted:' 4 .

The veeW.e whb havettrim=phed in their own revolutionshould helv those still'Itil4pAing gor liberation. Thisas r international,duty

Furthermore; it sg...,..ez.s nrover and logical that salvation, in :ao's

intertretation, is a synymno of revoIutiCn. Irce,...An is or-

as leaSt cuite close, to co=radeshir, 'ads will be discussed in detail

in the latter section of the chanter.

The sensiments or true friendshii are eviaent in =any parts of theffour revolutactary clays. For instnn=.,,l'ieh the. lithe girl vho

.- . N.rid the heroic mission ay.ins+ the Javanese invaders, describes her- . -

. .-.%

devotion to salyation:.:-...4

. -...t

.

Granny has tipid n the story of the red lantern,The words are few, .but neenjne is deep.14y are r father .and uncle not afraid 9f danger'Because they vent to ade 014;41P;

' SA to the poor, defeat the Javanesa invade,..S.

I .realag I should act'as They do,.Ltd be a nerson like them.I an siWenteen,.no longera-dbild,I.shollId,sharety fahher's'vorrieS. --

If he's carrying a thousead-vouna load,- t-

I7Shoulq carry'eight hundied-.3

- flo-*V-Ario",

..-'''.--'

. 1'' - --.. -.

'(B) Iractgr 2' (1e1.1)

Factor 2 contains only fake Tradition...LI thinese play, The ...ss-7,of Yu li'eng.

' - .

S

- 4

This :faCtor:is natio l seCUritxrceitered. '

. .

. tg Opera CoLtany of ShantiM nce,,,,Raid on the White Tiger -

Reg:r.i.eht-(Colonbov. The AfroAsian WAters1 B eau, 1967), P. I. :

31.1.oda W. Snow, China on Stage (pe York: Rerndo= House, 1972), v.a49-'.--

.-.

,. ''''''

13.

10

a. #

4

14.

Me has the z-score,

.4.tifif5,.and- it is the only loadilr.g in the -.factor-

IftataZr.a3. Zetrlrit..tj 45-4'IN e''.4 by T-:1-1,PP,01 vrot4ht

which is the theme o the tredi-1-..ic=a1 play.

'lie Pass of Acro--_sz, hiss,.:rical.'ecco3nt, is very perular in China.. .

It. kow a yowas, not= who distinguished by exPar---/t

the r..rgr.s.as,-e inf3t:p._to.e... as well as the territory so' the n thus built

aitroi

Isti---,---4'LazicsF ,e-elanze inst the ran-them. _tribes in en international

2,f'.).; yea o- Beca--e of his achic.vcrrv.erit, she young tan, Pan

has been honored as a national hero ntil today. His 'Sareer a3..s6 has

-been ort. in novel, :OPT, or ioetry as an exorole of the nation and the

yozmg gerations.4

?be play best. describes the value of national security. The sent:immts-.. -

- of national security were evid.ent in a2nost every mjor =loectr 'and dialogue,I,part thr-..zghout the raay. One of-the :-iorri-, hero's lyrics reads:

- . .. Let Fe. tlar...70: away ny pen, P .

le .

It is the very ti to join the mii2...i4-.,...apr ser-rice.Beyond -the Pass of Yu erig, there. is 3 ,cioa *les of land,.

. It is ..the best placfe foT young nen, 1 .To build up their bright future and the national defense.

-. -It is .very interesting tr.° note in this TAW/ that the thme.- is co-mpletely

. .

.onevitrated in two sajects:.the herole-dre-.ed of the,..y,zung scholar,. and urgent

..... A... lejf., 'If... , .

ni.Lkd -for national security, :.'o e=eror or royal court been zentioneid.

Facior-2'h?.s a r-her high correlation with Factor 4 t.,,,=.479). .It- i""

also has a Ir.r.; negative correlation with Factor 3 (1---.205.. 4

(C) Feitor 3 (3)

.

. 7

Factor 3 cpnsists of three traditional Chinese playi, Trager/ of AV*Brave--. -,...

King nd His Favourite, .1a&.,* bite Snake, and the Fish-a-man ts P4venze.-,, ..... ..-..,

P

I.

-,... 4

_.1

.-s

..."---... ...,

. .7 1-4 .

. i

a a -,S 4 .'y i

..-S

if

4

consinerei fcl-- 4--re-cu.risy oriented as -*-1-vei. slays are,

.-

..,greatly involved in lazily affairt--"cre beeen1.---.:.. and wife, king

_

oneen, and father and daugrerar

tai fanily security* is the only ons v31,1=-.1.

"to have a r4gn, s3sai499nt, Positive z-score,'3:67/9- Sell)::respeot has a

consIderably significant. loadinc 0.9ao. Aal other values were eisher non--?..,

significant or negative.

--Fanily securitv is defined by Rol:each as :taking oare of loved-ones,"-..

'

and self--rr-=--.4.-- as Is411',restc...--,-." .t scans -;,,-"--y,a?rri-r,"v1 that --h-a,

-41 .

tnree clays fall Into .., .....--..,...t.. .2-e.:..--.,..,. . As itdicated in Chaoser 7,all thenes. .

. -of the pl,.1s, cesict 'mainly fr,-31y love and rfirml---rhe. She plots- illtasl.-.rate-

-, % --

vividly a kind human sa?.:,..son wnich'is-6I*versal both in the tradi,-

sional Chinese acciesy and western Iocietyips a. whole. It is 'clearly..

indicated in a nelodic Part of the Lady I,ThaserSr21,7P-y.

So you went us to go backipo O. ei,And leave ny oeioved hvsband behind:Even if Srou are a living Buddha,

You won't be able to make us to do that.Please, 0 Abbot, please give back my husband,So twat --f----- hve an

,

Alas! when love is concernel, I just aan't coiitrol nyself.

Factor 3 has a.low correlation kith Rector (r=.116L

(W Factor { h=2)

-Factor 4.co;r9rises two Ilays, one traditional and one reVolutionary,

The plays aretra..4.F.st at theBosh er.Thasize a sense of acconplishtent.

Yellow Crane Tower* and On the Docks:

The terminal valve, sense of acconslishnens, hes tge hienest z-loading,..-- ,

.- f,,.

.

.. -.

3.27*. Two other.&alues, national-seCurity and) social recoin4tion, also

have siga-Ificentn-scores, 1.756 and 1.2e,0, respectively.

4 , .

'5

Sense of accomplishmemT,.. is defined as-vlastitscontribztion,i' and

naMitnal seci=ity 2S '"grZte.,Zti=1 fram.stsez4"..ste_Pl reccznititm as 'res-k ---

pact, adiniamion."9

The Feast at the Yellow Crane 'lower is a ,famots s3'2 ditio-1 Caineso

,opera based on an historical account of a successful diplcmatit, psycho-

_

logical warfare by one 1TerP1' e.ingdom aaits aootheriduring the third cam-.(f

.Sr. the Docks re az internaticcalTduty Ori.ented Chinese Communist

portrgring- a political struggle with indust-r-iv2 and economic

cm the ricks. -It iflasTrates zow a gromn of Chinese Communist dockl!rs have

successfally 'ulfilled their internat....or4 resapt4bility by shipping 8;doo.

sacks of seed rice to ti' can meouleafter hair rag cruSLtajii "anti-revolu-

.tionary.A

Lae two plays Are less color:ful and spectacular thar§..the other blays.,

r -

-'

However, they are Still .intressive becaL.e of thp-;T:'welIztalanced develom-. . .

meat in pots arl'd actiora- .v> .-

.. '.

. .

This is the first time Mat. a traditional play e.n4 rvolut5paary.9lay

fall into the same factar, it is highly z.enirsful bectvlse they are both

non-militaryr.

*LE). Cross iactor Comparison-, . .

.<"---- 1:5;ai differerxes between factrmq.rdght give addi#areal insight into

, . t . .........,

*-, It, 7 .

chin4se dtera. Azpendix G listlFthe across-factos dec 4rg array of- dif--

: t _

ferenCes fcetie four-factor solution of the 19 terminal 7alues.

. -

The'sharp,differenoes betwei:n Factror 1 and Factor-2 are'''ihpsevalues:- .

salvation, 3.313,'true friendship, 2.235; deturity, 4.538; and social.

recAnition,-1.121 .2.

;

.01

.. .

tP"..,e fasr Fpotor.lmdays, revolutiol=y cases are emphasized,.

.

- !

*7- and, gei=a11.71.57eratel foi.seavation of the poar, the supressed, and-_-r

0 _ t .

i .

the azni_n'-=-1vileged. In Factor 2, the h=-oic deeds TInatc* portrayed and

the national defemse- is e=phasized ,a t-aditicmai

the -emperor or royal co=t is notmentioned--

in:rbiah eren

"- The significant differemces between Factor 1 ana Factor 3 are on

five values: salvation, 3.419, true friends-hit, 1.985; ay:was-let peace,

1.092; inn-PT barmany, 3.106; and fr,4ly cpcurity, 3.418.

The sharp di?f-,--ences between salvation and family security result

from their orientation; Factor 1 in the revolutionary-cause and Factor 3

,

in frinily love. ..

.

., .

She diffgreacessbetween Factor 1 amd Factor 4 are sharp in four values:1

f

salvation, 2.939; tray friendship, 1.910;-netiomal ty, 2.193; and,.,

i ..` tl...

sense of accomplishent, 1.72.1:

She r- artable.differences betuem- factor 2 and Factor 3 are CA five4'

,. .

vertues.; national security, 4694; --gisd, y13.19; Vie: rIlarrip r f 1:001; -. _

self respect, 1.036; and rE7Pily se city, -42:0064 ,. .

. a

'.e''' . . .

it'is veil faeresting to ni*.e' that.b;thFaCt4nr.2 and:FaCtor 3;contalm--Ai 1, 1-. t .

_ .

i. .-

only tra4itdonal operas. Thesepla51, at. the salfirt:u1s,40.1 nvOlvermilitary. .

1-,=Patents. Etrwererlip:their or--3....-ations =ke.t.*: differ aoreat_deal. ''

17 - - :

In Factor 2 ," the hero wat-denicted as a A04:1 or"no,ional busti4a..Vin

$,

struggle against the northern barbarians who w mr. cthin g southward fog..,

."- i 4 - f. ..'

supre y. i s Factor 3, the heroeS and herbin are desedribed as fighters

.1'

.. : ''S

forhovel famiIiii or r=ance. She fOrmer".deaIs with 471e46turity of the2 . ,

- ,-

.s

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r .

A

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. %

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I

1/7

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',to-tor fron two to four. All these6 ._ -

aztenr.Jts resulsei-In a sizilaxnivb-.12tor.

col=t±rn.

-

Tha-two-fcter solution e.4-c-ant4d fo+ 61-33 Dement- .

4ar.e°': Via "-in aS

I

og the total yar-

factor 2 (n=7) 2.2.E-Ltercent; Tact=

2- (m=3) q3.4 yeercent: ,noendIl F. indicates the descending array of 2-scores

and the it:en desorf"ctions for the-two frotors.

(;-; Factor 2. (n=7)

Factor 1 is -co:;:siderea to be .44, ".ley31" factor, yhich .is vri ented ineJvalues of 710-jral," "couray.o_ 115," "naor-ble." The T.-loadings of these

values are significant; 2.266, and 1.999.

is defir.e.-.d in czaptor TT as na.-4.-mt,40:1i _to nation, lenders ;"

"ourageous," as "standing up for your be and "capable," as "'co.,,ue-._

.. "tent, effective:"

This factor contains all- the five revolutit3ilary and two of the five

'traditional plays. 'The revolutionary ones are Red Lantern, Shachiananc,

P-aid on the White Tire Feritent.7akilic the Tier .Pountain bvStrategv.

and in the Docks. The traditional olays are The sass of Yu Einit, and The

Fia$St at the Yellow Crane Tower._

6

z

/ .t.

7 /.

it appears highly consistent that these three v lues, "lo-yal,7

-

.:.courazeous," and "canable" heldthe highest jG -scores The three instru-

rental values, literally speaking, represent three 'ties which are

closely related in terns of behavioral norms. either in the sense-

of revolutionary or traditional types, nr e, firer of all, capable and

.0)courageous; therefore, Lis nigh quality o loyalty can be fully zanx.ested

e.

19

in h_ls brave deeds.

A

F-Jrthermzre, a hero pone 4.,

--tionary, shouldbe.an image which enhegies all the noble gmalit4s of

bili±r-and c 2L age tv=

Boole.

good, of the =anion or the

As.a result, it seams Q2 te logical and jmstifiable that she threeiso

valuda are toe de Icith high aad bositive

Of course, it-seems a-cartic-,1,-z indarton that --_ sense ofT4.0

wOeshe,- ammerc,r.- nation, peotle, party, or la -ceder, same. Chinese

opera :lays. regardless thf,.-127 crientat.ioms, become hamocenecus.

findT.1c Proviaes very mcaaimgful imsizht into Chinese opera in terms of its

social functicms. That,::s to say that the zerforming'art has been a:co:lied-

basically 'rot apcialization bi the. governing institmtions both

in the past .290lay. However, there are soble differences in degree-of

atplieation Az indicate, in the analysis, in traditiori Chinese orera,

LO tarcent, or two out of every five plays, were PrOguced for this purpose,

while today, under the Chinese Communist'regime, the, utilization of this i--

. .

, v

art farm for nolitical partsses has teen enlarc-_d-t-e-140 percept, five of. . r

the five Plays. .

. -

Factor b' correlated non- :significantly w1th 'Factor 2, h=.246.

(B Factor 2(n=3)

Factor 2 is defined in the analysis as a 'loving".factok consisting .'

of three traditional piays, The Tragedy of A Brave Kina and His Favorite,

Lady White Snake;:and Fisherman's Revenue.

1-

The three values with significant and to*itive loadings. PIP" "loving,"

3.516; "courageous','' 2.272; and "capable," 1.123.

I

eis

aglcus";hsve just b een described in the previous section. Particularly

46.

-3-

affectiorate, tender," "carchle. and "ncur-

interesiing is that the two instrumental 17P1,1.-s, "capable" and "courageousf

again Are sc closely related to "loving" just as they are to vTcither

"loyal," discussed before.-

It =pears logical and reasonable that these values are 1-401:nogEB4ous

nake role sagri-since pozrer of love, as gaterilv understooa, is able to

flee -willingly for others, thus ,.fry--,FIcing she Qualitiessi

of baits

and courageous.

In the Tragedy of A Brave King end His FavorItET-th-s-herotme; Lady

y. .

Yu, ok her on life- without any hesitation for the sake of her love for

. .. .

. the l'ing. LatTIThite Snake even went further tikdevote herself to love hi_ i

.. . .6 -

ic..hallenV.-ng the whole world- .

- Ano her most significant implication- is that the three tiaditimal

plays in this type are the plays fa1114.440the fe-,41y security factor of .

21 terminal, values. This, in a larger sense, offers a nore srecifffground.

-1 k. 'athat fanily.secunity and.loving are closely correlated in erms of value

.1- " Al 4-7---" -----.' -

.

ItOgr.c.nts. . .!, --

This tinding, farthermore, presents- a clear and Sound picture with

whiCh a line carNe.drawit between the traditional and revoittftnary plays.

A 1

Loving and. family security se e basiC cOterion for the 'traditi onal"'

Chinese opera..77

---c="4 'Cross Factor Difference

.1 ..,

. - . f

AiVendix i indicates the descending array of differences between Fac-. _ ....-

tor 1 and Factor 2 for the two-factor solution of the 21 instrumental values'..

, .

ApTendix-J lists the fifteen consensus items.A

:,..."-..1.,

,,-- .1

. .

21 -

a

a

a

/71he great differer-retween two facto_ are shown in six valnes.

.-sney are: .1.qyal ,

_-, . iptellectual

"1,gical,"

'68;, 'Patriotic," 1.397;

3-797.

In Chapter II, .loyalv*ii defined as 'devotion to nation, leaders;"

11nr=11,.-ctual,""intellident, refleoSiva;" "patriotic," "loving to nation;"

"loglcal," "eonsistent;-reticn" 4'1:earful,' "working for others' welfare;"

and loving," 'affectionate, - ender..

C

74c- two mr4st sharp d:Ifferences are on 'loyal" and "loving." The

gaps, cf course, a-=- hecaus,- o the orientation of she plays. Factor 1

Plays stress the imp.ortance ant isit li icance of the reva3.utionary cause

and er-mpasize the heroic Leeds 'Pirm,d at enlightening devotion by the younger

generations to royal cog t, emperors, and the nation in he nest; to the

per's,!', leaders, class, or recp/e in she present. he Factor 2.playt

the contrary, ...-"Tbrsize the qualities of affection. .These, of ecu. in-

"Vicave nos .y personal feeling, .indivirliiP7 emotion, or the nat impulseV

acting umon the mind. Thus,"the plays portray mostly the 3 se between

husband and wife, lovers, or father and-child: The ori ...ations;-no doubt,

are attributed to the-differences.

"Intellecttial" and "patriotic" are two values related to lovalty-

In the revolutionary plays, such as Shachdapana and Taking the Tiger !fountain

by Strategy, the heroes and heroines a:re portrayed as so intellectual and

. -intelligent that they could carry out the revolutionary nissions successfaly

in any kind of situation. Iri.theze "loyal" factor Plays, including the

traditionalores, the heroes or heroines are depicted as supermen,or super -

..women who are always able to succeed against impossib le. odds. Since' these

plays all deal with national aff'ars or revolutionary causeS; patriotism. .

4s r, .

..-

'7-*'- ,-;,..,..--- other 1-o*0, in the -lovin( factor lays, 'she es we.ef '

. Er mostly on the emotional aspects. They zeal to htmin feel nei-

ther raticrol1T nor ivtelle2tuaIil'i in this sense,patriotiam ,r;ot al-

_ways used as a - -1 ay

..owever, the "lovine f a c t o r, pays d o s tres's-tro sahi=b, "heIpful" -

1." Vh en tne karoes and teroines,are sufferin frqm wrong-do-

ings or,sorrow-s, they are portrayed, someti.-ingfor

the .r beloved ones. MIL- is the technique . often adopted it pathos

and batmos even today.

-

Furthermore, probably because those devotions or sacrifices some-

times still need clues ar justifi n, logic apdears -e. reaated

.ion, though not always rational/enough.

'4:411 these, therefore,

ences and- their er2te ri a , which

eat a ciAar Picture of cross factor 4iffer-,

deehed meaning:01 in the study.

noweJer, there seems a little con

.on the relationship of-the

two values, logIc and "helpful" to "loyal." Iafa,fayal" factor Plays,

,-.

these values'are under-estimated.' Actually; "helpf ul" vilUe, at least,*.

---.--"._

should be is 5ortant in loyarvas all the devotionvby the heroei-br

7

heroinej. are generP-lly f9r the welfare of others, such as the Poor, or

proletarians. This confuzioa, m?st likely, is because of the ambiguity

in the definition of the values.

174

1

23

IN

IV. DISCUSSION': IA

The -foregoing sections have provided reviews zathe factors and cross factor dif- .*.

ferences. This discussion attemnts to -Irt,ildezzore insight Aboat the social fUnctions

of Chinese opera. ,

, c. -- ....

'. 1. "levingeand Family SeCurity ./

.

Fitst .of all, the most s'..,2mLificatt and intertsting.findings is that -three traditionals. , .

plays, the Tragedy of ABrVe Kin2 and Els Favorite, Lady White S7,ake, and the Fishermen's. ,,,

.

.Revenge, are grouoed into both in Factor 1 of the 21 instrr_ental-value-solution and Facto;

. . .a of she 19-ter4inR, value solution. By factor, FaCtor 1 in the inla4sis is "loving" oriented,

g

utile ?actor 3 of.the analysis is 9,m:Li1:. securiSy c ntered. Teelrelationshin can be presented:

Factor 1 (instrumental value) = Factor 3 (terriuml value)-O

e mod1-41 can be presente d in zeros of orientation as this:

!;1..lavrinfact.or (.instureUtei value).= ferAly security factor '(terminal value).. -

This. show that in traditional Chinese opera, loie and fialY seoffity are closely

. .

-=related, It can be interpreted that love lb the foundation_of f ly security or Mdily. .

security comes from love. In the three plays is this Fulysis, all. the themes involvejOye,

between husband anctwife, father and daughter. Loye, soMetines presented the form Of'

-romence,'is a human nature. So that it is a very popular theEe4n traditiOnai,Chineseopera

.77.

and western dramat

40'Eowever, revolutionary plays,qai love and.ferif?y have been entirely ruled out: In

the Ccr=inist opera plait, even, some family affairs haire bean ouched, the norms are defined

a

in a new wk y. In the cc:07=5.st society, faimily StandB for group of peOple united under the

revolutionary causes, such as the family structure in Red Lantern Act necessary in the kin-. .

kin -

skip. As, a. result, those who are against the co=unist causes, though close in kinship, are

-not regarded as family iembers, but enemies.

c

2k

0'

.,

.

...P e, One of the mcst popular thp-r,c1; in t/raditional operas-disappors cam--

i'l.-.',.

p1e4e in the revOiUtienary plays because it considered A;o=geois, or even ,pois-

on, s. The Com=nnist leaders believe, rsmance, if the term is proper, abOUld be-, s* .

.....sica'

of en o_thusiasm r craze for the cause of the clams, the peaple, the Est,

)._. ...,

t, and-most-gall, 07iv-,ftP;1 ileo. -

. -,:,....

Under this conviction, rev fly, frigily love,. And romance, ths.post freiNe4P

theses and-pacts in traditional Chinese. plays and western drama, are treated as.

unimportamtsecondsry,.or even ipprop er and harmful in the face of the Communist;

revolutiOnary causes.

2. The "Loyal" Factor Plays\tz

-

According-to the R-solution of 21 instruMental values, seven plays, both

traditional and revolutionary, are identifiedlas "loyal" factor Tuyi. They are;

'Me Pass of Yu Meng, The Feast at the Yellow Crane Tower, Red Lantern, Shachianang,

Raid on the mite Tiger Regiment, liaising the Tiger,Mcuntain by Strategy, and On the

Docks.

It is particularly significant that Factor 2 of the 21 instr4mtental value anal-.ysis contains all the plays felling into three factors: Factor 1, Factor 2, and

Factor 4, ot_the 19 terminal value analysis. .In'the orientationsi the "loyal factor

of the 21.instrUmental values consists of plays failing into the.salvAtion factor,

national security factor, and sense of accmoilishment factor. The relatiopshirp can. .- :/be formulated as 4n the following models: . , , ,

Famt;2 (instrumental 'values) = Factor 1 + Factor 2 +'Factor 4I

(terminal values)

'The formuLi can''eslo be presented in terms of indentation' as:

Loyal famtaLt-(inatrumental values)..4 salvatiqu t-Rmtor:+-nationS1-

sedueity. factor + sense of

aCcapplishment net*(terminal valges)

/. 1,4.

.1 --

Based on these equations, the fin summarized this way.. klit of

all, loyalty is not only1 evaleii value tzi revolutionary opera,.but,also trad;.

iti opera. Secondly, 10aity, R;rtrAyei, in thasiplays,linchuie causes of

salvation, national secuijity, and sense of acca3p snment. .Thirdly;,loyalty.

manifested in plays is given different inter seta

of the ruling cliasses. In,that'traditional plays, loyalty

royal courts, emperors, prince!, or th4 nation; today, in

accozding to the policies

was diaaviAa to the

Communist China, loyalty

1,-is directed to the clasf, to the nass, the Deo-DV, the party, thetadersp.pertic-

u/arly chairman Mao.

3. 'The Salvation Plays

.rThe inclusion of four revolutionary,p4174s, Red:Ientern Fnachiacang; Raid of

--

the Mbdte Regiment, and Taking tfie Tiger Mountain by Strategy, indicates that

Salvation is .always identified with the Communist revolutionary cause for liberation

- - 7of the genetel masses, the proletariat and the society: axe ChineSe communist Party,

;

, .

especiPlly chairman Map, is a/wayi referred. to as the source of salvatiaalt,e Grain-. .

ary concepts, Mich as *t1on, country, are seldom used unless_ in these which invOlye.

_

international strife.

:'be Rakiclnil.Security Plays

/-

.

,

It is particularly interesting that thePiss:of Yu Keng is.ihe only play neluded

-

in this factor. This Means that national security is n&t emphasized in revolutionary

lays be'causeit i4 replaced-by security of the class, the leoPle.or the party. In

traditiolial plays, the value is mentioned, but it "-..comes aMbiguois when emperors,

princes or the royal courts te.'e the dominant,roles,on the stage:'

Patriotism; for instanse,,becomes greatly diluted when the:nation is. avaysident-.

Med with largs, queens, 9r royal courts. Thus; the meaning bf partiotiem has been.

transformed into implications of loyalty and other vales..-.

-A

... . .. _.

The.attf4pts, ccoseicusly or unconsciously, to trPrqform the raynn of patiriotiam,

into othm., social valnesncne desirg'blepy. the ruling classes ere bath g;41dent in.

. -.s'

traditicTo i.nd..revc3Aicuary -lays: lin_thal.emalutirmP-7 playa, for Jan.tance, the themes_. .

. _- '..-

and plots Are well,das!gref1 tc ca for f411 detication, of to feral. misses to Cthe class,. , ..,

-7socialism diumranism:the Cm-rrr4st Party, or. C51.nlumlEo, neither to the nation, nor forA ,

....

the 1%,..-aa c 'states....

.. -Air.

_s Another reason or the c=b-,igaity or dilution of petriailicInk the concept of-- .-

tel.= is becense the t ems and ploil,.bat,h in traditional and revolutionary plays, ..-..--.- .

involve mostly internal Strifes or civil vary

5. Sense of_Accamnlishtent Factor

Sense of accomplisbm=t. is, acceptable both in traditional and re7olgtionar7 operas.**.. :, , ,

The Feast at Yellow C1ane7,owpr, a. traditional play, and_ On the Dock; a revolutionary one,

both -in Factor.-

Sense of accomplighment is always pzpressed to show gratitude by the lower_ classed.,..;-

to the ruling classes. In traditional plays, tplAgratitude goes to the heroes, such as1. , 4- . ,great scholars,.ailitary bees, kingi or =mem. In thei-aysjutionari nIays,jgratitude

, --- ..

alv7.7s belongs to the Communist party and £he leaders4 .especiPlly Chaiitualtao.

4 the revolutionary play s, sense of.44ccoiolisbmeilt is always,treaed as a clue .

for,compariwns batiaiegthe old and the_ new,. this en ?'ring the favorable image of the7 , -1

new ruling institutions. Of iourse, sense of accomplishment is also frequently depicted. .

- -....-

in them revolutionary ilays'as'a cause calling for loyalty, to authoritieg. VOW

1. ... ... la -. %,. .

. ,

321

,iwo

Ar

tr.

AC. P.

'4

7

ti

*

-

Co=insion-

ar

Chinese opera, both tradi tiemPl at4ri-A-.3..iticnay, is at impartant sm5.11,/iz4^g egmmt-;-,,

., ----- A

intems-cfitscoccatimItecretteally speaking, 9rtimete mpera exere,tscs.'tIt4s---...

.

its merits as a eammunicatiot nediut in tatiti1=-ZoTt=tions; cognitive, instrotertal0. *

aml emotive.' I the cesmitive f.motito,,tehEoriora- sad social volt= are esen'ttr-1

. ...

pot in abktract slcipms, 17.--t in_ =.-.ret-e, calo4u1 .and...#-zratiemodels mica the peeSas. .. . . ..

'>*.1"--------..

..__ -..

and =ono= aeati

----,,

In the factor r.Alys of heroes ard heroines tam been ?rividlyslYort2-4red in.

...-'ip

both traditional and revc2-itimF-ry _,.:.mss_ 74ese mialels ate octuall,vv.)lie3es 4,1: he social. ,

-ZOTIT-S and val.es expected by the rviing classes- ye a.,dietees, it these peiformanles, are

erpeci)Ve Lear .he somial nOrms, :ralv.es and behovicral stemaardsArthrtiugh the demonstr-s---.

..-.tions mf.te ebiroaers in the plays. e

The instramental function of Chinese opera is also'ewidAbt. In the pest, the role

_played by intellectuals as playwrights,-diremtors'ar tw.for:Ters of Chinese opera was

of the scholastic and cultural life in Asociaty Today, to tbg Coitnnist Party zaer.bers,' -e

sthe miiitarypeiionnel, or othertivitl.Sts engaged in'revOlution, participation is\ . ,

Chinese opera t=psigg'Tsa necessary imvelv-eni ippclitical'and social life- IbbisT.- 4:

tory, mostof.the traditional clays were eontri6mked by the amateur scholars In Codir.

,

munist China, a-griat many popular revequtionary opera plays, particularly Red Lantern)

were thA products pf the instrumental comnaigns., in Which /plays wereyritten, rev3sedool-

leotlyely by don-professional 110P st Party members.

Actlioly, the primary.purpose of the. reielutio4ry opera, os.inAimotedrcsbeatedlya

before, is twrobilize the general masses to give full suppoit,tp th; Chinese Est. .

Party., tom party.,leaders,- especial l`y chairman 14.a.

a"

4

r

*

.t

224..

r

Ne.

. ,

9

1.

,- -

A

..

. . .e '

. .. a

In this semtse, Chinese 4'irla is el=,3.ally utilized as a 3nedi= for rassireAmI

can get the g-r-oral panlic involved irstrally in the Crmrl" ct revolutionmi

car.se...11

Traditicmally,"(Todnese onera is grbatly"Curcerned with the function.. .....

The Factor 3 plays for ihstatee, ftmcticaelmost entirelcy in ,this asnect. ',These plays,-_ ,

- i

. .-,

:

as Lady Rhite Snake., have 3.m3 .ter e3 as arechaniam ilar the rief ie the frusiration. _ .

-.

Y.

and anger of the co=ma men is their PPily life.. is the reTo4utioniFy opera, the emoti7e- -..-

function 3.se37.wip Trrsized to a emtent in these plays, efils---6Wrtfines of

texploiters, catitalists, currant officials, scar lcrds E foreign iqyaders are'lf-ccied

ehxt esively es a ressUre to remind 1.he Wises of the oainful oast" of the old,soc4ety, and

to Pere the 1.1a&-py life ce;etn-.e zew society. .oesdcomerisons provide an emotive datlet-

.fs4 cozzacnim'

Both the trzclitional and revolutionary operas arse ,-ecognied az powerfUl corrup-

AL

iczMiontr....in. let, they_funnfion in guile different 4s s --the foxier supports the old

711511111.-- 4

values, while the letter establishes the new. r..- -be traditicia opera was largely the

, .. . :.

_.

outarouth o tne C"frlinse culture- its nootents and erstaLlie. wcademce in the 'Life off

-1'

!.. .

. - . ' % , e

ti'eChinese were tne result o' natural processes ofselection ?..ndeliminion as enfertair-,

rent which are distinctive of every.

lutural,syster.. revolutionerY opera is`the-product

ist Pal-y. In contot and' for it is h comprOdiseof'carielli design by ths-LCILLAm.,e17,armam_. .

between What theaudience'Would li4e to

to aqAieve".-

14 stricture, the traditiora14-;

,

see and what the Chinese

I-

and revRiat

ccc=inist ?arty «mild vent

47:+-as differ too.- The traditional

. -

opera, as aa institution, has a loose structure consisting of nlst

tpoupes Bad as audien.ce frenose

and apprentices in,

ini'Llence. on the oerfOrrers was ;exerted droust the expression

of POPLZW- testa:, Apaay,.Wilether it colgd successfully stand or detperalely- I

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4,4

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%--

7411 t ,, ' yI . #tc the Ccommmis4 -s...sei 1.:-1,...= shows may lose their al:pea: to amietienle$

.4..

. . ..... _ . . , . '4,

o... 7,ter sts.1:ay ,peca..-ase c a A.-A-, C.. 21Tersity , 1-iriety,...end zmLfri- zr-.*..0-..... -I- , " ofe- .

ID :".

r o,z ... ' :r.e. .7.,...f.:3-.....4.cr. Is' -----.E......---vs.v:-.1"d ...r.- -his E 77iNn has therwolutionery.. . -

-- .operL 1.-.r,r5, .:_'t r?, 7..='-=-= P"i b=lii3"sT 2he onesti.jr1w411 --

. _

----.._

'"' P r .'''..44.4.'P 1...,.. :_nme.......m_-e....y be.- --ne. caref-: designati rev, _sic, nazir...TraiT. .... z... .

. e 1.. .. 4 )model-03perawIll :Leal more tl.,4= bc,fore its 'all (facts can be assayed.

-

aa

' .

Another Lliscota-agiug'-tis r=tTor.

predict when and hwt471._

for exper...:montal

4.

today no =me can,

C4rmr-r s 0 o t t o open to the wotld

Research projects vould be, she writer feels,i&ly valuable if ef-

forts could be concentratpd on the de el revolutionary oera in

differns periods, such as she war&plays, modified lays, rewrnlays, and- -

.

. .

: t h e n revolutionary ._Besearch is the socializing effects_of Chinese0 S.

,c-

opera in'the future would'raObablyyleld somewhat :pre postive r ts 1.o.-

.. .. -

.., t4e efforts could be focused.Cn the mextgeteratitn, particularly the'. .

,--. . . .

-children., , .

...4.".

Thevilue-attitude system applied # the studyishighl,y recommended.

.1- .

for nontent his in the future. Researchs could ..m12kP'greater use ok. . .

i).okeach's system for at leeitAwb reasons: il) This systencan Provide

--- .a. clear and sound basis Pr.. behavioral studies. (2) lt. voulkbe con-Ten-

dent"for cross aultural comparisons', slob as content analysis between Chinese

.4andl4s-ne-rrean -short stories.. .. .

. .'._ -

'.1741-i -Study miktrfte .eipful by prodding chancet for .students in fields4 l fit..

_other than communication, particular2v in political science, sociology,.

,psychology,and arts, xtml hehe the new Cipetie Commlmist'spciety from a

_ 1-.

1 pregently-igqpred arig1P.--,ccation.`...Studerts politicial science,°

s 11#

., . - -

for ex=ir:714., =zy hen teL insight iEto thEr studies if they CS2 examine4.

.--.

. tads lovisiiole canral sys--em of z---.1.7. =..d. za-1. ti .s-...=2--ce:xl. their ex. +,-.4-=--- ' . -- . .of the govr-rnm...nt systej:rof-.II' C;n;.'"411:0 7,osincuist ,vgitoea.

I1

C'.14 a land 1.-cro at by 85o nil2ion oecole ar.4 rio-zrish, by a 5,000

. -

ye&r. algizazion, iS "COCT.ingteAn after a:long .;.ettliGasiti st ory. -the

--.

love freed= and peane.. r,*%;:=- is eviZatt in the1.7,:htizese:peCtle, basically,

factor P-1r=lysis she: shows nost tradiTional Chinese plays oortisyi.g the0 - ,

'

Shinese as =. 'g their family,-parents, hugbands, wdves, and

lovers. The .old cultural norms that are orbnin=tt in sialitieJrP, cocra, for

instance,'are filial piety,.chassity, 1,0771-r=2 ty, benevolence, love,,

peace, fraterity, trustworthiie*,,scholarly dignity, and equality. ZCW-.

.

ever, this land and 44is teace-loving oeople are now nnder a new oolitical4 ' f

.15,71-em. .?re of history's maZ,or social obp,...4_5,--es is t.e._.rzyle-qe there.

the.scadendo wo4d is -ugedto pay nore .attenticp to .-eke sitloaticzt.. . ..

}bre efal6rt, the uriter feels, -1:10-04a. be exerted to gain objective

..i"7 _Do

cad insights 1,,,:to- thin Q3..a tatit-li and this old toc:p..ple who, as the -

... .

writer orays,.will be able to rPrt-Pir Dezce-j_oving as fr,eedort-loyin,g forever.... .

#

.

.3 2

O

a.

.31

Ael-'12,21t.L A

1e Stractm-e gatrix.

-;

Variable 1 2 3 -.-./4"Bra-re. Kir.g -0.04 0.348 D.553 .-:.0..13.14

2 1Chitc.. 4 0.002 -0.035 0.'737' -0.052.

3 Fish...n=12 -0.065 -0.265 0.778 0.221

04 Yu Meng Pass -- 0.060 0.834 -0.320 0.00/

5 Yello-z Str.rer. -0.027 0.1,37 0.039 0.562

6 ?_ed larrtmi 0.067 0.301 -0.115

Shathiareni 0.857 0.064 -0.053 0-116

8 Waite ager 0.903 0.004 . -0.037

9 '-liger Yount 0.58 -0.138 0.011 0.067

10 On 0.031 -0.631 0.095 0.763.

V*

.

%.-

rq

"JP

,..

APPLIIDU D-

.

:..

,060BLATION MATRik0P.19 #nm/wAt

VAL4ES

-2

314

56

78

.

Var

.1

BR

AV

E K

ING

,'1.0000

0.4986.

0.4771

.0.2743

0.1551

0.2495

-0'.0593

-0.0930

0.0424

-0.1213

Var

.2

WH

ITE

SN

AK

E:2

0.49

b61.

0000

0.56

112

-0.1909

-0.2096'

0.4620

-0.0109

-0.02324

-0.063

-0.1295

Var.

3l'I

SHE

RR

AN

'0.1

4771

0.56

142

.1.0

000

-0.2535

-0.0439

0.2333

0.0648

-0.0750

0.1906

-0.0358

Var.

4YUMENO PASS

.0.2743

-0.1909

:es

-0.2535

1.006

0.7856

-0.0447 V

0.1601

-0.0123

-0.1024.

0.2836

Var.

5YELLOW TOWER

0:15511-0.2096

0.0439

0.7856

1.0000

-0.0866

0.2051)

0.0144

0.0162

0A60.

Var.

6RED LANTEitN

0.2495

0.4620

0.2333.

-0:0447

-0.0866

1.000

0.6922

0.6916

6.240

0.0650

Var.

7SH

AC

HIA

PAN

0-0.0593

-0.0109

0.0648

0.1601

0.2050

0.692p,

1.0000

9,1112§

0.5506

0.2692

Var..

8WHITE TIGER

'40.0930

-0.0232

I

- 0.075Q

-0.0123

0.0144

0,6916

0.7886,

1.0000

0.5974

0.1497

Var.

9TIGER MOUNT

0.0424

-0.0303

h06.1906

-0.1024

0.0162

0;2404

0.5506

0.5974

1.0000.

-0.0009

Var. 10

ON THE DOCKS' -0.1213

-0.1295

,z0:0358

0:2836

0.69,6

0.0652

0.2692

0.1497

-0.0009

1.0000

ti

tt

ltem tesCritticos and Descenairg Array of Z Scores for Factor 1-

Item De:script-ion Z- Scares

S

Aerlalaa C

%.

-14. Salvation . 3.05117. True Frtemdsbin 2.12816.. Sociai Recognition 0.724

I

..

.

15. Self Respect 0,54119.' ew Rope . 0.213'7. 'ply. Security 0.131 -.

18. Wisdom 0.0525. A World of-Beauty , -. -0.174--3. Sense of Acco=lis-m...t -0,4-34 .,

12. 5-etional SeCurity .-0.4362. Excit Life . -0.456-=1. A Comfort Life -0.466

10. Inn&- Harmony.-0.502 7:

13. Pleasure -0.6924 A. World at :Peace -0.692_1.31.

6.

8.

EampimessMature Lbve

, -0.720-0.756

Ermplityr

-0.756Freedom -0.756

For Factor 2

12. National Security18. Wisdom3. Spnse of Accomolienment

4.098--0.473

19. Hew Hope 0.18314. Salvatipm 0.03815. Self Respect -0.10717. True Friendshin 071078. Freedom -0.3979. Happiness -0.397

^10. inner Harmony -0.39711. Eature Love -0.397

A.Comfort Life -0.39713. Pleasure -0.3975. A World of Beauty . -0.3976. Equality -0.397

16., soap.' Recognition -0.3977i- Family

C -0.3972. Excit Life4. A. World at Peace

35

,

A,

5.P

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FACTORS 1 An 2

. 1

14. Salvation 3.05117. sue Friend9hip 2%12816.' 'Social Recognition 0.72415. Self Respect 0.541

7.1 .Fe-rily.Security 0.1315. A World of Beauty -0.1749. New Hope 0.2134. &cit.. Life -0.4561. A Comfort Life -0.466

10. Inner Harmony -0.50213. Pleasure -0:6924. A World of Peace -0.6929. Happiness -0.791

11. pure Loire8. Freedom % -0.756'6. Equality -0.756

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19. --New Hope G.213 67318. 'Wisdom 0.052 41.646S ial Recognition. 0.724 0.391.3. S evtof Accompliebthent -0.434 - 0.709.2, : it 1.,ife I -0.456 . -0.623

12: Th tional Security -0-438 -6.596Nature Love3.1. -0.756 -0,801

6. -Equality. -0.756 -0.751. 9. Sappiness

3.3. Pleasure -0.692 . I-0.4951. / C-ank6rt Life's -0.466 -0.113

15. Self Respect 0,543. 0.029

5. WO;ld of Beauty -0.174 0.5204. A woira. of Peace . -0.692. 0.399

19: '''Inner '- -0.502 . o.604- 7. Secuiity 0.131 . 3,609

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"CC=rSt. ."..213.:LeatiCCS

mcath1,7, 1967-2972:

*7"g"747.7.-Veekly. 1967-71972,

Thesetpae's Daily. 1967-1972.

Peop1e's Liberati= A=7-, Dail7.

Yi (The Czeratic :goat-n.17.

[Zan 'Pao. 1967. -

Wen aul. Pao. :Daily 1994-1970..

.33..t31 Sao (ce Theater Journal ).r.

1967-1972-

1951-1966r.

kMont-alit :1951-1966: '

-

.

f ..."

Arlir..._,-taa, L. The Chinese Di=J,Le.. New. York: Bomaj.il 1966.

L. C.; and. Action,Bear./ Vet b;. 1937.

1-Oh

ar=ous Pe Tom:

Batb;.; The Chrysantb=sa and life S atea:nd Co., 1946.

Nei; '!park:- 7

Eon won

"Broom, Leonard, Pnti Selznick, Princitles ol* SocioloRz.'"'Ear'.6er and Btrw, 1970. -

at add, Biebp.r.d W:, and Ruben, Brent D. An-nroaches to i t3'}CAn

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Caang, "Pe-chin. Chtine Opera and Painted Face,.cations, 'Int., 1969. _

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Wang-lai. Histor of Crrirese

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PP1-ing: Foreign Lan--

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Oultan-e_3..B?vols4.-...i-ttn"-;,-rsit, 1972.

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;gra- 6. TAigr=ge77":07veiI.

J. S. Eissry of the rerigsc--F-_0-_,_.P.%t=eytplidEing Co.,

S

6-r=e, TEL

CZrrr-Trte

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The Boles of-Tatze-Sen?.

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Com-e- M-vme. of Liao sang Prr.nrince. Good ri_iLrou,Ser_hinz.4., he The araillez....Assozdatisa,

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Eorcrdtz, ,Irviig L.. SiS Uev, SocioloKr. Sew- York: A. C.2...a.xy Books 1965.

B.2.' story of Clai Tr:eater-.. - .

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,-;thiang, C. Jui from Office--. Press of Bavaii, 1972.

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47

4