cs 3724 introduction to hci dr. scott mccrickard mcbryde 626 [email protected]
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CS 3724CS 3724Introduction to HCIIntroduction to HCI
Dr. Scott McCrickardDr. Scott McCrickard
McBryde 626McBryde 626
[email protected]@cs.vt.edu
Who are these people?Who are these people?
Dr. McCrickard (professor)Dr. McCrickard (professor)• assistant professor in CS since 2000assistant professor in CS since 2000• research interests include HCI, notification research interests include HCI, notification
systems, design reusesystems, design reuse Qing Li (teaching assistant)Qing Li (teaching assistant)
• Ph.D. student in computer sciencePh.D. student in computer science• interested in info vis and data aggregationinterested in info vis and data aggregation
Alan Fabian (teaching assistant)Alan Fabian (teaching assistant)• Master’s student in computer scienceMaster’s student in computer science• interested in notification systems design interested in notification systems design
and evaluationand evaluation
What is HCI?What is HCI?
The HumanThe Human• Single user, groups, I/O channels, memory, Single user, groups, I/O channels, memory,
reasoning, problem solving, error, psychologyreasoning, problem solving, error, psychology The ComputerThe Computer
• Desktop, embedded system, data entry Desktop, embedded system, data entry devices, output devices, memory, processingdevices, output devices, memory, processing
The InteractionThe Interaction• Direct/indirect communication, models, Direct/indirect communication, models,
frameworks, styles, ergonomicsframeworks, styles, ergonomics
HCI at VTHCI at VT
Scott McCrickardScott McCrickard Doug BowmanDoug Bowman Chris NorthChris North Manuel PerezManuel Perez
Francis QuekFrancis Quek Deborah TatarDeborah Tatar Steve HarrisonSteve Harrison Others in CS, ISE, …Others in CS, ISE, …
An Aside: VTURCSAn Aside: VTURCS
VTURCS = Virginia Tech Undergraduate VTURCS = Virginia Tech Undergraduate Research in Computer ScienceResearch in Computer Science
Work with professors on ongoing research Work with professors on ongoing research projects.projects.
Receive travel money to attend Receive travel money to attend conferences.conferences.
Present your work at annual symposium.Present your work at annual symposium.
Attend the Project Fair in mid-fall for details Attend the Project Fair in mid-fall for details (see http://vturcs.cs.vt.edu for details)(see http://vturcs.cs.vt.edu for details)
Three VTURCS OpportunitiesThree VTURCS Opportunities
Notification systems designerNotification systems designer• In-depth look at notification systems designIn-depth look at notification systems design• Extends work done in this classExtends work done in this class• Contact Dr. McCrickard for detailsContact Dr. McCrickard for details
LINK-UP system programmerLINK-UP system programmer• Implement usability engineering toolsImplement usability engineering tools• Paid positionPaid position• Contact Dr. McCrickard or Edwin Bachetti for detailsContact Dr. McCrickard or Edwin Bachetti for details
ADVANCE web interface developerADVANCE web interface developer• Develop web-centric applications and interfacesDevelop web-centric applications and interfaces• Help with the dissemination of information about female Help with the dissemination of information about female
participation in grad schoolparticipation in grad school• Paid positionPaid position• Contact Dr. McCrickard or Jamie Smith for detailsContact Dr. McCrickard or Jamie Smith for details
History and Future of HCIHistory and Future of HCI
Much of the class will consider Much of the class will consider systems that are in use todaysystems that are in use today
Class projects may speculate on Class projects may speculate on emerging (but feasible) paradigmsemerging (but feasible) paradigms
To understand present and future, To understand present and future, start with the emergence of HCIstart with the emergence of HCI
History of HCIHistory of HCI
Vannevar Bush, 1945 Vannevar Bush, 1945 “As We May Think” “As We May Think”
Vision of post-war Vision of post-war activities, Memexactivities, Memex
“…“…when one of these when one of these items is in view, the items is in view, the other can be instantly other can be instantly recalled merely by recalled merely by tapping a button”tapping a button”
History of HCI (con’d)History of HCI (con’d)
JCR Licklider, 1960 JCR Licklider, 1960 “Man-Computer Symbiosis”“Man-Computer Symbiosis”
Tightly coupled human brain and Tightly coupled human brain and machine, speech recognition, time machine, speech recognition, time sharing, character recognitionsharing, character recognition
History of HCI (con’d)History of HCI (con’d)
Douglas Engelbart, Douglas Engelbart, 1962 “Augmenting 1962 “Augmenting Human Intellect: A Human Intellect: A Conceptual Conceptual Framework”Framework”
In 1968, workstation In 1968, workstation with a mouse, links with a mouse, links across documents, across documents, chorded keyboardchorded keyboard
History of HCI (con’d)History of HCI (con’d)
XEROX Alto and XEROX Alto and StarStar• WindowsWindows• MenusMenus• ScrollbarsScrollbars• PointingPointing• ConsistencyConsistency
Apple LISA and MacApple LISA and Mac• InexpensiveInexpensive• High-quality High-quality
graphicsgraphics• 3rd party 3rd party
applicationsapplications
History (and future) of HCIHistory (and future) of HCI
Large displaysLarge displays Small displaysSmall displays Peripheral displaysPeripheral displays Alternative I/OAlternative I/O Ubiquitous Ubiquitous
computingcomputing Virtual Virtual
environmentsenvironments ImplantsImplants
Speech recognitionSpeech recognition MultimediaMultimedia Video conferencingVideo conferencing Artificial Artificial
intelligenceintelligence Software agentsSoftware agents Recommender Recommender
systemssystems ......
Why Usability Engineering?Why Usability Engineering?
Need an iterative discovery-oriented Need an iterative discovery-oriented processprocess• But at the same time need to manage itBut at the same time need to manage it
Demands well-defined process with Demands well-defined process with metricsmetrics• Specifying usability goals as objectivesSpecifying usability goals as objectives• Assessing and redesigning to meet these Assessing and redesigning to meet these
objectivesobjectives• Manage usability as a quality characteristic, Manage usability as a quality characteristic,
much like modularity or nonfunctional much like modularity or nonfunctional requirementsrequirements
How Do We Do It?How Do We Do It?
Need to capture, communicate, Need to capture, communicate, store, share, and reuse knowledgestore, share, and reuse knowledge
……and be able to find it again later!and be able to find it again later!
How Do We Do It?How Do We Do It?
Need to capture, communicate, Need to capture, communicate, store, share, and reuse knowledgestore, share, and reuse knowledge• WordsWords• PapersPapers• BooksBooks• LibrariesLibraries
……and be able to find it again later!and be able to find it again later!
Scenarios in UE:Scenarios in UE:A Simple ExampleA Simple Example
A student, Akbar, is working on a research paper in the lab. While working on the paper, he wishes to be informed of happenings in his community. Akbar uses the Notification Collage (NC), running on a second monitor, to inform him of such information with occasional glances. When shuffling through items on the NC, he sees that a project partner has found information of immediate relevance. Fortunate to learn this, Akbar includes the information in his paper, finishing early.
A scenario describing a situation:
Scenario-BasedDevelopment
1.3: Make decisions but keep options open.
scenarios are concrete
descriptions but are also very flexible
1.4: Analyze use but let it evolve.
scenarios describe use in detail, but as a tentative, working representation
1.5:
Be
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scenarios focus on the usability consequences of specific design proposals
1.6: Be precise but include everyone on the team
scenarios describe the problem situation
using natural language understood by all stakeholders1.
7: B
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scenarios offer a vivid description of
use that provokes questions and “what
if” discussions
Why Scenarios?
Scenarios and ClaimsScenarios and Claims
Scenarios convey what actors are Scenarios convey what actors are like, what forces influence their like, what forces influence their behaviorbehavior
Claims elaborate on scenarios, Claims elaborate on scenarios, explaining how and why a feature explaining how and why a feature has impactshas impacts
Claims analysis documents why Claims analysis documents why scenarios were written by isolating scenarios were written by isolating the most important featuresthe most important features
Scenarios and ClaimsScenarios and ClaimsOrganizing Organizing information information using the using the collage collage metaphormetaphor
+ allows users to informally + allows users to informally post informationpost information
+ accommodates a wide + accommodates a wide range of different information range of different information typestypes
- BUT the lack of organization - BUT the lack of organization can hinder efforts to read/see can hinder efforts to read/see a particular itema particular item
- BUT overlapping items may - BUT overlapping items may force users to shuffle through force users to shuffle through themthem
Tradeoffs and SBDTradeoffs and SBD Design by definition is invention, creativityDesign by definition is invention, creativity
• Never just one approach, never one correct answerNever just one approach, never one correct answer• BUT some answers are demonstrably betterBUT some answers are demonstrably better
Interactive system design tremendously complexInteractive system design tremendously complex• Many interdependencies, eg schedule, cost, competitive Many interdependencies, eg schedule, cost, competitive
advantage, local expertise, ...advantage, local expertise, ...• Users and their needs are one large set of dependenciesUsers and their needs are one large set of dependencies
Tradeoffs are useful in analyzing these relationsTradeoffs are useful in analyzing these relations• Here, we focus on tradeoffs affecting Here, we focus on tradeoffs affecting users’ experiencesusers’ experiences• Guides design thinking, also serves as design rationaleGuides design thinking, also serves as design rationale
How Should We Measure How Should We Measure Usability?Usability?
Bottom line is whether the users got what Bottom line is whether the users got what they wanted, i.e., is the client satisfiedthey wanted, i.e., is the client satisfied
Practically speaking, need to break this Practically speaking, need to break this down so that we can down so that we can operationalizeoperationalize our our objectivesobjectives
Our textbook definition:Our textbook definition:The quality of an interactive computer system The quality of an interactive computer system
with respect to ease of learning, ease of use, with respect to ease of learning, ease of use, and user satisfactionand user satisfaction
• Can the users do what they want to do in a Can the users do what they want to do in a comfortable and pleasant fashion?comfortable and pleasant fashion?
Problem scenarios
summativeevaluation
Information scenarios
claims about current practice
analysis ofstakeholders,field studies
Usability specifications
Activityscenarios
Interaction scenarios
iterativeanalysis ofusability claims andre-design
metaphors,informationtechnology,HCI theory,guidelines
formativeevaluation
DESIGN
ANALYZE
PROTOTYPE & EVALUATE
Learning SBD — By ExampleLearning SBD — By Example Virtual science fair as a case studyVirtual science fair as a case study
• Complement to real world science fairsComplement to real world science fairs• Goal to extend interactions across time & spaceGoal to extend interactions across time & space
Cumulative, illustrates activities at each phaseCumulative, illustrates activities at each phase• Examples of methods used in projectsExamples of methods used in projects• Use as model for group materials & analysesUse as model for group materials & analyses
Many details specific to this exampleMany details specific to this example• E.g., collaboration, community network, educationE.g., collaboration, community network, education• Other case studies under construction on the Web at Other case studies under construction on the Web at
http://http://ucs.ist.psu.eduucs.ist.psu.edu
Scenarios in Usability EngineeringScenarios in Usability Engineering Stories of people and their activities, Stories of people and their activities,
sometimessometimes includes computer use, includes computer use, alwaysalways includes goalsincludes goals
Typical elements of the story are:Typical elements of the story are:• A A settingsetting• One or more One or more actorsactors or or agentsagents• An orienting or motivating An orienting or motivating goalgoal or or objectiveobjective• Mental activity, Mental activity, plansplans or or evaluationevaluation of behavior of behavior• A “storyline” sequenced by A “storyline” sequenced by actionsactions and and eventsevents
Emphasis on Emphasis on useuse, i.e., people’s needs, , i.e., people’s needs, expectations, actions, and reactionsexpectations, actions, and reactions
TextbookTextbook
Mary Beth Rosson Mary Beth Rosson and John M. Carroll, and John M. Carroll, Usability Usability Engineering: Engineering: Scenario-Based Scenario-Based Development of Development of HCI (RC)HCI (RC)
Other Useful BooksOther Useful Books
Ben Shneiderman, Ben Shneiderman, Designing the User Designing the User InterfaceInterface
Deborah Hix and Deborah Hix and Rex Hartson, HCIRex Hartson, HCI
Don Norman, Don Norman, Design of Everyday Design of Everyday ThingsThings
Fred Brooks, The Fred Brooks, The Mythical Man MonthMythical Man Month
Other ResourcesOther Resources
Email is the best way to contact Dr. Email is the best way to contact Dr. McCrickard ([email protected]), Qing McCrickard ([email protected]), Qing ([email protected]), and Alan ([email protected])([email protected]), and Alan ([email protected])
Blackboard contains lecture slides, Blackboard contains lecture slides, assignments, signup sheets, discussion assignments, signup sheets, discussion boards, and related materials boards, and related materials
The listserv ([email protected]) is The listserv ([email protected]) is used only for time-sensitive postings by the used only for time-sensitive postings by the professor and GTAsprofessor and GTAs
EvaluationEvaluation
Group project (60%)Group project (60%) Homeworks (15%)Homeworks (15%) Activities (10%)Activities (10%) Midterm (5%)Midterm (5%) Final (10%)Final (10%) Extra credit (up to 3%)Extra credit (up to 3%)
Project Overview Project Overview
Group project with 4-5 people per groupGroup project with 4-5 people per group Projects will be graded per team, with a Projects will be graded per team, with a
component of the grade based on component of the grade based on individual effort as reported by individual effort as reported by membersmembers
Choose groups carefully – think about Choose groups carefully – think about when they can meet, where they live, when they can meet, where they live, what their skills arewhat their skills are
Maintain and post material on a project Maintain and post material on a project Web site (email location to coordinator)Web site (email location to coordinator)
Project TopicsProject Topics
All topics will relate to the emerging field of All topics will relate to the emerging field of notification systemsnotification systems
All projects will be centered around a All projects will be centered around a common theme (probably navigation-common theme (probably navigation-related)related)
Flexibility in terms of platforms, languages, Flexibility in terms of platforms, languages, targeted users, etc.targeted users, etc.
More details next weekMore details next week
AdminstriviaAdminstrivia
Force-adds and prerequisite formsForce-adds and prerequisite forms• Prerequisite is CS 2604, REQUIREDPrerequisite is CS 2604, REQUIRED• Everyone Everyone mustmust complete the forms complete the forms
TODAYTODAY• Must attend today AND WednesdayMust attend today AND Wednesday• Add decisions by next meetingAdd decisions by next meeting
AdminstriviaAdminstrivia
Force-adds and prerequisite formsForce-adds and prerequisite forms• Prerequisite is CS 2604, REQUIREDPrerequisite is CS 2604, REQUIRED• Everyone Everyone mustmust complete the forms complete the forms
TODAYTODAY• Must attend today AND WednesdayMust attend today AND Wednesday• Add decisions by next meetingAdd decisions by next meeting