CS 415 – A. I.

Not Just a Bad Movie!

What is intelligence?

Here’s my take Intelligence is what humans are.

§ We can’t define intelligence, but I know it when I see it, and more to the point, I know the lack of it when I don’t see it.

Some key questions: Is intelligence learned? What happens when learning occurs? What is creativity? What is intuition? Is intelligence discoverable from observable behavior? How is knowledge represented? What is self-awareness, and what is its link to intelligence? Can a computer ever be human-like enough to be intelligent?

Key paradox here? Artificial intelligence is a field whose area of study includes its own

definition.

A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

The human brain: Approx. 3 lbs of coiled, neuron rich fatty tissue Everyone’s is about the same weight and size

§ Your brain is the same size as Einstein’s (unless your sick or something)

Still, it is billions of organs just like yours that have produced the entirety of human knowledge and experience throughout time.

Curiosity about one’s own faculties (i.e. the brain) predates knowledge of the brains function

§ To our ancestors, the heart seemed like the much more likely seat of all thought

Is the search for intelligence an evil? Duality

1.Knowledge is good Public Schools Higher Education Resumes and Better Jobs

2.Knowledge is bad Intelligence is scary and the pursuit of it is an evil

Early Example Prometheus

§ Stole fire and rational thought from the gods and gave it to man

§ His punishment: tied to a rock forever The Garden of Eden

§ Adam and Eve eat from the tree of knowledge§ Their punishment: expulsion from paradise

Might seem like a strange idea

More Modern Examples

Neither money or knowledge is inherently evil.

Changing Views of Intelligence

Is intelligence separate from the body? Descartes was the first to think so

§ “I think, therefor I am” Dualism

§ Descartes suggested that the body works like a machine, that it has the material properties of extension and motion, and that it follows the laws of physics. The mind (or soul), on the other hand, was described as a nonmaterial entity that lacks extension and motion, and does not follow the laws of physics. Descartes argued that only humans have minds, and that the mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland.

Wikipedia Article on Descartes We still think along these lines

§ Transferring consciousnesses, etc.

Development of Formal Logic

In mid-18th century, Euler laid the groundwork for graph theory

Represent knowledge as components and relationships

Allowed, “state space search”§ All possible solutions can be denoted

Babbage designed his “difference engine” and “analytic engine” in mid-19th century Difference engine

§ Special-purpose machine for solving certain polynomials

Analytic engine§ General-purpose programmable computer for

solving math equations Invented the notion of separation of memory

and processing New Idea: storing patterns of algebraic equations, a form of knowledge, in persistent form

Punch cards

Formal Logic

George Boole Boolean Logic

§ Might sound familiar Very simple, but sufficient and complete

§ 3 Basic Operations AND, OR, NOT

§ 2 Possible Values 1 and 0 Something cannot be anymore true than true and no more false than

false Basis for first-order predicate calculus

§ Allows automated reasoning§ See this in Chapter 2

Theorems can be built from these basics§ Proofs are built by applying a series of theorems and basic rules

Intelligence and Modern Digital Computers

Alan Turing Computing Machinery and Intelligence

Can computers be made to think?§ The ambiguities inherent in the question preclude

any rational answer§ Instead, lets develop an empirical test that will at

least let us test for intelligence Turing Test

Turing Test

Attempts to give an objective notion of intelligence Humanity is the best and only known standard Avoids debate about “true” nature of intelligence

Abstracts out unanswerable questions What is consciousness? Is the computer conscious?

Eliminates “bias” against machines Interrogator can’t see any evidence except text Abstracts out specific intelligent processes

§ No spinning disks, no artificial sounding voices, etc.

Examples

Chat bots How does the bot respond to emotionally

charged situations? How does it answer philosophical questions?

Deep Blue vs. Garry Kasparov 1996 – Win G.K. 1997 – Win D.B.

Did Deep Blue learn?

Limitations of Turing Test

Purely symbolic Doesn’t handle perceptual skills, manual

dexterity,

Wait? Humanity is the only standard for intelligence?

Humans built computers to be better at tasks than we are.

Computers are different than humans§ Maybe they have a different kind of intelligence

Next

Introduction to the hardware we will be using.