cs 575 spring 2010 class meeting 3
DESCRIPTION
CS 575 Spring 2010 Class Meeting 3. Bapa Rao. Outline. administrative Review of previous week Douglas Engelbart’s demo Student Presentations Agenda for next week. Administrative. Comments / questions. Review of previous meeting. Berners-Lee videos “semantic web” Data, data, data - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CS 575 Spring 2010
Class Meeting 3
Bapa Rao
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Outline
• administrative• Review of previous week• Douglas Engelbart’s demo• Student Presentations• Agenda for next week
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Administrative
• Comments / questions
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Review of previous meeting
• Berners-Lee videos• “semantic web”• Data, data, data• Links between Data• Web R & D as a collective social-scientific
process• Web science
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More Berners-Lee• Social / human aspect of R&D cycle• Macroscopic human effects• Scientific analysis phase• Emergence or “magic”• Process of web science• Email webgoogleweb 2.0semantic web• Technical aspects of semantic web• Conceptual aspects• Pragmatic aspects• Challenges of web science
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Engelbart “mother of all demos”
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Engelbart and “augmenting the human intellect”
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Engelbart Paper Overview• Capability to obtain better solutions to complex
problems• Benefit ‘information workers’• New conceptual framework• What to augment– Artifacts, language, methodology, training– Whorf’s hypothesis & the weighted pencil expt– Problem-solving process– Structure: bureaucratic to more distributed– Executive capability—choosing from repertoire
• What is the impact of augmentation?
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Engelbart: Two-domain system
• H-LAM/T
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Last week’s presentations
• Cloud computing—Tam Nguyen• Human interaction in Internet communities—
Jerry Chang• HCC and HCM—Ashok Sahu• Artificial Life—Saeid Mousavi
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Engelbart (contd)• Capability repertoire hierarchy– Basic capabilities (human and artifact) are the raw
materials– Mental structuring (cognitive structures)
• Development Models: garden, basketball team, machine building– Concept structuring– Symbol structuring– Process structuring
• ‘M’ in H-LAM/T– Physical structuring
• A in H-LAM/T– Interdependence among all these structures
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Engelbart (contd)
• Concept structuring– concepts are tools– concepts have handles--representations– concept structures map to mental structures– some concept structures are better than others– language (natural lang esp) is the grand concept
structuring tool
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Engelbart (contd)
• Symbol structuring– some symbols work better than others • depends on the purpose
– need flexibility, translatability– view generation capability (rather than physical
linear ordering)
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Engelbart (contd)
• Interdependence among hierarchies– Cyclic– Regenerative• Improvement in one category feeds improvement in
other categories
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Augmenting the Human Intellect• 1962 report/proposal to Air Force Ofc. Of Scientific Research• Capability to obtain better solutions to complex problems• New conceptual framework
– Not small tricks• Example scenario: an architect’s workday
– Design alternatives– Operational environments– Functional specifications– Detailed design– Tools
• Synthesis, analysis, verification, debugging
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Engelbart (contd)
• Who will benefit– Every person who does his thinking with
symbolized concepts • Human language, pictographs, formal logic,
mathematics, …– Architects, engineers, lawyers, writers, …– ‘information workers’
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Engelbart (contd)• Conceptual framework is needed to know
– What to augment• artifacts• language• methodology• Training
– Goal: problem solving process• Process is what we actually do, and are trying to do more effectively
– Structure or organization across the board• Little steps, organized as a process hierarchy
– Versus objects?• Process repertoire or toolkit• Basic capabilities (‘hardware’) to higher-level capabilities
– Synergy, emergent capabilities, …• Which subprocess to choose?
– Executive Capability: planning, selecting, and supervising – Augmentation impact
• Suppose you had a better writing tool…– Hardware, software, dictionary, spell checker, fact researcher, …– Pencil to word processor
» Benefits?» Break down old process, come up with new process» New capabilities!
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Engelbart: Two-domain system
• H-LAM/T
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Engelbart (contd)• How did humans get ‘augmented’ during our
development?– 1. concept manipulation– 2. symbol manipulation– 3. Manual, External, Symbol Manipulation
• Whorf’s hypothesis: Language affects our thinking and capabilities– 4. Automated external symbol manipulation (neo-
whorfian: technology affects language and capabilities)• Language can also evolve to meet conceptual and task needs
(counterargument to whorfian hypothesis)
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Engelbart (contd)• Brick-pencil experiment
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Engelbart (contd)• Brick-pencil expt (de-augmentation)– Typewriter: 7 sec– Pencil: 20 secs– Brick, small letters: 65+ secs– Brick, large letters: 42 secs
• Impacts on effectiveness of culture– Too hard too few people doing it– Different concepts for work, record-keeping, etc.
• What about known impacts of actual augmentation, 46 years after Engelbart wrote this proposal?
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Engelbart (contd)• Capability repertoire hierarchy– Basic capabilities (human and artifact) are the raw
materials– Mental structuring (cognitive structures)
• Development Models: garden, basketball team, machine building– Concept structuring– Symbol structuring– Process structuring
• ‘M’ in H-LAM/T– Physical structuring
• A in H-LAM/T– Interdependence among all these structures
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Engelbart (contd)
• Concept structuring– concepts are tools– concepts have handles--representations– concept structures map to mental structures– some concept structures are better than others– language (natural lang esp) is the grand concept
structuring tool
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Engelbart (contd)
• Symbol structuring– some symbols work better than others • depends on the purpose
– need flexibility, translatability– view generation capability (rather than physical
linear ordering)
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Engelbart (contd)
• Interdependence among hierarchies– Cyclic– Regenerative• Improvement in one category feeds improvement in
other categories
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Engelbart (contd)• Roles and levels– executive– direct-contributive
• model of executive superstructure– Bureaucratic hierarchy is onerous– contractor-subcontractor model
• Flexibility in the Executive Role– executive tasks are complex– orderly flexibility requirement on symbol etc. structures is
costly– disorderly process of change must be supported
• ‘agile methodologies’
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Berners-Lee’s view in context
• Social = Human• Concept augmentation is an emergent
phenomenon
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Student Presentations
• Jigar Patel: programming paradigms• Manthan Katharotiya: Web mining
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REMINDER: A [flexible] structure for our study
• ‘Human issues’ is all-encompassing• Many interlocking dimensions• Human roles vis-à-vis the computer
– User– Inventor / researcher– Visionary– Content creator– Hacker– Criminal– Business person– Wealth generator– …
• Human-computer coupling– Symbiosis, tool, …
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A [flexible] structure for our study (contd)
• Domains of human activity– Education, Entertainment, Play, Family, Reproduction, Art ,Wealth generation,
Government, consumption, religion, philosophy, …• Values
– Many values depend on role, domain, …– Absolute values?– Creativity, aesthetics, access, opportunity, freedom, spirituality, rationality,
peace, brotherhood, prosperity, …• Vision, potentials, realities
– Babbage’s Analytical Engine, Bush’s Memex, …• Pragmatics
– Is it possible? How to get there?– Techniques, Design, Technology,
• Scaling and emergent phenomena– Will a whole new thing emerge if huge numbers of humans interact with
computers in a certain way? How do we understand that ‘thing’?• Other aspects, dimensions?
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A [flexible] structure for our study (contd)
• Use readings and videos of pioneering thinkers and inventors to elicit a concrete jumping-off point for discussion and analysis
• Use presentations and discussions to ‘tag’ current thoughts, activities, developments, .. along these dimensions
• Preparation– Review Resources and Additional Resources– Research and read pioneering articles (like the Memex article,
Berners-lee’s articles• What should emerge at the end?
– Open– Predictions, critiques, lessons, techniques, new visions, new ideas,
stimuli to thought, …
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Summary
• Berners-lee’s push for a collectivized, participatory semantic web science
• Engelbart’s early technical achievements laid the foundation
• Engelbart laid a rigorous conceptual foundation that might be called the architecture of man-machine symbiosis
• We will discuss more about man/machine symbiosis according to Licklider
• Where do today’s presentations fit in?
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Agenda for next week
• Yuri Muradiyan: Human Enhancement Ethics• Gaurang Jadia: Crowdsourcing• Abhishek Sharma: Security, privacy, crime• Armen Galstyan: Entertainment / gaming