CS460/626 : Natural Language Processing/Speech NLP and the WebProcessing/Speech, NLP and the Web

(Lecture 28– Grammar; Constituency, Dependency)Dependency)

Pushpak BhattacharyyaPushpak BhattacharyyaCSE Dept., IIT Bombay

21 t M h 201121st March, 2011

Grammar

A finite set of rules that generates only and all sentences of athat generates only and all sentences of a language.that assigns an appropriate structural g pp pdescription to each one.

Grammatical Analysis Techniques

Two main devices

Breaking up a StringLabeling the Constituents

– MorphologicalC i l

– SequentialHi hi l – Categorial

– Functional – Hierarchical– Transformational

Breaking up and LabelingSequential Breaking up

Seq enti l B e king p nd Mo phologi lSequential Breaking up and Morphological LabelingSequential Breaking up and Categorial Labeling Seque a ea g up a d Ca ego a abe gSequential Breaking up and Functional Labeling

Hierarchical Breaking upHierarchical Breaking upHierarchical Breaking up and Categorial LabelingHierarchical Breaking up and Functional Labelingg p g

Sequential Breaking up

• That student solved the problems.

that student solve ed the problem s+ + + + + +

Sequential Breaking up and Morphological LabelingMorphological Labeling

That student solved the problems.

th t t d t l d h blthat student solve ed the problem s

word word stem affix word stem affix

Sequential Breaking up and Categorial LabelingCategorial Labeling

This boy can solve the problem.this boy can solve the problem

Det N Aux V Det N

• They called her a taxi.They call ed taxi

Pron V Affi N

her

P on

a

DetPron V Affix NPron Det

Sequential Breaking up and Functional LabelingFunctional Labeling

They called taxiher a

Subject Verbal IndirectDirectSubject Verbal IndirectObject

Direct Object

They called taxiher a

Subject Verbal DirectObject

Indirect Object

Hierarchical Breaking up

Old men and women

Old Old men

andmen and women

andwomen

Old men and women Old men and women

womenandmenmenOld menOld

Hierarchical Breaking up and Categorial LabelingCategorial Labeling

Poor John ran away.

S

VPNP

V AdvA N

ran awayPoor John

Hierarchical Breaking up and F ti l L b liFunctional Labeling

• Immediate Constituent (IC) AnalysisImmediate Constituent (IC) Analysis• Construction types in terms of the function of the

constituents:– Predication (subject + predicate)– Modification (modifier + head)– Complementation (verbal + complement)– Subordination (subordinator + dependent unit)– Coordination (independent unit + coordinator)

Predication

[Birds]subject [fly]predicate

SS

PredicateSubject

Birds flyy

Modification

[A]modifier [flower]head

John [slept]head [in the room]modifier

S

PredicateSubject PredicateSubject

John H d M difiJohn Head Modifier

slept In the roomslept

ComplementationComplementationHe [saw]verbal [a lake]complement

S

PredicateSubject

He Verbal Complement

saw a lake

19/12/2004 ICON 2004 Tutorial

SubordinationSubordinationJohn slept [in]subordinator [the room]dependent unit

S

PredicateSubject

John Head Modifier

slept Subordinator Dependent Unit

the roomin

Coordination

[John came in time] independent unit [but]coordinatorp[Mary was not ready] independent unit

SS

C di tI d d t U it Independent UnitCoordinatorIndependent Unit Independent Unit

John came in time but Mary was not ready

An Example

SIn the morning, the sky looked much brighter.An Example

S

HeadModifier

Subordinator DU PredicateSubject

HeadHead Verbal ComplementModifierModifier

HeadModifier

In the morning, the sky looked much brighter

Hierarchical Breaking up and Categorial / Functional LabelingCategorial / Functional Labeling

Hierarchical Breaking up coupled with C t i l /F ti l L b li iCategorial /Functional Labeling is a very powerful device.B t th bi iti hi hBut there are ambiguities which demand something more powerful.E L f G dE.g., Love of God

Someone loves GodG d lGod loves someone

Hierarchical Breaking up

Categorial Labeling Functional Labeling

Love of God Love of God

Noun Ph

Prepositional Phrase

Head ModifierPhrase Phrase

DUSub

Godoflove love of God

Types of Generative GrammarypFinite State Model

( i l)(sequential)Phrase Structure Model

(sequential + hierarchical) + (categorial)

Transformational ModelTransformational Model (sequential + hierarchical + transformational) +

(categorial + functional)(categorial + functional)

Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG)Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG)

A phrase-structure grammar G consists of a f t l (V T S P) hfour tuple (V, T, S, P), where V is a finite set of alphabets (or vocabulary)

E g N V A Adv P NP VP AP AdvP PPE.g., N, V, A, Adv, P, NP, VP, AP, AdvP, PP, student, sing, etc.

T is a finite set of terminal symbols: T ⊂ VT is a finite set of terminal symbols: T ⊂ VE.g., student, sing, etc.

S is a distinguished non-terminal symbol, also g y ,called start symbol: S ∈ VP is a set of productions.

Noun Phrases

• John • the student • the intelligent student

NP NP NPNP

N

NP

NDet

NP

NDet AdjP

John studentthe studentthe intelligent

j

Noun Phrase

• his first five PhD students

NP

QuantDet Ord NN

five

Quant

his

Det

first

Ord

students

N

PhD

N

fivehis first studentsPhD

Noun PhraseNoun Phrase• The five best students of my class

NP

fi

Quant

th

Det NAP PP

fivethe studentsbest of my class

Verb Phrases• can sing • can hit the ball

VP VPVP

VAux

VP

NPAux V

singcan the ball

NP

can

Aux

hit

V

g

Verb PhraseVerb Phrase• Can give a flower to Mary

VP

NPAux V PP

a flower

NP

can

Aux

give

V

to Mary

PP

g o a y

Verb Phrase• may make John the chairman

VP

NPAux V NP

John

NP

may

Aux

make

V

the chairman

NP

y e c a a

Verb Phrase

• may find the book very interesting

VP

NPAux V AP

the bookmay find very interesting

Prepositional Phrases

• in the classroom • near the river

PPPP

NPPNPP

the rivernearthe classroomin

Adjective PhrasesAdjective Phrases• intelligent • very honest • fond of sweets

AP AP AP

A ADegree PPA

intelligent honestvery of sweetsfond

Adjective Phrase

• very worried that she might have done badly in the i tassignment

AP

S’Degree A S

very

Degree

worried

A

that she might have done badly in the

very worried

assignment

Phrase Structure Rules

Rewrite Rules:

• The boy hit the ball.

Rewrite Rules:(i) S NP VP(ii) NP D t N(ii) NP Det N(iii) VP V NP

h(iv) Det the(v) N man, ball(v) V hit

We interpret each rule X Y as the instruction rewrite X as Y.

DerivationDerivation• The boy hit the ball.

SentenceNP + VP (i)Det + N + VP (ii)Det + N + V + NP (iii)The + N + V + NP (iv)The + N + V + NP (iv)The + boy + V + NP (v)The + boy + hit + NP (vi)The + boy + hit + Det + N (ii)The + boy + hit + the + N (iv)The + boy + hit + the + ball (v)The + boy + hit + the + ball (v)

PSG Parse Tree

The boy hit the ball.S

VPNP

VND t NPVNDet

the

NP

Nb Dethitthe Nboy Dethit

the ballthe ball

PSG Parse Tree

John wrote those words in the Book of ProverbsSProverbs.S

VPNP

VPropN NP PP

NPP

John wrote thosewords

in

th of

NP PP

thebook

ofproverbs

Penn POS Tags

• John wrote those words in the Book of Proverbs.

[John/NNP ]t /VBDwrote/VBD

[ those/DT words/NNS ]in/IN [ the/DT Book/NN ][ the/DT Book/NN ]of/IN [ Proverbs/NNS ][ Proverbs/NNS ]

Penn Treebank• John wrote those words in the Book of Proverbs.

(S (NP-SBJ (NP John))(VP t(VP wrote

(NP those words)(PP-LOC in(NP (NP-TTL (NP the Book)(NP (NP TTL (NP the Book)

(PP of(NP Proverbs)))(NP Proverbs)))

PSG Parse Tree

Official trading in the shares will start in Pa is on No 6Paris on Nov 6. S

VPNP

NP

PP

PP

PPVAux

NAP

PPNPP

PPVAux

A

official trading will start on Nov 6in the shares in Paris

Penn POS Tagsg• Official trading in the shares will start in Paris on

N 6

[ Official/JJ trading/NN ]Nov 6.

in/IN [ the/DT shares/NNS ][ the/DT shares/NNS ]will/MD start/VB in/IN [ P i /NNP ][ Paris/NNP ]on/IN [ Nov./NNP 6/CD ]

Penn Treebank

• Official trading in the shares will start in Paris on Nov 6

( (S (NP-SBJ (NP Official trading)(PP in

Nov 6.

(PP in(NP the shares)))

(VP will(VP start(PP-LOC in

(NP Paris))(NP Paris))(PP-TMP on

(NP (NP Nov 6)( ( )

Penn POS Tag SsetAdjective: JJAdverb: RBCardinal Number: CDDeterminer: DTPreposition: INCoordinating Conjunction CCSubordinating Conjunction: INSingular Noun: NNPlural Noun: NNSPlural Noun: NNSPersonal Pronoun: PPProper Noun: NPVerb base form: VBVerb base form: VBModal verb: MDVerb (3sg Pres): VBZWh-determiner: WDTWh determiner: WDTWh-pronoun: WP

Diff b tDifference between constituency and dependencyconstituency and dependency

Constituency GrammarConstituency GrammarCategorical Uses part of speechContext Free Grammar (CFG)Basic elements Phrases

Dependency Grammar

FunctionalContext Free GrammarContext Free GrammarBasic elements Units of Predication/ Modification/ Complementation/Modification/ Complementation/ Subordination/ Co-ordination

Bridge between Constituency and Dependency parse

Constituency uses phrasesDependencies consist of Head-modifier combinationThis is a cricket bat.This is a cricket bat.

Cricket (Category: N, Functional: Adj)Bat (Category: N, Functional: N)

For languages which are free word order we use g gdependency parser to uncover the relations between the words.Raam ne Shaam ko dekha . (Ram saw Shyam)Sh k R d kh (R Sh )Shaam ko Ram ne dekha. (Ram saw Shyam)Case markers cling to the nouns they subordinate

Example of CG and DG output

Birds Fly.Birds Fly.

S S

NP VP Subject Predicate

N VBirds fly

Birds fly

Birds fly

Birds fly

Some probabilistic parsers and why they are used

Stanford, Collins, Charniack, RASPWhy Probabilistic parsersWhy Probabilistic parsers

For a single sentence we can have multiple parsesparses. Probability for the parse is calculated and then the parse with the highest probabilitythen the parse with the highest probability is selected.This is needed in many applications of NLP,This is needed in many applications of NLP, that need parsing.