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Computer System Architecture

Budditha Hettige Department of Statistics and Computer Science

University of Sri Jayewardenepura

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Historical Developments

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Computer Generation

1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940)

2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955)

3. Second Generation -Transistors (1956-1963)

4. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

5. Forth Generation – VLS-Integration (1971-present)

6. Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)

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The Zero Generation (1)

Year Name Made by Comments

1834 Analytical

Engine Babbage First attempt to build a digital computer

1936 Z1 Zuse First working relay calculating machine

1943 COLOSSUS British gov't First electronic computer

1944 Mark I Aiken First American general-purpose computer

1946 ENIAC I EckerVMauchley Modern computer history starts here

1949 EDSAC Wilkes First stored-program computer

1951 Whirlwind I M.I.T. First real-time computer

1952 IAS Von Neumann Most current machines use this design

1960 PDP-1 DEC First minicomputer (50 sold)

1961 1401 IBM Enormously popular small business machine

1962 7094 IBM Dominated scientific computing in the early

1960s

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The Zero Generation (2)

1963 B5000 Burroughs First machine designed for a high-level language

1964 360 IBM First product line designed as a family

1964 6600 CDC First scientific supercomputer

1965 PDP-8 DEC First mass-market minicomputer (50,000 sold)

1970 PDP-11 DEC Dominated minicomputers in the 1970s

1974 8080 Intel First general-purpose 8-bit computer on a chip

1974 CRAY-1 Cray First vector supercomputer

1978 VAX DEC First 32-bit superminicomputer

1981 IBM PC IBM Started the modern personal computer era

1985 MIPS MIPS First commercial RISC machine

1987 SPARC Sun First SPARC-based RISC workstation

1990 RS6000 IBM First superscalar machine

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The Zero Generation (3)

• Pascal’s machine

– Addition and Subtraction

• Analytical engine

– Four components (Store, mill, input, output)

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Charles Babbage

• Difference Engine 1823 • Analytic Engine 1833

– The forerunner of modern digital computer – The first conception of a general purpose computer

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Von-Neumann machine

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First Generation-Vacuum Tubes

(1945-1955)

• First generation computers are characterized

by the use of vacuum tube logic

• Developments

– ABC

– ENIAC

– UNIVAC I

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First Generation- Time Line

Date Event Description Arithmetic Logic Memory

1942 ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary vacuum tubes capacitors

1946 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

decimal vacuum tubes vacuum tubes

1947 EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines

1948 The Baby Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine

binary vacuum tubes CRST

1949 UNIVAC I Universal Automatic Computer

decimal vacuum tubes mercury delay lines

1949 EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer

binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines

1952 IAS Institute for Advanced Study binary vacuum tubes cathode ray tubes

1953 IBM 701 binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines

Brief Early Computer Timeline

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ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer

• world's first electronic digital computer

• The ABC used binary arithmetic

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ENIAC – First general purpose computer

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

• Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania

during 1943-45

• capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems

• The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical

calculator!

– 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW

• Performance

– Read in 120 cards per minute

– Addition took 200 ms, Division 6 ms

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UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic

Computer

• The first commercial computer

• UNIVAC was delivered in 1951

• designed at the outset for business and administrative

use

• The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed

29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of

electrical power

• Originally priced at US$159,000

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The Second Generation-Transistors

(1955-1965)

• Second generation computers are characterized

by the use of discrete transistor logic

• Use of magnetic core for primary storage

• Developments

– IBM 1620 System

– IBM 7030 System

– IBM 7090 System

– IBM 7094 System

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IBM 7090

• The IBM 7090 system was announced in 1958.

• The 7090 included a multiplexor which supported up to 8 I/O channels.

• The 7090 supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic.

• Two fixed point numbers could be added in 4.8 microseconds, and two floating point numbers could be added in 16.8 microseconds.

• The 7090 had 32,768 thirty-six bit words of core storage.

• In 1960, the American Airlines

• SABRE system used two 7090 systems.

• Cost of a 7090 system was in the

$3,000,000 range.

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IBM 1620

• The IBM 1620 system was announced in 1959.

• The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of core

storage (6 bits each.)

• Floating point hardware was optional.

• The IBM 1620 system performed decimal arithmetic.

• The system was digit oriented, not word oriented.

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IBM 7030

• The IBM 7030 system was announced in 1960.

• The IBM 7030 system used magnetic core for main memory, and magnetic disks for secondary storage.

• The ALU could perform 1,000,000 operations per second.

• Up to 32 I/O channels were supported.

• The 7030 was also referred to as "Stretch."

• Cost of a 7030 system was in the $10,000,000 range.

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IBM 7094

• The IBM 7094 system was announced in 1962.

• The 7094 was an improved 7090.

• The 7094 introduced double precision floating

point arithmetic.

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Third Generation

• Third generation computers are characterized

by the use of integrated circuit logic.

• Development

– IBM System/360

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IBM S 360

• The IBM S/360 family was announced in 1964.

• Included both multiplexor and selector I/O channels.

• Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic.

• Had a microprogrammed instruction set.

• Cost between $133,000 and $12,500,000.

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Forth Generation

• Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large

scale(ULSI)

• Fourth generation computers are characterized

by the use of microprocessors.

• Semiconductor memory was commonly used

• Development

– Intel

– AMD etc

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Intel 4004

• The Intel 4004 microprocessor was announced in 1971.

• The Intel 4004 microprocessor had – 2,300 transistors.

– A clock speed of 108 KHz.

– A die size of 12 sq mm.

– 4 bit memory access.

– 4 bit registers.

• The Intel 4004 microprocessor supported – Up to 32,768 bits of program storage.

– Up to 5,120 bits of data storage.

• The 4004 was used mainly in calculators.

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Intel 4004 - 1971

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MOS 6502

• The MOS 6502 microprocessor was announced in 1975.

• The MOS 6502 microprocessor had – A clock speed of 1 MHz.

– 8 bit memory access.

– 8 bit registers.

• The MOS 6502 microprocessor supported – Up to 65,536 bytes (8 bit) of main memory.

• The MOS 6502 was used in – The Apple II personal computer.

– The Comodore PET personal computer.

– The KIM-1 computer kit.

– The Atari 2600 game system.

– The Nintendo Famicon game system.

• Initial price of the 6502 was $25.00.

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Intel Pentium IV - 2001

• “State of the art”

• 42 million transistors

• 2GHz

• 0.13mm process

• Could fit ~15,000

4004s on this chip!

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Now

- zEnterprise196 Microprocessor

• 1.4 billion transistors, Quad core design

• Up to 96 cores (80 visible to OS) in one multichip module

• 5.2 GHz, IBM 45nm SOI CMOS technology

• 64-bit virtual addressing – original 360 was 24-bit; 370 was a 31-bit extension

• Superscalar, out-of-order – Up to 72 instructions in flight

• Variable length instruction pipeline: 15-17 stages

• Each core has 2 integer units, 2 load-store units and 2 floating point units

• 8K-entry Branch Target Buffer – Very large buffer to support commercial workload

• Four Levels of caches: – 64KB L1 I-cache, 128KB L1 D-cache

– 1.5MB L2 cache per core

– 24MB shared on-chip L3 cache

– 192MB shared off-chip L4 cache

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Fifth Generation

• Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence

• Features – Voice recognition,

– Parallel processing

– Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come.

– The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization

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