csc 412 – networking scott heggen. agenda today the network layer (chapter 5) discussion on a2:...
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CSC 412 – Networking
Scott Heggen
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Agenda
Today The Network Layer (Chapter 5) Discussion on A2: The Data Link Layer
Thursday Q2: The Networking Layer A2: The Data Link Layer Due
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Navigating a Network
Say you want to drive from Berea, KY to Beverly Hills, CA. How would you get there?
Networks use much of the same process: Data is passed around the local network To leave the network, data must reach the gateway
router The gateway router decides which route is best to
reach the destination, and forwards the packet to the next router
The process continues from router to router until the packet reaches it’s destination’s gateway router
The packet is passed around the receiver’s local network until it reaches it’s destination
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Routing
Routing is the process by which data is passed through specific networks until it reaches the destination computer’s network (and eventually, the destination computer)
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The Postmaster General
Every mailing address in the U.S. has a unique address, consisting of a zip code, state, city, and address
In a network, every device has a unique address, known as an Internet Protocol (IP) Address
The IP protocol defines addressing, as well as routing
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IP Header
IP defines a 20-byte long header 4 bytes are used for the source IP address 4 bytes are used for the destination IP address The other 12 bytes are used for other
functions, which we will cover later
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Comparing Protocols
HTML Data
HTTP Header Data
DataTCP Header
DataIP Header
DataEthernet Header
Layer 4: TransportSegment
Layer 3: NetworkPacket
Layer 2: Data LinkFrame
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IP routing
What kind of addresses does OSI Layer 2 use?
What kind of addresses does OSI Layer 3 use?
When do we actually use these addresses?
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MAC vs. IP
Why not use MAC addresses for everything?
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IP Addresses
An IP address consists of 32 bits: 00001000 00101000 00011101 01110000
To make it easier to read, IP addresses are typically expressed in dotted decimal format: 8.40.29.112
Each decimal value in an IP address is called an octet; one IP address consists of 4 octets
For now, IP addresses will be in dotted decimal form; later, you will need to be able to convert between dotted decimal and binary
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Binary / Decimal Conversions
Let’s practice. Convert the following binary values to dotted decimal: 01001010 . 11000101 . 00100010 . 10000010 11010011 . 01010101 . 10101010 . 11111011 11001100 . 00110011 . 00011100 . 11100011
And dotted decimal to binary: 123.45.67.89 254.0.12.99 99.100.128.129
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IP Networks
All devices in a LAN should have the same network numbers
This allows routers to easily identify where sets of IP addresses are located
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IP Routing
Does a router need to know where every unique IP address is located?
A router only needs to know where to forward a packet destined for each set of addresses
These groups of addresses are known as IP Networks
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Network Numbers
A portion of an IP address defines the IP network
This portion, followed by binary zeros, is known as the network number I.E. IP Address 3.3.3.3 belongs to the network
number 3.0.0.0
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Classes of Networking
Three classes of networks:
10 . 20 . 30 . 40
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Classful IP Addressing
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Classful IP Addressing
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Routing
R1 and R2 need to know: How to route a packet to the network
8.0.0.0 How to route a packet to the network
130.4.0.0 How to route a packet to the network
199.1.1.0
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Classful IP Addressing
What if one network was a Class A network with a network address of 8.0.0.0, and another network was a Class B network with a network address of 8.1.0.0?
The IP protocol defines a range of network numbers for each class, to avoid overlaps
00…
10…
11…
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IP addresses
Identify the Class, Network number, and range of IP addresses:
192.168.1.1 10.1.4.3 126.0.0.0 255.255.255.255
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Reserved Classes
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IP Addressing Fundamentals
Rules Concerning IP Addresses They must be unique inside a particular network They are 32-bit numbers They are typically written and displayed as
dotted-decimal numbers (e.g., 192.168.1.2) Each decimal number in a dotted-decimal IP
address represents 8 bits of the IP address (often called an octet)
Each of the four octets in an IP address are between decimal 0 and 255
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IP Addressing Fundamentals
IP Network Rules: Devices on the same LAN should use IP
addresses in the same group; the group is called an IP network
Devices on different LANs that are separated by at least one router should use IP addresses in different IP networks
IP addresses must be individually unique inside the same IP network
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IP Networks
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IP Classes
Three networks: What class is each? Is this a legal network?
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Network and Broadcast Address
When all the host numbers are binary 0’s, the address is considered the network address
When all the host numbers are binary 1’s, the address is considered the broadcast address
All the values between the network and broadcast addresses are considered valid, usable IP addresses for that network
Network address: 192.168.1.0Broadcast address: 192.168.1.255
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IP Addressing
Determine the network address, broadcast address, and valid range of IP addresses for each IP address: 24.92.0.0 203.0.0.255 1.1.1.1 142.255.255.255 222.255.255.0 100.0.0.0
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IP Addressing
Determine: The number and location of each network The network number for each network The broadcast IP address for each network The range of valid IP addresses in each network
192.168.7.254135.16.65.254
F0/1192.168.7.2
F0/2135.16.8.33
F0/2222.130.6.2
F0/1222.130.6.9
F0/2101.1.10.4
F0/1101.7.10.4
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IP Addressing
Determine what is wrong with the following network:
192.168.7.255135.16.8.33
F0/1192.168.7.2
F0/2135.16.8.33
F0/2222.130.6.2
F0/1222.130.6.0
F0/2101.1.10.4
F0/1101.7.10.4