csc1720 – introduction to internet essential materials virtual community usenet newsgroup

CSC1720 – Introduction to CSC1720 – Introduction to InternetInternet

Essential MaterialsEssential Materials

Virtual CommunityVirtual CommunityUSENET newsgroupUSENET newsgroup


All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.2003.

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OutlineOutline

What is USENET news?What is USENET news? Newsgroup NamingNewsgroup Naming How does it work? NNTP?How does it work? NNTP? How to search your favorite How to search your favorite

newsgroup?newsgroup? Miscellaneous Topics Miscellaneous Topics Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts How to setup a USENET How to setup a USENET

newsgroup?newsgroup?



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What is USENET news?What is USENET news?

Globally distributed Globally distributed discussion forumdiscussion forum. . Also known as Also known as USENET NewsUSENET News. . A collection of special interest groups, called A collection of special interest groups, called

newsgroupsnewsgroups. . Each newsgroup is devoted to a certain topic. Each newsgroup is devoted to a certain topic. There are over 6,000 newsgroups in the news There are over 6,000 newsgroups in the news

server of CSC, CUHK. server of CSC, CUHK. There are over 8,088 newsgroups in the news There are over 8,088 newsgroups in the news

server of Engineering Faculty, CUHK. server of Engineering Faculty, CUHK. Under each newsgroup, there are many Under each newsgroup, there are many

messages called messages called news articlesnews articles. .



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DefinitionsDefinitions

News administratorNews administrator – A person who is in – A person who is in charge of running a news server.charge of running a news server.

News serverNews server – A computer that saves, – A computer that saves, forwards and manages news articles. Usually, forwards and manages news articles. Usually, a news server is running in one domain.a news server is running in one domain.

News readerNews reader – A program that allows user to – A program that allows user to read/post/subscribe/unsubscribe a read/post/subscribe/unsubscribe a newsgroup.newsgroup.

NewsgroupNewsgroup – An on-line forum that allows – An on-line forum that allows users from the Internet to join the discussion users from the Internet to join the discussion on a specific topic.on a specific topic.

UsenetUsenet – A collection of newsgroups– A collection of newsgroups



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TerminologyTerminology

ArticleArticle PostPost PostingPosting Follow-upFollow-up ThreadThread SubscribeSubscribe UnsubscribeUnsubscribe

NewsreaderNewsreader News clientNews client Expired newsExpired news News serverNews server NewsfeedNewsfeed Way-stationWay-station NNTPNNTP



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News readerNews reader

TinTin Outlook ExpressOutlook Express



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News reader – Web-News reader – Web-basedbased



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News Server – News Server – UNIX/WinUNIX/Win



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Mark Moraes's Mark Moraes's ExplanationExplanation Subject: What is Usenet? Subject: What is Usenet?

Date: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 09:01:25 GMT Date: Sat, 28 Dec 1996 09:01:25 GMT From: [email protected] (Mark Moraes) Newsgroups: From: [email protected] (Mark Moraes) Newsgroups: news.announce.newusers, news.admin.misc, news.answers news.announce.newusers, news.admin.misc, news.answers Followup-To: news.newusers.questions Followup-To: news.newusers.questions

Usenet is the set of people who exchange articles Usenet is the set of people who exchange articles tagged with one or more universally-recognized labels, tagged with one or more universally-recognized labels, called "newsgroups" (or "groups" for short). There is called "newsgroups" (or "groups" for short). There is often confusion about the precise set of newsgroups that often confusion about the precise set of newsgroups that constitute Usenet; one commonly accepted definition is constitute Usenet; one commonly accepted definition is that it consists of newsgroups listed in the periodic "List that it consists of newsgroups listed in the periodic "List of Active Newsgroups" postings which appear regularly of Active Newsgroups" postings which appear regularly in news.lists and other newsgroups. A broader definition in news.lists and other newsgroups. A broader definition of Usenet would include the newsgroups listed in the of Usenet would include the newsgroups listed in the article "Alternative Newsgroup Hierarchies" (frequently article "Alternative Newsgroup Hierarchies" (frequently posted to news.lists). An even broader definition posted to news.lists). An even broader definition includes even newsgroups that are restricted to specific includes even newsgroups that are restricted to specific geographic regions or organizations. Each Usenet site geographic regions or organizations. Each Usenet site makes its own decisions about the set of groups makes its own decisions about the set of groups available to its users; this set differs from site to site. available to its users; this set differs from site to site.



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Newsgroup NamingNewsgroup Naming

Newsgroups are organized in a hierarchical Newsgroups are organized in a hierarchical structure. structure.

With the broadest grouping first. With the broadest grouping first. Followed by an arbitrary number of sub-groupings. Followed by an arbitrary number of sub-groupings. A notation you're probably familiar with:A notation you're probably familiar with:

– rec.music.folksrec.music.folks– cuhk.forumcuhk.forum– cuhk.cse.csc1720 cuhk.cse.csc1720

The name of each newsgroup is based on its The name of each newsgroup is based on its content and is self-explanatory. content and is self-explanatory.



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The Big EightThe Big Eight

compcomp Computer science and related Computer science and related

topics. topics. comp.theory.cell-automata comp.theory.cell-automata

comp.internet.library, etc. comp.internet.library, etc.

newsnews Groups concerned with the news Groups concerned with the news

network and news software. network and news software. news.newusers.questions news.newusers.questions

news.software.readers, etc. news.software.readers, etc.

recrec Groups discussing hobbies, Groups discussing hobbies,

recreational activities, and arts. recreational activities, and arts. rec.arts.manga, rec.arts.tv, etc. rec.arts.manga, rec.arts.tv, etc.

scisci Groups discussing scientific Groups discussing scientific

research and applications (other research and applications (other than computer science). and arts. than computer science). and arts.

sci.aeronautics, sci.geo.meteorology, etc.sci.aeronautics, sci.geo.meteorology, etc.

socsoc Groups that address social issues, where Groups that address social issues, where

social can mean politically relevant or social can mean politically relevant or socializing, or anything in between. socializing, or anything in between.

soc.culture.swiss, soc.women, etc. soc.culture.swiss, soc.women, etc.

talktalk The talk groups are a forum for debate on The talk groups are a forum for debate on

controversial topics, The discussions tend to controversial topics, The discussions tend to be long-winded and unresolved. This is where be long-winded and unresolved. This is where to go if you want to argue about religion. to go if you want to argue about religion.

talk.philosophy.humanism talk.philosophy.humanism talk.religion.buddhism, etc. talk.religion.buddhism, etc.

miscmisc Anything that doesn't fit into the above Anything that doesn't fit into the above

categories, or that fits into several categories. categories, or that fits into several categories. misc.legal, misc.jobs.resume, etc. misc.legal, misc.jobs.resume, etc.

humanitieshumanities Another major group? Another major group? humanities.misc, humanities.classics, etc. humanities.misc, humanities.classics, etc.



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Alternate NewsgroupsAlternate Newsgroups Over the years, some useful/popular local newsgroups are as Over the years, some useful/popular local newsgroups are as

widely distributed as the core USENET groups. widely distributed as the core USENET groups.

altalt - - Groups that discuss "Groups that discuss "alternative ways of looking at thingsalternative ways of looking at things". ". alt.gopher, alt.x-files.rpg, etc. alt.gopher, alt.x-files.rpg, etc.

bizbiz - - Discussions related to business. This newsgroup hierarchy allows postings Discussions related to business. This newsgroup hierarchy allows postings of advertisements or other marketing materials. Such activity is not allowed in of advertisements or other marketing materials. Such activity is not allowed in other groups. other groups.

biz.digital.announce, biz.clarinet.webnews.sports, etc. biz.digital.announce, biz.clarinet.webnews.sports, etc.

fifi - - Technical, recreational, and social discussions in JapaneseTechnical, recreational, and social discussions in Japanese fj.rec.fishing, fj.soc.traffic, etc. fj.rec.fishing, fj.soc.traffic, etc.

ieeeieee - - Discussions related to the IEEE (Institute of Electronic and Electrical Discussions related to the IEEE (Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers) Engineers)

ieee.announce, ieee.stds.announce, etc. ieee.announce, ieee.stds.announce, etc.

k12k12 - - A group dedicated to teachers and students, kindergarten through high A group dedicated to teachers and students, kindergarten through high school.school.

k12.chat.elementary, k12.library, etc. k12.chat.elementary, k12.library, etc.



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Read Newsgroup – Read Newsgroup – Outlook ExpressOutlook Express



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Newsgroup – altNewsgroup – alt

Different news server

Different newsgroups



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Cannot access news Cannot access news serverserver



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Local NewsgroupsLocal Newsgroups

Your local region/organization may have newsgroups Your local region/organization may have newsgroups created locally. created locally.

Though created locally, news may still be passed to other Though created locally, news may still be passed to other regions/organizations if so wanted and configured. regions/organizations if so wanted and configured.

For example, CUHK can read tw news though they are For example, CUHK can read tw news though they are created locally in Taiwan. created locally in Taiwan.

hkhk - - Hong KongHong Kong hk.general, hk.comp.mac, hk.comp.pc, etc. hk.general, hk.comp.mac, hk.comp.pc, etc.

twtw - - Tai Wan (in Big5 Chinese code)Tai Wan (in Big5 Chinese code) tw.bbs.campus.nctu, tw.bbs.lang.spanish, tw.bbs.rec.movie, etc. tw.bbs.campus.nctu, tw.bbs.lang.spanish, tw.bbs.rec.movie, etc.

cuhkcuhk - - You should know!You should know! cuhk.forum, cuhk.alumni.forum, etc. cuhk.forum, cuhk.alumni.forum, etc.



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CSC1720 newsgroupCSC1720 newsgroup

News server:news.cuhk.edu.hk

csc1720 newsgroup

subscribe



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How does it work?How does it work?

You use a You use a news readernews reader to read news, post news, follow-up a piece of news, etc. to read news, post news, follow-up a piece of news, etc. Your newsreader interrogates with a Your newsreader interrogates with a news servernews server. . A news server negotiates with other servers to transfer certain newsgroups A news server negotiates with other servers to transfer certain newsgroups

between each other (between each other (news feednews feed). ). A news server holds the news articles for a certain pre-set period (controlled by A news server holds the news articles for a certain pre-set period (controlled by

the server's administrator). the server's administrator). And eventually discards them at their And eventually discards them at their expiry dateexpiry date. .

Page 155, Page 155, The Whole Internet - User's Guide & CatalogThe Whole Internet - User's Guide & Catalog, Ed Krol, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. , Ed Krol, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.



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How does it work? How does it work? (cont’)(cont’) A news server holds the news articles for a certain pre-set A news server holds the news articles for a certain pre-set

period (controlled by the server's administrator). period (controlled by the server's administrator). And eventually discards them at their And eventually discards them at their expiry dateexpiry date. . In CSC, CUHK, In CSC, CUHK,

– 30 days for local newsgroups, i.e. hk and cuhk 30 days for local newsgroups, i.e. hk and cuhk – 5-10 days for overseas newsgroups 5-10 days for overseas newsgroups

News feed generates a huge amount of network traffic and News feed generates a huge amount of network traffic and storage requirements. storage requirements.

A typical server subscribing 2,500 newsgroups may receive A typical server subscribing 2,500 newsgroups may receive more than 50 Mbytes per day. more than 50 Mbytes per day.

A server administrator may choose not to accept certain group, A server administrator may choose not to accept certain group, either because: either because: – The group is too active and consumes a lot of resources. The group is too active and consumes a lot of resources. – The content is not suitable for the proximity, for example, alt.sex The content is not suitable for the proximity, for example, alt.sex

may not be appropriate in a working environment. may not be appropriate in a working environment.



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Network News Network News Transfer Protocol Transfer Protocol (NNTP)(NNTP)

The protocol that is used for posting/ distributing/ The protocol that is used for posting/ distributing/ retrieving USENET news articles among news server.retrieving USENET news articles among news server.

Quoted from Requests For Comments - Quoted from Requests For Comments - RFC977RFC977– The news server specified by this document uses a stream The news server specified by this document uses a stream

connection (such as TCP) and SMTP-like commands and connection (such as TCP) and SMTP-like commands and responses. It is designed to accept connections from hosts, responses. It is designed to accept connections from hosts, and to provide a simple interface to the news database. This and to provide a simple interface to the news database. This server is only an interface between programs and the news server is only an interface between programs and the news databases. It does not perform any user interaction or databases. It does not perform any user interaction or presentation- level functions. These "user-friendly" functions presentation- level functions. These "user-friendly" functions are better left to the client programs, which have a better are better left to the client programs, which have a better understanding of the environment in which they are operating. understanding of the environment in which they are operating. When used via Internet TCP, the contact port assigned for this When used via Internet TCP, the contact port assigned for this service is 119. service is 119.



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How to search How to search newsgroup?newsgroup?



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ROT13 EncryptionROT13 Encryption

Potentially offensive postings should be Potentially offensive postings should be encryptedencrypted. . A common encryption method is A common encryption method is rot13rot13. . If you read the content of the news, you may find: If you read the content of the news, you may find: Jrypbzr gur gur pbhefr pfp1720. Jrypbzr gur gur pbhefr pfp1720.

Guvf zrffntr vf rapelcgrq hfvat ebg13. Guvf zrffntr vf rapelcgrq hfvat ebg13. You may ask your news reader to You may ask your news reader to decryptdecrypt it and you will it and you will

obtain: obtain: Welcome the the course csc1720. Welcome the the course csc1720.

This message is encrypted using rot13. This message is encrypted using rot13. Can you figure out how rot13 encrypts text? Can you figure out how rot13 encrypts text?

– Rotation 13 – letters are rotated 13 positions further down Rotation 13 – letters are rotated 13 positions further down the alphabet.the alphabet.



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ROT13 in Outlook ROT13 in Outlook ExpressExpress



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Moderated Moderated NewsgroupsNewsgroups Some newsgroups are Some newsgroups are moderatedmoderated. . A A moderatormoderator examines the content of a newly examines the content of a newly

posted article first before the article is actually posted article first before the article is actually released to the public. released to the public.

Posting to a moderated group is no different Posting to a moderated group is no different than posting to any other group. than posting to any other group.

News servers know which groups are News servers know which groups are moderated and who moderates them. moderated and who moderates them.

Your newly posted articles are forwarded to the Your newly posted articles are forwarded to the appropriate moderator automatically. appropriate moderator automatically.

How about “unmoderated newsgroups”?How about “unmoderated newsgroups”?



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ThreadingThreading

A thread



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News AttachmentNews Attachment



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uuencode / uudecodeuuencode / uudecode

UNIX-to-UNIX encodeUNIX-to-UNIX encode



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Encode a file into Encode a file into printable charactersprintable characters Pictures, multimedia files, executable Pictures, multimedia files, executable

programs can be posted in programs can be posted in newsgroups.newsgroups.– .MPG, .TXT, .JPG, .EXE, etc..MPG, .TXT, .JPG, .EXE, etc.– Translate Translate a binary file into a special code that a binary file into a special code that

consists entirely of printable characters.consists entirely of printable characters. But we cannot post them directly into But we cannot post them directly into

newsgroups.newsgroups.– Must be specially encoded to be posted.Must be specially encoded to be posted.

UUENCODE – a common scheme.UUENCODE – a common scheme.



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Cross PostingCross Posting

Sometimes, you may want to post the same Sometimes, you may want to post the same article in several groups at once. article in several groups at once.

This is called This is called cross postingcross posting. . For example:For example: You may want to post an article to initiate a You may want to post an article to initiate a

discussion on Jacky Cheung's new musical. discussion on Jacky Cheung's new musical. You think a few newsgroups are related. You think a few newsgroups are related. hk.entertainment, hk.rec.music, hk.entertainment, hk.rec.music, hk.general, hk.forsale, hk.general, hk.forsale, alt.music.misc, alt.music.misc,

Best specify the Best specify the Followup-ToFollowup-To. .



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Do’s and Don’tsDo’s and Don’ts

Don't post Don't post "Hi, I am John.""Hi, I am John." type of messages. type of messages. Don't follow up and email reply at the same Don't follow up and email reply at the same time. time. Don't post nasty articles. Don't post nasty articles. Do post test messages only to Do post test messages only to cuhk.testcuhk.test, , alt.testalt.test, , hk.testhk.test..Do think before you crosspost. Do think before you crosspost. Do post only to relevant groups. Do post only to relevant groups. Do read news for some time to learn the culture Do read news for some time to learn the culture of a newsgroup before posting on the of a newsgroup before posting on the newsgroup. newsgroup.



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When you reply a news When you reply a news or emailor email How to write effective reply?How to write effective reply?

– Quote and trim messages properlyQuote and trim messages properly– Top down formattingTop down formatting

Please write reply below the original Please write reply below the original messagemessage

– HTML/richtext emailHTML/richtext email HTML email is bad, why?HTML email is bad, why?

– Reply lengthReply length Send a reply to a list with one sentence Send a reply to a list with one sentence

long?long?

– Include your signatureInclude your signature



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New ComersNew Comers

news.announce.newusersnews.announce.newusers This group consists of a series of articles that explain various facets of This group consists of a series of articles that explain various facets of

Usenet. Usenet. news.newusers.questionsnews.newusers.questions

This is where you can ask questions about how Usenet works. This is where you can ask questions about how Usenet works. news.announce.newsgroupsnews.announce.newsgroups

Look here for information about new or proposed newsgroups. Look here for information about new or proposed newsgroups. news.answersnews.answers

Contains lists of Contains lists of "Frequently Asked Questions" (FAQs)"Frequently Asked Questions" (FAQs) and their answers and their answers from many different newsgroups. Learn how to flight jet lag in the FAQ from many different newsgroups. Learn how to flight jet lag in the FAQ from from rec.travel.airrec.travel.air; look up answers to common questions about MS ; look up answers to common questions about MS Windows in an FAQ from Windows in an FAQ from comp.os.ms-windowscomp.os.ms-windows; etc. ; etc.

alt.internet.servicesalt.internet.services Looking for something in particular on the Internet? Ask here. Looking for something in particular on the Internet? Ask here.

alt.infosystems.announcealt.infosystems.announce Adding new information services to the Internet will post details here. Adding new information services to the Internet will post details here.



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How to start a How to start a newsgroup?newsgroup? A formal “Request for Discussion (A formal “Request for Discussion (RFDRFD) )

is posted to “news.announce.newgroup”is posted to “news.announce.newgroup” Next, Call for Votes (Next, Call for Votes (CFVCFV) is posted to ) is posted to

the same newsgroup and the voting the same newsgroup and the voting period will be 20-30 days.period will be 20-30 days.

At the end of the period, the result are At the end of the period, the result are posted.posted.

The group will be created only ifThe group will be created only if– 100 “yes” votes more than “no” votes100 “yes” votes more than “no” votes– At least two-thirds of the votes were “yes”.At least two-thirds of the votes were “yes”.



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How to start a How to start a newsgroup?newsgroup?



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Internet CommonsInternet Commons

Flame WarFlame War Spew, BlathersSpew, Blathers Excessive QuoteExcessive Quote Other DenizensOther Denizens Excessive QuoteExcessive Quote NetiquetteNetiquette Smileys / EmoticonsSmileys / Emoticons AbbreviationsAbbreviations



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Flame WarFlame War

A flame is a particularly A flame is a particularly nastynasty, , personal attackpersonal attack on somebody for on somebody for something he or she has written. something he or she has written.

Takes up considerable resources. Takes up considerable resources. Flame wars can be tremendously Flame wars can be tremendously

fun to watch at first. They quickly fun to watch at first. They quickly grow boring, though. grow boring, though.

THINK!THINK! Before you join a flame war. Before you join a flame war.



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SpewSpew

SpewersSpewers assume that whatever they are assume that whatever they are particularly concerned about is of particularly concerned about is of universal interest. universal interest.

They send numerous articles to They send numerous articles to numerous newsgroups about the topic numerous newsgroups about the topic they concerned about. they concerned about.

If you comment on his/her behavior, you If you comment on his/her behavior, you will turn up to receive his/her reply which will turn up to receive his/her reply which consists of hundreds of lines to consists of hundreds of lines to comment you! comment you!



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BlathersBlathers

The problem of The problem of blathersblathers is that they is that they can't get to the point. can't get to the point.

They write out screenfuls of words, They write out screenfuls of words, when others might sum up in a when others might sum up in a sentence or two. sentence or two.



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Excessive QuoteExcessive Quote

People afflicted with this include People afflicted with this include the entire original message in their the entire original message in their reply without excising irrelevant reply without excising irrelevant portions. portions.

The worst quote a long message The worst quote a long message and then add a single line: and then add a single line: – "I agree!""I agree!"



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Other DenizensOther Denizens

Net.weeniesNet.weenies - - These are the kind of people who enjoy LOWER These are the kind of people who enjoy LOWER CASED insulting others. CASED insulting others.

Net.geeksNet.geeks - - People to whom the Net is Life, who worry about what People to whom the Net is Life, who worry about what happens when they graduate and lose their free, 24-hour access. happens when they graduate and lose their free, 24-hour access.

LurkersLurkers - - Actually, you can't tell these people are there, but they Actually, you can't tell these people are there, but they are. They're the folks who read a newsgroup but never post or are. They're the folks who read a newsgroup but never post or respond. respond.

WizardsWizards - - People who know a particular Net-related topic inside People who know a particular Net-related topic inside and out. and out.

Net.saintsNet.saints - - Always willing to help a newcomer, eager to share Always willing to help a newcomer, eager to share their knowledge with those not born with an innate ability to navigate their knowledge with those not born with an innate ability to navigate the Net. They are not as rare as you might think. Post a question the Net. They are not as rare as you might think. Post a question about something and you'll often be surprised how many responses about something and you'll often be surprised how many responses you get. you get.



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NetiquetteNetiquette

Netiquette, which is short for Netiquette, which is short for Internet Internet etiquetteetiquette, is the code of acceptable , is the code of acceptable behaviors users should follow while on behaviors users should follow while on the Internet; that is, the conduct the Internet; that is, the conduct expected on individuals while online.expected on individuals while online. – Netiquette is all about respect. Netiquette is all about respect. – Keep your messages short and to the point. Keep your messages short and to the point. – Watch your grammar and spelling. Watch your grammar and spelling. – Be careful with humor. Avoid sarcasm. Be careful with humor. Avoid sarcasm. – Be polite. Avoid offensive language. Be polite. Avoid offensive language.



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Reference



4343


NetiquetteNetiquette– Use uppercase words very sparingly. Use uppercase words very sparingly.

UPPERCASE TEXT YELLS AT PEOPLE. UPPERCASE TEXT YELLS AT PEOPLE. – Never leave your "subject" line blank. Never leave your "subject" line blank. – Include your email address in the message Include your email address in the message

body (i.e. in your signature file). body (i.e. in your signature file). – Avoid sending Avoid sending flamesflames, which are abusive or , which are abusive or

insulting messages. Never participate in insulting messages. Never participate in flame warflame war. .



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Flame WarFlame War

Damp Damp SquibSquib

DetonatorDetonator FirefighterFirefighter ……

reference



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Smileys / EmoticonsSmileys / Emoticons

Use Use emoticonsemoticons to express to express emotions. Popular emoticons emotions. Popular emoticons include include – :) :( :o :) :( :o :) ;) :-# :-X :-O :( :< ::) ;) :-# :-X :-O :( :< :~~( :P ;P ^-^ ( :P ;P ^-^

^_- ;_; T_T $_$ @_@ O<[:-3 ^_- ;_; T_T $_$ @_@ O<[:-3 Use abbreviations and acronyms Use abbreviations and acronyms

for phrases such as for phrases such as – BTW, FYI, FWIW, IMHO, TYVM BTW, FYI, FWIW, IMHO, TYVM



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ExamplesExamples Reference



4747

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

<BFN><BFN> Bye For Now Bye For Now <BTW> By The Way <BTW> By The Way <G><G> Grin Grin <HTH> Hope This Helps <HTH> Hope This Helps <IJWTK><IJWTK> I Just Want To Know I Just Want To Know <IJWTS> I Just Want To Say <IJWTS> I Just Want To Say <IMHO><IMHO> In My Humble Opinion In My Humble Opinion <LOL> Laughing Out Loud <LOL> Laughing Out Loud <OTOH><OTOH> On The Other Hand On The Other Hand <ROTFL> Rolling on the Floor Laughing <ROTFL> Rolling on the Floor Laughing <TOY><TOY> Thinking of You Thinking of You <YMMV> Your Mileage May Vary <YMMV> Your Mileage May Vary



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AcronymsAcronymshttp://www.muller-godschalk.com/acronyms.html



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ReferencesReferences

Internet FAQ ArchivesInternet FAQ Archives How USENET protocol works?How USENET protocol works?

The End.The End. Thank you for your patience!Thank you for your patience!

csc1720 – introduction to internet essential materials virtual community usenet newsgroup

Documents

news articles

news server of csc

news server unixwin

definitions news administrator

usenet site

news reader webbased

precise set of newsgroups

questions usenet