csci 116 week 3 functions & control structures. 2 topics using functions using functions...
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CSCI 116 Week 3CSCI 116 Week 3
Functions & Functions & Control StructuresControl Structures
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TopicsTopics
Using functionsUsing functions Variable scope and autoglobalsVariable scope and autoglobals Decision logicDecision logic
• ifif statements statements• if...elseif...else statements statements• switchswitch statements statements
LoopsLoops• whilewhile statements statements• do...whiledo...while statements statements• forfor and and foreachforeach statements statements
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Defining FunctionsDefining Functions
Functions Functions • Groups of statements that you can Groups of statements that you can
execute as a single unitexecute as a single unit Defining a functionDefining a function::
<?php<?php
function function name_of_functionname_of_function((parametersparameters) )
{{
statementsstatements;;
}}
?>?>
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Function ParametersFunction Parameters A A parameterparameter is an input to the function is an input to the function Parameters are placed within the Parameters are placed within the
parentheses that follow the function parentheses that follow the function namename
Not all functions accept parametersNot all functions accept parameters
function average($num1, $num2)
function printHello()
function calcTax($price)
2 parameters2 parameters
0 parameters0 parameters
1 parameter1 parameter
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Function ExampleFunction Example
function printPhrase($phrase) function printPhrase($phrase)
{{
echo “$phrase</ br>”;echo “$phrase</ br>”;
}}
printPhrase(“Silly goose!”);printPhrase(“Silly goose!”);
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Returning ValuesReturning Values
A A return statementreturn statement returns a value to returns a value to the statement that called the functionthe statement that called the function
A function does not have to return a A function does not have to return a valuevalue
function averageNumbers($a, $b, $c) function averageNumbers($a, $b, $c) {{
$sumOfNumbers = $a + $b + $c;$sumOfNumbers = $a + $b + $c;$average = $sumOfNumbers / 3;$average = $sumOfNumbers / 3;return $average;return $average;
}}
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Function PracticeFunction Practice
1.1. Write a function that takes a name and Write a function that takes a name and prints “Hello, prints “Hello, namename!” !”
2.2. Write a function that returns the Write a function that returns the maximum of two values.maximum of two values.
3.3. Write a function that converts celsius to Write a function that converts celsius to fahrenheit (F=C*1.8+32).fahrenheit (F=C*1.8+32).
4.4. Write a function that takes a radius and Write a function that takes a radius and returns the circumference of a circle returns the circumference of a circle (C=PI*Diameter).(C=PI*Diameter).
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Understanding Variable ScopeUnderstanding Variable Scope
Variable scopeVariable scope • Where in your program a declared variable can Where in your program a declared variable can
be usedbe used• Can be either global or localCan be either global or local
Global variableGlobal variable • Declared outside a function and available to all Declared outside a function and available to all
parts of your programparts of your program Local variableLocal variable
• Declared inside a function and only available Declared inside a function and only available within that functionwithin that function
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Variable ScopeVariable Scope<?php<?php
$globalVar = "Global";$globalVar = "Global";function scopeExample()function scopeExample(){{
echo "<b>Inside function:echo "<b>Inside function:<br /></b>";<br /></b>";
$localVar = "Local";$localVar = "Local";echo "$localVar<br />";echo "$localVar<br />";global $globalVar;global $globalVar;echo "$globalVar<br /><br />";echo "$globalVar<br /><br />";
}}scopeExample();scopeExample();echo "<b>Outside function:echo "<b>Outside function:
<br /></b>"; <br /></b>";echo "$localVar<br />"; echo "$localVar<br />"; echo "$globalVar<br />";echo "$globalVar<br />";
?>?>
global keywordglobal keywordused insideused insidefunction to function to referencereferenceglobal variableglobal variable
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AutoglobalsAutoglobals
PHP includes predefined global arrays, PHP includes predefined global arrays, called called autoglobalsautoglobals or or superglobalssuperglobals
Autoglobals contain Autoglobals contain clientclient, , serverserver, and , and environmentenvironment information information
Autoglobals are Autoglobals are associative arraysassociative arrays • Elements are referred to with an alphanumeric Elements are referred to with an alphanumeric
key instead of an index numberkey instead of an index number• Example: Example: $_SERVER[“PHP_SELF”]$_SERVER[“PHP_SELF”]
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PHP AutoglobalsPHP Autoglobals
See http://us.php.net/reserved.variables for more information.
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Using $GLOBALSUsing $GLOBALS
<?php$globalVar = "Global";function scopeExample(){
echo "<b>Inside function:<br /></b>";$localVar = "Local";echo "$localVar<br />";echo $GLOBALS["globalVar"] , "<br /><br />";
}scopeExample();echo "<b>Outside function:<br /></b>";echo "$localVar<br />"; echo "$globalVar<br />";
?>
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Using $_SERVERUsing $_SERVER<?php<?php
echo "The name of the current script is ", echo "The name of the current script is ", $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"], "<br />";$_SERVER["PHP_SELF"], "<br />";
echo "The absolute path of the current script is: ", echo "The absolute path of the current script is: ", $_SERVER["SCRIPT_FILENAME"], "<br />";$_SERVER["SCRIPT_FILENAME"], "<br />";
echo "The name of the server on which this script is echo "The name of the server on which this script is executing is: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_NAME"], "<br />";executing is: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_NAME"], "<br />";
echo "This script was executed with the following server echo "This script was executed with the following server software: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"], "<br />";software: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"], "<br />";
echo "This script was executed with the following server echo "This script was executed with the following server protocol: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_PROTOCOL"];protocol: ", $_SERVER["SERVER_PROTOCOL"];
?>?>
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Using $_GET and $_POSTUsing $_GET and $_POST
$_GET$_GET and and $_POST$_POST allow you to allow you to access the values of forms that are access the values of forms that are submitted to a PHP scriptsubmitted to a PHP script
$_GET$_GET appends form data as one long appends form data as one long string to the URLstring to the URL
$_POST$_POST sends form data as a sends form data as a transmission separate from the URLtransmission separate from the URL
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$_GET Example$_GET Example
Note the values in the URL
<form method="get" action="processForm.php">Name: <input type="text" name="name" size="20" /><br />Hometown: <input type="text" name="town" size="20" /><br /><input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form><?php
echo "Hello, ", $_GET["name"], " from ", $_GET["town"], "!";?>
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$_POST Example$_POST Example
No values in the URL
<form method=“post" action="processForm.php">Name: <input type="text" name="name" size="20" /><br />Hometown: <input type="text" name="town" size="20" /><br /><input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form><?php
echo "Hello, ", $_POST["name"], " from ", $_POST["town"], "!";?>
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ifif Statements Statements
Used to execute specific programming code Used to execute specific programming code ifif a condition returns a condition returns truetrue
Syntax:Syntax: if (if (conditional expressionconditional expression))
statementstatement;; Example:Example:
$num = 5;$num = 5;if ($num == 5) // CONDITION IS TRUEif ($num == 5) // CONDITION IS TRUE{ { echo “The condition evaluates to true.</ br>”;echo “The condition evaluates to true.</ br>”;echo '$num is equal to ', “$num.</ br>”echo '$num is equal to ', “$num.</ br>”
}}echo “This statement always executes.</ br>”;echo “This statement always executes.</ br>”;
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if...elseif...else Statements Statements
An An elseelse clause executes when the condition clause executes when the condition in an in an if...elseif...else statement evaluates to statement evaluates to falsefalse
Syntax:Syntax:if (if (conditional expressionconditional expression) )
statementstatement;;elseelse
statementstatement;;
Example:Example:$Today = “Tuesday”;$Today = “Tuesday”;if ($Today == “Monday”)if ($Today == “Monday”)
echo “Today is Monday</ br>”;echo “Today is Monday</ br>”;elseelse
echo “Today is not Monday</ echo “Today is not Monday</ br>”;br>”;
Curly braces are not required Curly braces are not required when there is only one when there is only one
statement after the if or else.statement after the if or else.
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Nested Nested ifif Statements Statements
One decision-making statement One decision-making statement may be contained within anothermay be contained within another
if ($_GET[“SalesTotal”] > 50)if ($_GET[“SalesTotal”] > 50){{
if ($_GET[“SalesTotal”] < 100)if ($_GET[“SalesTotal”] < 100){{
echo “Sales total is between 50 and echo “Sales total is between 50 and 100.</ br>”;100.</ br>”;
}}}}
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switchswitch Statements Statements Controls program flow by executing a specific Controls program flow by executing a specific
set of statements depending on the value of set of statements depending on the value of an expressionan expression
Compares the value of an expression to a Compares the value of an expression to a value in a value in a case labelcase label• casecase label can be followed by one or more label can be followed by one or more
statementsstatements• Each set of statements is usually followed by the Each set of statements is usually followed by the
keyword keyword breakbreak• The The defaultdefault label contains statements that label contains statements that
execute when the value of the expression does not execute when the value of the expression does not match any other match any other casecase label label
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switchswitch Statements Statements SyntaxSyntax
Switch (Switch (expressionexpression) ) {{case case label: label: statement(s)statement(s);;
break;break;case case labellabel::
statement(s)statement(s);;break;break;
......default:default:
statement(s)statement(s);;}}
ExampleExampleSwitch ($day) Switch ($day) {{
case 1case 1: : print “partridge”;print “partridge”; break;break;case 2:case 2: print “turtle print “turtle
doves”;doves”; break;break;......default:default: print “Invalid”;print “Invalid”;
}}
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Decision PracticeDecision Practice
Write a statement that prints “even” if a Write a statement that prints “even” if a variable num is even.variable num is even.
Write a statement that prints “even” if a Write a statement that prints “even” if a variable num is even, and “odd” variable num is even, and “odd” otherwise.otherwise.
Write a statement that prints “A” for a Write a statement that prints “A” for a grade of 90-100, “B” for 80-89, “C” for 70-grade of 90-100, “B” for 80-89, “C” for 70-79, “D” for 60-69 and “F” otherwise.79, “D” for 60-69 and “F” otherwise.
Write a switch statement that takes a Write a switch statement that takes a number and prints the corresponding number and prints the corresponding month, e.g. “January” for 1.month, e.g. “January” for 1.
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Repeating CodeRepeating Code
A A loop statementloop statement is a control structure that is a control structure that repeatedly executes a statement or a series of repeatedly executes a statement or a series of statements statements
Each repetition of a loop is called an Each repetition of a loop is called an iterationiteration Loop may execute Loop may execute whilewhile a condition is true or a condition is true or untiluntil a condition becomes true a condition becomes true
Four types of loops:Four types of loops:• while statements• do...while statements• for statements• foreach statements
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whilewhile Statements Statements
Repeats one or more statements Repeats one or more statements whilewhile a conditional expression evaluates to a conditional expression evaluates to truetrue
Syntax:Syntax: while (while (conditional expressionconditional expression) )
{{
statement(s);statement(s);
}}
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whilewhile Statement Example Statement Example
$Count = 1;$Count = 1;while ($Count <= 5) while ($Count <= 5) {{
echo “$Count<br />”;echo “$Count<br />”;++$Count;++$Count;
}}echo “You have printed 5 numbers.</ br>”;echo “You have printed 5 numbers.</ br>”;
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whilewhile Statement Example Statement Example
$Count = 10;$Count = 10;while ($Count > 0) while ($Count > 0) {{
echo “$Count<br />”;echo “$Count<br />”;--$Count;--$Count;
}}echo “We have liftoff.</ br>”;echo “We have liftoff.</ br>”;
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whilewhile Statements Example Statements Example
$Count = 1;$Count = 1;while ($Count <= 100) while ($Count <= 100) {{
echo “$Count<br />”;echo “$Count<br />”;$Count *= 2;$Count *= 2;
}}
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Infinite LoopsInfinite Loops
In an In an infinite loopinfinite loop, a loop statement , a loop statement never ends because its conditional never ends because its conditional expression is never falseexpression is never false
$Count = 1;$Count = 1;
while ($Count <= 10) while ($Count <= 10)
{{
echo “The number is $Count”;echo “The number is $Count”;
}}
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do...whiledo...while Statements Statements
Executes a statement or statements Executes a statement or statements at least onceat least once
Repeats execution as long as Repeats execution as long as conditional expression is trueconditional expression is true
Syntax:Syntax:do do
{{
statementstatement(s);(s);
} while (} while (conditional expressionconditional expression););
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do...whiledo...while Example Example
$Count = 2;$Count = 2;
do do
{{
echo “The count is equal echo “The count is equal
to $Count</ br>”;to $Count</ br>”;
++$Count;++$Count;
} while ($Count < 2);} while ($Count < 2);
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do...whiledo...while Example Example
$DaysOfWeek = array(“Monday”, “Tuesday”, $DaysOfWeek = array(“Monday”, “Tuesday”, “Wednesday”, “Thursday”, “Friday”, “Wednesday”, “Thursday”, “Friday”, “Saturday”, “Sunday”);“Saturday”, “Sunday”);
$Count = 0;$Count = 0;do do {{
echo $DaysOfWeek[$Count], “<br />”;echo $DaysOfWeek[$Count], “<br />”;++$Count;++$Count;
} while ($Count < 7);} while ($Count < 7);
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forfor Statements Statements
Used to repeat one or more statements as Used to repeat one or more statements as long as a given condition is truelong as a given condition is true
Includes code that initializes a counter and Includes code that initializes a counter and changes its value with each iterationchanges its value with each iteration
Syntax:Syntax:
for (for (counter declaration and initializationcounter declaration and initialization; ; conditioncondition; ; update statement) update statement) {{
statement(s)statement(s);;} }
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forfor Statements Example Statements Example
$FastFoods$FastFoods == array(“pizza”,array(“pizza”, “burgers”,“burgers”, “french“french fries”, “tacos”, “fried chicken”);fries”, “tacos”, “fried chicken”);
for ($Count = 0; $Count < 5; ++$Count) for ($Count = 0; $Count < 5; ++$Count)
{{
echo $FastFoods[$Count], “<br />”;echo $FastFoods[$Count], “<br />”;
}}
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foreachforeach Statements Statements
Used to iterate or loop through the Used to iterate or loop through the elements in an arrayelements in an array
Does not require a counterDoes not require a counter Specify an array expression within a set Specify an array expression within a set
of parentheses following of parentheses following foreachforeach Syntax:Syntax:
foreach ($foreach ($array_namearray_name as $ as $variable_namevariable_name) )
{{
statements;statements;
}}
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foreachforeach Example Example
$animals = array(“lion”, “tiger”, $animals = array(“lion”, “tiger”, “monkey”);“monkey”);
foreach ($animals as $animal)foreach ($animals as $animal)
{{
echo “$animal<br />”;echo “$animal<br />”;
}}
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Loop PracticeLoop Practice
Using a do loop, do…while loop, and for Using a do loop, do…while loop, and for loop, perform each of the following tasks:loop, perform each of the following tasks:
• Print the numbers from 10 to 1 and then Print the numbers from 10 to 1 and then “Blastoff!” “Blastoff!”
• Add up the numbers from 1 to 10 and then Add up the numbers from 1 to 10 and then display the result.display the result.
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SummarySummary
Functions are groups of statements that Functions are groups of statements that you can execute as a single unityou can execute as a single unit
Autoglobals contain client, server, and Autoglobals contain client, server, and environment informationenvironment information
Flow control determines the order in which Flow control determines the order in which program statements executeprogram statements execute
Decision logic includes if, if…else, and Decision logic includes if, if…else, and switchswitch
Loops include while, do…while, for, and Loops include while, do…while, for, and foreachforeach