csci-383 object-oriented programming & design lecture 23
TRANSCRIPT
CSCI-383
Object-Oriented Programming & Design
Lecture 23
Throw List
One can restrict the types of exceptions that can be thrown in a function by specifying a throw list as part of the function prototype. For examplevoid myFunction(void) throw(RangeErr,DivideByZero) {...}
If one throws a different type of exception than those in the list, the system function unexpected is called, which (by default) calls terminate
An empty throw list (i.e., throw()) specifies that any exceptions thrown by the function will trigger a call to unexpected
Handout #12
Chapters 14, 15, 16, 17
Polymorphism
Polymorphism Polymorphous: Having, or assuming various forms,
characters, or styles From greek roots, poly = many, and Morphos = form
(Morphus was the greek god of sleep, who could assume many forms, and from which we derive the name Morphine, among other things)
American Heritage Dictionary (polymorphism) 1. Biology. The occurrence of different forms, stages,
or types in individual organisms or in organisms of the same species, independent of sexual variations
2. Chemistry. Crystallization of a compound in at least two distinct forms. In this sense, also called pleomorphism
In OOP, polymorphism is when variables or functions have more than one form
Polymorphic Variables
Polymorphic variables, or untyped variables, are variables that have no type associated with them
Rather, type is associated with the data stored in the variables. Thus, the variable can hold values of different types during the course of execution
LISP & Smalltalk directly support polymorphic variables
The most common polymorphic variable is the one that holds the receiver during the execution of a method Called this in C++ and Java, self in Smalltalk and
Objective-C, current in Eiffel
Polymorphic Variables
C++ provides limited support for polymorphic variables in the form of class pointer conversions C++ permits one to treat base classes as compatible
abstractions of derived classes This allows one to store the address of a derived
class instance in a base class pointer variable
Polymorphism & Typing
Polymorphic Code (functional polymorphism) may be invoked with variables of different type (writing almost at a pseudo-code level)
Dynamically Typed Languages: code is polymorphic (almost by definition)
Statically Typed Languages: code restricted to declared type of variables (a priori)
Main challenge: polymorphism in statically typed languages Expressive power Safety
Functional Polymorphism
Functional polymorphism exists when a function or procedure has more than one form
Two types of functional polymorphism are Pure polymorphism Ad hoc polymorphism
Pure Polymorphism
A polymorphic method (also called pure polymorphism) occurs when a polymorphic variable is used as an argument
Different effects, which vary depending upon the argument, are formed by using different types of value
Ad hoc Polymorphism
Ad hoc: 1. For the specific purpose, case, or situation at hand
and for no other: a committee formed ad hoc to address the issue of salaries
2. Formed for or concerned with one specific purpose: an ad hoc compensation committee
3. Improvised and often impromptu: On an ad hoc basis, Congress has placed ceilings on military aid to specific countries
Ad hoc Polymorphism
Polymorphism is over finitely few shapes Often, very few
Different shapes are generated manually, or semi-manually
No unifying common ground to all shapes, other than designer’s intentions Uniformity is a coincidence, not a rule
Overloading Polymorphism User or system overloads an identifier or operator
to work with different types E.g., C++’s user-defined overloading of the function
name maxdouble max(double d1, double d2);char max(char c1, char c2);char* max(char* s1, char* s2);
E.g., C++’s user-defined overloading of the += operatorclass Rational {public:
Rational(double);const Rational& operator+=(const Rational&
other);...
};
A Definition of Overloading
We say a term is overloaded if it has two or more meanings
Most words in natural languages are overloaded, and confusion is resolved by means of context
Same is true of OO languages There are two important classes of context that are
used to resolve overloaded names Overloading based on scopes Overloading based on type signatures
Interclass Overloading
Interclass overloading exists when different implementations of a function exist in different classes (or scopes)
In this case, the fully-scoped name of the function is sufficient to distinguish it from other implementations with the same function name
Intraclass Overloading
Intraclass overloading exists when different implementations of a funciton exist within the same class (or scope)
In C++, implementations are distinguished from one another by their fully-scoped names and their signatures
Distinguishing C++ Functions
The following rules are used to distinguish functions from one another in C++ A function call first chooses from among all functions
of that name, within the scope specified, those for which the argument types match the parameter types or for which a set of conversions exist
The set of functions that best match the call is calculated; if the set has more than one element, ambiguity exists
Distinguishing C++ Functions
void setAngle(int degrees)
void setAngle(float radians)
int i = 45;
float f = 3.1415;
setAngle(i); // Okay
setAngle(f); // Okay
setAngle(3.1415); // OOPS!
Stream Output in C++
Stream output is a good example of the power of overloading. Every primitive type has a different stream output function
ostream& operator<<(ostream& destination, int source);
ostream& operator<<(ostream& destination, short source);
ostream& operator<<(ostream& destination, long source);
ostream& operator<<(ostream& destination, char source);
ostream& operator<<(ostream& destination, char* source);
// ... and so on
Coercion Polymorphism
Polymorphism arising from the existence of built-in or user-defined coercions between types
int pi = 3.14150; // Built-in coercion from double to int
float x = ‘\0’; // Built-in coercion from char to float
extern sqrt(float);
x = sqrt(pi); // Built-in coercion from int to double and
// built-in coercion from double to float
Coercion Polymorphism
class Rational {public:
Rational(double);operator double(void);...
};
Rational r(2); // Built-in coercion from int to double // and user-defined coercion from
double // to Rational
cout << sqrt(r); // User-defined coercion from Rational // to double (also C++’s user // overloading of the << operator)