csptower_final_061214_masterthesis

Exergy & Economic Analyses for CSP Tower Plant in Egypt

Institut für Energietechnik Prof. Dr. Ing. G. Tsatsaronis Prof. Dr. T. Morozyuk

Master Thesis by: Mohamed Bahaa Noaman

Berlin- Winter Semester ’14/’15 December 5th, 2014

Motivation

Master Thesis – Noaman, December 2014

1. Energy Sector in Egypt

• Egypt must cut its food and fuel subsidies

• Energy accounts for 80% of total Egypt’s subsidies

• Egypt is now a net importer of oil and gas

• Private companies should take part in developing energy sector in Egypt

• Feasibility study for Solar Tower Project by TAQA Arabia

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http://www.iesc.org/Data/Sites/1/SharedFiles/egyptforward/presentations/Energy_ZaghloulMr.AkmalM.Presentation.pdf


2. Research Topic Significance

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CSP Tower Tech

• Dispatchable Electricity

• Tower High concentration ratio

Power Block Cycle

• High-Efficiency Thermodynamic Cycles can enhance efficiency by 13%[1]

• Reduce LCOE up-to 2 cents/kWh[2]

Exergo-economic

Optimization

• R&D goal? reduce uncertainties increase tech competitiveness

Bench-marking

• Comparing our study to help in taking investment decisions

[1] NREL, 2012, “Tradeoffs and Synergies between CSP and PV at High Grid Penetration” [2] http://www.ezklein.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/TowerRoadmap-track-changes-EZKleins-contribution.pdf

http://www.ezklein.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/TowerRoadmap-track-changes-EZKleins-contribution.pdf











State of the Art


1. CSP Tower Technology

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Receiver Type Advantage Disadvantage

Water/Steam Receivers

• Mature Technology

•Difficult Thermal Storage setup

Reliable

Molten-salt Receivers

•Cheapest for pure solar plants

•Temperature limited to 600 °C

Storage Capability

Volumetric air Receivers

•Good option for Hybrid Systems (ISCC)

•Air has low Specific Heat Capacity •Difficult thermal storage

High Temperatures


2. Second Generation Technology Molten Salt

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http://prod.sandia.gov/techlib/access-control.cgi/2001/013674.pdf


3. Technology Developments in 10 countries globally

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Solar Two (99 to 2009) Demo for 2nd Generation PS10 2007 11MW

Steam/Rankine 1st Commercial plant

Ivanpah 370MW Steam/Rankine by Google in 2013

GemaSolar 2011 20MW – Molten Salt/Rankine

24h operation Solar only

Subcritical Rankine Cycles

http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/power_tower.cfm

Solar One operated successfully within 82-88

http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/power_tower.cfm


4. Latest Developments USA/Australia/Spain/Israel/Germany at DLR

• S-CO2 Closed Brayton cycle higher system efficiencies lower-cost

• Modular Supercritical-CO2 receiver (10 MW)

• Unlike water/steam Rankine cycles;

1. No phase change &

2. Easily matched to current molten-salt TES

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http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50787.pdf

http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50787.pdf


4. What’s special about Supercritical-CO2 !

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1. Wilkes, C. J. (2014, June 16). Fundamentals of Supercritical CO2. Retrieved November 2014, from Southwest Research Institute: http://www.swri.org/4org/d18/sCO2/papers2014/tutorials/wilkes.pdf 2. Dostal, V., Driscoll, M. J., & Hejzlar, P. (March 2004). A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors. The MIT Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems

http://www.swri.org/4org/d18/sCO2/papers2014/tutorials/wilkes.pdf



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4. Modular Tower

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Zhiwen, M., & Turchi, C. S. (May 2011). Advanced Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Configurations for Use in Concentrating Solar Power Systems. Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Symposium. Boulder, Colorado

Methodology


1. Overview of Activities

• Literature review

• Design & Simulation

• Exergy Analysis

• Economic Analysis

• Benchmarking

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2. High-Efficiency Thermodynamic Cycles

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Dunham, M. T., & Iverson, B. D.

(2014). High-

Efficiency Thermodynamic Power Cycles for Concentrated Solar Power Systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (30), 758-770.


3. Baseload Power Plant

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Parameters Assumptions Additional Comments

Reflective area 2 km2 Calculated using

EbsilonProfessional 10

HTF Molten-salt

Capability 15 hours To insure a 70% capacity factor

Plant Setup Baseload –

24h operation

Capacity Factor 70% Lowest LCOE occurs

@ (3 Solar-Multiple)

Power Rating 125 MWe


3. Rankine cycle Simulation – 125 MWe

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2nd Generation Technology Molten-salt as HTF


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Modular Tower Direct cycle TIT 700°C

4. S-CO2 Closed Brayton cycle Simulation – 10 MWe


4. S-CO2 Simulation Results

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Design Parameter

Indirect 550 °C

Central Tower

S-CO2

Direct 700 °C

Modular

S-CO2

Direct 900 °C

Modular

S-CO2

Thermal Efficiency (%) 41 48.4 50.8

Net Electric Power (MWe) 125 9.5 10

Compressor Outlet Pressure (bar) 200 200 200

Pressure Ratio 1.9 2.6 2.6

Turbine Inlet Temperature (°C) 550 700 900

Mass Flow Rate (Kg/Sec) 2300 107 93

Total Heat Exchanger Volume (m3) 27.3 1.8 2.1

Analysis


Exergy Analysis

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Modular cycle at 900 °C TIT Exergetic Efficiency = 71%


Exergy Destruction

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40%

7%

11% 7%

12%

9%

7% 7%

Exergy Destruction Rate yD* (%)

Pre-cooler

Compressor

LT Recuperator

Re-compressor

HT Recuperator

Compressor Turbine

HP Power Turbine

LP Power Turbine


Economic Analysis

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Category Unit Rankine Cycle

(Central Tower)

S-CO2 Cycle

(Central Tower)

S-CO2

(Solar Park)

Turbine Output (net) MWe 125 125 (10) 125

Power Block M$ 68.5 63.7 160.7

Total Capital Investment M$ 830 810 960

O&M Costs M$ 35 20 25

Capacity Factor % 0.7 0.7 0.7

LCOE $/kWhe 0.110 0.105 0.125

Mature Cycle Promising Cycles


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8.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

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Start (2019)

After 5 years

After 10 years

After 15 years (2034)

After 20 years

After 25 years

After 30 years (2049)

LCO

E -

($¢/

kWh

e)

Project lifetime in years

Rankine cycle S-CO2 Central Tower

S-CO2 Modular Tower (Solar Park) CCGT @ 0.5% Escalation rate of natural-Gas

CCGT @ 1% Escalation rate of natural-Gas CCGT @ 1.5% Escalation rate of natural-Gas

Benchmark

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Tariffs

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Tariffs in Egypt

New Gov’ Decree in July 2014

98 EGP cents/kWhe in 2019

11 $¢/kWhe (On average)


Future Work!

• Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization

• The operation and control schemes for the S-CO2 closed Brayton Cycle

• Uncertainty analysis

• Economic Assessment for S-CO2 modular towers vs. PV systems for Distributed Generation

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Thanks for your attention!

Back-up Slides


HEATRIC – PCHE Technology

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Case Heat

Exchanger Q (MW) ∆T (K) U (W/m2K)* Area (m2) Comments

1st Case

(125 MWe -

550 °C)

LT

Recuperator 190 9.6 3,000 6,500

The area is

relatively

larger than

the other

two cases

because of

the higher

capacity

HT

Recuperator 840 17.7 3,000 15,800

Pre-cooler 188 3.1 7,000 8,600

2nd Case

(10 Mwe -

700 °C)

LT

Recuperator 8 20 3,000 130

The area

here is

larger than

the 3rd case

due to the

higher TIT

HT

Recuperator 43 4.8 3,000 3,000

Pre-cooler 10 4 7,000 350

3rd Case

(10 Mwe -

900 °C)

LT

Recuperator 9 27.9 3,000 100

As the TIT

increases

the area

decreases

and the

system is

more

compact

HT

Recuperator 54 8.8 3,000 2,000

Pre-cooler 9 6.5 7,000 200


TAQA Project details

• The goal of the TAQA CSP Plant is to develop, construct, operate and maintain a 250-MW CSP plant as a renewable energy solution in an area of Egypt where electricity demand is expected to increase significantly. The Grantee requires an FS to determine the economic viability of CSP technology in Egypt. Specifically, the FS will evaluate the viability of using a CSP tower system with molten salt storage technology, as well as alternative CSP technologies. Upon successful implementation of the TAQA CSP plant, the Grantee plans to develop three additional CSP plants in two implementation phases, with a total capacity of 1,000 MW. They are to be connected to the Egyptian grid and operated under a proposed feed-in tariff regime. Total implementation cost of the project is $1.23 billion with an estimated $478 million in potential U.S. exports.

• Key aspects of the FS will include the determination of costs of local labor and materials sourced in Egypt; an analysis of unique financial structuring aspects such as sovereign guarantees, accelerated depreciation, carbon financing, and feed-in tariff rates; selection of the most appropriate CSP technology for Egypt; and quantification of the social and local economic benefits of CSP for Egypt.

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http://www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap/taqa-concentrated-solar-power-plant


4. Simple S-CO2 Closed Brayton Cycle

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