ctbuh.org/papers title: tall buildings in numbers: 50 ... · project “contextualism,” due to...
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Title: Tall Buildings in Numbers: 50 Years of Tall Building Evolution
Authors:
Subjects: Architectural/DesignHistory, Theory & Criticism
Publication Date: 2019
Original Publication: CTBUH Journal 2019 Issue IV
Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter2. Journal paper3. Conference proceeding4. Unpublished conference paper5. Magazine article6. Unpublished
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat /
ctbuh.org/papers
52 | Tall Building in Numbers CTBUH Journal | 2019 Issue IV
Tall Buildings in Numbers
The default image of the skyscraper for the past 50 years in the public imagination has likely been the extruded, rectilinear corporate “box,” derived from the postwar model of minimalist “International Style” glass-and-steel architecture championed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and imitated by countless others. In fact, the skyscraper has been as subject to, and as much of an influence on, a wide array of architectural styles through the decades, as shown in this timeline relating predominant styles to individual landmark buildings constructed during the period. From this, a far richer, more comprehensive picture emerges.
50 Years of Tall Building Evolution
Timeline of Predominant Architectural Styles and Influences: Tall Buildings, 1969–2019
The name “Brutalism” derives from the French phrase béton brut, or raw Concrete.
While 333 Wacker Drive is widely considered the fi rst example of Postmodernism in Chicago, the architect, William Pedersen of KPF, considered this project “contextualism,” due to its relationship with the Chicago River, the surrounding street grid, and the adjacent skyline.
Keystyles prominent after 1969
styles that ended before 1969
a style reacts against another style
loses prominence
gains prominence
connection of in�uence
1989 19941984 1999 20092004 201920141969 19791974
Constructivism
Neo-Modernism (Remodernism)
Deconstructivism
1965<1960
Blobism (Blobitecture)
Metaphoric Architecture (Late Expressionism)
Post-Postmodernism (Metamodern)
Functionalism
International Style (Minimalism)
Futurism
Structuralism
Parametricism
Neo-Futurism
Vernacular Architecture
NeoClassical
Modernism
Expressionism
Metabolism
Critical Regionalism (Contextualism)
Post-Modernism
Green Architecture / Sustainable Architecture / Ecological Architecture
New Classical
Brutalism
Structural Expressionism (High- Tech Architecture)
550 Madison Avenue New York City, 197 m
AMA PlazaChicago, 212 m
Prentice Women’s Hospital BuildingChicago, 75 m
875 N Michigan Ave Chicago, 344 m
formerly John Hancock Center
Keystyles prominent after 1969
styles that ended before 1969
a style reacts against another style
loses prominence
gains prominence
connection of in�uence
Notes:1. The intention of this timeline is not to provide a complete collection of all architecture styles during this time period, or to provide a comprehensive list of all influences or definite start and end dates for the respective styles. Rather, it provides a diagrammatic outline of the conventional architectural styles used at a given time over the past 50 years, and major elements that influenced or were rejected by these styles.2. While this graphic identifies current design trends, the vocabulary, analysis, and distinct classification of many emerging architectural styles are yet to undergo the same level of academic scrutiny as their historic counterparts. Thus, some contemporary styles for tall buildings may not be fully represented in this graphic.
Tall Building in Numbers | 53CTBUH Journal | 2019 Issue IV
A timeline of the number of completions over 200 and 300 meters each year, overlaid with the average height of the 20 tallest buildings of that year, compared with the average height of the 100 tallest buildings at that time.
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
num
ber o
f com
plet
ions average height (m
)
Key200 m+ completions300 m+ completionsTallest 20 buildings completed each year (avg. height)World’s Tallest 100 Buildings (avg. height)
Average Height and Number of Buildings by Year
Based on Skyscraper Center data, as of September 2019
The tenets of Futurism and Metabolism, which were largely seen as unrealistic and unsustainable for their time, have seen a resurgence in recent years, thanks to advancements in fabrication and computer-aided design.
Bowellism, a “micromovement” within High-Tech Architecture, emphasized a philosophy of placing building services on the outside of a building in order to maximize interior space, as seen in The Lloyd’s Building, London.
1989 19941984 1999 20092004 201920141969 19791974
Constructivism
Neo-Modernism (Remodernism)
Deconstructivism
1965<1960
Blobism (Blobitecture)
Metaphoric Architecture (Late Expressionism)
Post-Postmodernism (Metamodern)
Functionalism
International Style (Minimalism)
Futurism
Structuralism
Parametricism
Neo-Futurism
Vernacular Architecture
NeoClassical
Modernism
Expressionism
Metabolism
Critical Regionalism (Contextualism)
Post-Modernism
Green Architecture / Sustainable Architecture / Ecological Architecture
New Classical
Brutalism
Structural Expressionism (High- Tech Architecture)
TAIPEI 101Taipei, 508 m
CCTV HeadquartersBeijing, 234 m
HSBC HeadquartersHong Kong, 179 m
Burj Al ArabDubai, 321 m
One Central ParkSydney, 117 m
Torre ReformaMexico City, 246 m