ctc 475 review breakeven problems determine equations for tr, tc, np maximize/minimize nonlinear...
TRANSCRIPT
CTC 475 Review
Breakeven ProblemsDetermine equations for TR, TC, NPMaximize/minimize nonlinear equations
by taking derivative, setting = 0, and solving for D
Find breakeven value(s) by setting TR=TC
CTC 475
Cost Estimates & Accounting Principles
Objectives
Know the different types of cost estimates
Understand balance sheetsUnderstand income statements
Cost Estimates
Many times costs for a project must be estimated
Three general types Order-of-Magnitude (+/-50%) Preliminary Estimates (+/-20%) Detailed Estimates (+/-5%)
As the precision of the estimate improves, the cost of making the estimate increases
Estimate Example
Item numbers & DescriptionUnit (CM, EA, LS)Quantity & PriceSpecs describe how item is to be paid
Estimate Example
Historical Costs can be found in company records or govt. documents (ex. Bid Price Book)
Other Sources for prices (Means, manufacturer’s data, etc)
Estimate Example
When project goes out to bid, each contractor creates an estimate
The contractor with the lowest bid usually gets the job
Accounting Principles
Primary function is recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting the financial data of an organization
Two Basic Financial Reports
Balance Sheet
(Statement of Financial Conditions)
Income Statement
(Profit and Loss Statement)
Balance Sheet
As of a particular date (snapshot in time):
Tally AssetsTally LiabilitiesAssets – Liabilities = Net Worth
Goal is to increase net worth over time
Handout
Your Personal Balance Sheet
Assets
Current – Can be converted easily into cash (<1 year)CashWork in progressFinished goods inventory
Fixed – Cannot easily be converted into cashLandBuilding
Liabilities
Current – Debts due and payable (<1 year)Account payableNotes payable Interest payable
Fixed – Long term debt Bonds payable
Balance Sheet
Assets – Liabilities = Net Worth
or
Assets = Liabilities + Net Worth
Net Worth
Also known as equity
Balance Statement
Company Example
Balance Sheet
Depreciation / Book Value
Depreciation Reserve:Funds held to repurchase an asset
(building, machinery) when its useful life terminates
Book Value (asset): First cost – depreciation reserve
Many assets lose value over time
Income Statement
The income statement is usually more useful of the two reports since:
The annual revenues/costs for various elements are identified
Income Statement-Basic Format
SalesLess Cost of Goods Sold=Gross ProfitLess “All other expenses”=Net Profit (Before Taxes)Less Income Taxes =Net Profit (After Taxes)
Income Statement
Over a particular time period (ex. year):
Tally IncomeTally Expenses
Income – Expenses = Net Profit (loss)
Handout
Your Household Budget
Income Statement
Company Example
Income Statement
Next lecture
Job Quotes Present Economy
Problems