ctp products and services brochure - ctp air

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QUALITY THROUGH EXPERTISE C C C US US US T T T OM OM OMIZ IZED ED S SYS T EM SOLU T IONS S FOR I I ND NDUS US T RIAL AL A AIR IR P P OL OLLU U U T T IO I ION N C C ON ON ON T T RO O R L L.

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QUALITY THROUGH EXPERTISE

CCCUSUSUSTTTOMOMOMIZIZEDED SSYSTEM SOLUTIONSS FOR IINDNDUSUSTRIALAL AAIRIR PPOLOLLUUUTTIOIION N CCONONONTTROOR LL.

SUBSIDIARIES

CTP FranceImmeuble Danica B21, Avenue Georges Pompidou69486 Lyon Cedex 03FrancePhone: +33 (472) 913 023Fax: +33 (472) 913 [email protected]

CTP ChinaBdg.#1, No.1029 Liuchen Rd. Pudong New Area Shanghai 201202P.R. ChinaPhone: +86 13611 611 759Fax: +86 21 50 589 [email protected] www.ctpchina.com.cn

CTP-DUMAG GmbHAm Kanal 8-10 2352 GumpoldskirchenAustriaPhone: +43 720 595404Fax: +43 720 [email protected] www.ctp-dumag.com

CTP Korea Co. Ltd.103, Banwol-Ri, Taean-Eup445-973 Hwasung-Si, Kyungki-DoKoreaPhone: +82 (31) 2 023 737Fax: +82 (31) 2 023 [email protected]

CTP Sinto America LLC3001 West Main StreetLansing, MI 48917USAPhone: +1 740 602 [email protected]

COMPANY HEADQUARTERS

CTPChemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbHSchmiedlstrasse 108042 GrazAustriaPhone: +43 316 4101-0Fax: +43 316 [email protected]

Company Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3

CTP Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5

VOXcube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–7

AutoTherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EcoTherm007® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

CompacTherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

MultiTherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

RecuKAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

AutoKAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

VOCNOxTherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

RecuNOx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

AutoNOx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

RotorSorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

VOXsorbTherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Smoothing Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

WetSorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Prefilter (SCFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Who we areCTP (Chemisch Thermische Prozesstechnik GmbH) is one of the world’s leading companies in air pollution control for industrial applications.

CTP was founded in 1985 and since then, its engineers, chemists and researchers have been developing individual technologies to serve customers worldwide, covering all industrial sec-tors. At CTP, we adhere to high quality standards maintained by qualified expertise.

What we doCTP can offer you emissions close to zero at a minimized total cost of ownership. We provide integrated solutions from the emission source to the stack for the reduction of contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC), NH3 or NOx.

Our company‘s ecological mission? We aim to convert air pollutants into usable energy.

Where we workWith its headquarters in Austria, CTP has sales networks all over the world with licensees in Australia and Japan, subsidiaries in France, Korea, Spain, Sweden and the US, as well as partners in many other countries.

OXIDATION1 Regenerative Thermal Oxidation (RTO)

Optimal abatement of all organic pollutantsThe waste gas is directed through ceramic heat exchangers into the oxidation system where harmful compounds in the offgas are oxidized without residue. The hot purified air releases thermal energy as it passes through the ceramic heat exchanger beds. This energy is used further in the process resulting in a reduced auxiliary fuel requirement and saving operating cost.

2 Direct Thermal Oxidation (TO)Explosive pollutant compositionsSeveral waste gas streams, liquid or gaseous, lowly or highly concentrated to explosive are injected directly into the combustion chamber and oxidized. The combustion cham-ber can be combined with a scrubber unit and a DeNOx system. The purified air can be directed to a downstream heat recovery.

3 Recuperative Catalytic Oxidation (CO)Defined pollutant compositions in high concentrationsThe waste gases are oxidized without residue whereby special CTP catalysts deter-mine the outstanding cost-effectiveness of the RecuKAT because of their low reaction temperature. Independent of the pollutant concentration an extremely high cleaning efficiency can be achieved.

4 Regenerative Catalytic Oxidation (RCO)Defined pollutant compositions in low concentrationsCombines the low reaction temperature of the catalysts with the characteristics of a regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO).

REDUCTION5 Selective Non-

Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)Removal of NOx

Reduction agents which can either be in aqueous solution, such as aqueous ammonia solution or urea, or gaseous, such as ammonia, are injected into the hot fume gases. This reduces nitrogen oxides and H2O and N2 are formed.

6 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)Removal of NOx with a catalystNOx is converted with a reduction agent to nitrogen and water over a catalyst. The chemical reaction over the catalyst is selective, this means preferentially the nitrogen oxides are reduced while unwanted side reactions of other compounds are inhibited widely.

CTP OFFERS A SUITABLE SOLUTT TION FOR EVERY

1 2 3 4 5 6

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For small or large waste gas flows, high and low contaminantconcentrations, organic and inorganic pollutants, waste gas streams with or without oxygen. No molecule can escape the finely tuned processes of CTP’s systems. APPLICATAA ION:

ADSORPTION7 Rotary Adsorbers

Large waste gas volumes with low contaminant concentrationsThe CTP rotor concentrates a large flow with low contaminant concentration to a much smaller, highly concentrated waste gas stream. The laden desorption air is then fed into a small thermal or catalytic oxidation system. CTP has developed a patented recircula-tion of the desorption air, resulting in an even higher concentration of the pollutants.

8 Fixed bed adsorptionConcentration peaks or batch processingCTP’s single or multiple fixed beds adsorb the contaminants. During desorption the contaminants are directed to an oxidation system.

High concentration fluctuations of the contaminants in the raw gas challenge the air pollution control system. They can even lead to a complete shutdown of the system when the temperature limits are exceeded. An upstream CTP Smoothing Bed smoothes these peaks.

9 Dry gas scrubbingRemoval of inorganic componentsThe fume gas can contain contaminants such as acids (HCl, HF), sulphur dioxide (SO2, SO3), organic pollutants (e.g. PCDD/DF) or heavy metals (e.g. Hg). For dry sorption the fume gas is first cooled down to the necessary temperature. Then the sorbent such as NaHCO3 or calcium hydroxide and hearth furnace coke (HOK) is added. The contami-nants accumulate on the sorbent which is precipitated efficiently in a downstream dust collector.

ABSORPTION10 Wet gas scrubbingRemoval of inorganic componentsThe hot fume gas from the oxidation is cooled in a quench and then directed to a scrubber system. The scrubbing medium such as water or alkaline or acid solutions is injected at the scrubber head and trickles over the packing material from top to bottom. The inorganic pollutants in the waste gas are absorbed by the scrubbing medium. The purified gas leaves the scrubber over a demister.

FILTRATION11 Mechanical-thermal Filters Removal of sticky dust particles (e.g. tar) and aerosols CTP’s prefilters are filled with high tem-perature-proof packings where particles, tar and aerosols are removed. The filter is thermally restored.

12 Fabric Filters Removal of dust particles Even fine-grained particles are arrested in different filter media, depending on temperature and dust type, and cleaned with jets of compressed air.

7 98

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VOXcubeHigh longevityVery easy to maintainLowest energy consumption

The VOXcube purifies organic and specific inorganic pollutants in the waste gas. The system is suitable for flow rates up to 125,000 Nm³/h, independent of the concentration and the nature of contaminants. For waste gas temperatures from –20 °C up to +350 °C.

OXIDATION / REGENERATIVE THERMAL OXIDATION (RTO)

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Available options• Multifuel burner• Gas and liquid injection• Electrical heating• Hot bypass• Online bake-out• Integrated raw gas preheating• Special insulations and coatings• SNCR• Heat recovery• Valve heating

Features• Highest cleaning efficiency (> 99.5%)• Flexibility in the heat exchanger design:

• High thermal efficiency (> 97%) • Low pressure drop (17 to 29 mbar)

• Minimized operating costs• Automatic adjustment to variable operating conditions• Compact lightweight construction• Flexibility for connections• Weatherproof sensors, instrumentation and heating system• High standardization – quick availability of spare parts• Excellent accessibility

CTP’s poppet valveThe pneumatically actuated CTP’s poppet valve impresses with its high tightness and stability. As an independent spare part CTP’s poppet valve is very maintenance-friendly and can easily be changed at any time.

REGENERATIVE THERMAL OXIDATION (RTO) / OXIDATION

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AutoThermHighest flexibility and extensibilityProven in the most complex applicationsExtremely tight valves

The perfect CTP solution for increased solid matter content (dust), sticky substances or corrosive components in the waste gas.The AutoTherm is suitable for flow rates up to 300,000 Nm³/h, independent of the concentration and the nature of the contaminants. For waste gas temperatures from –20 °C up to +400 °C.

Available options• Multifuel burner• Gas and liquid injection• Electrical heating• Hot bypass• Cold bypass• Online bake-out• Integrated raw gas preheating• Integrated washing• Special insulations and coatings• SNCR• Heat recovery

Features• Highest cleaning efficiency

(> 99.8% in 3-bed and multi-bed systems)• Flexibility in the heat exchanger design:

• High thermal efficiency (95–98%) • Low pressure drop (15 to 35 mbar)

• Low operating costs• Customized for every application• Free choice of auxiliary fuel

OXIDATION / REGENERATIVE THERMAL OXIDATION (RTO)

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EcoTherm007®

Low footprintCompletely pretested and ready to install Easy transport and quick installationHighest possible cleaning efficiency in this design

Impressive in concept and with an excellent VOC destruction capability, the 2-bed system Eco-Therm007® convinces with its minimum energy input and an attractive overall cost. The EcoTherm is suitable for standard applications and flow rates up to 20,000 Nm³/h and temperatures from –20 °C up to +200 °C, with medium pollutant loads.

EcoTherm007® valveThe ETV stands out with its simplified design with faster cycle times and lower leakage amounts, thus achieving a significantly improved cleaning efficiency compared to standard 2-bed systems. The maintenance of the valve is possible anytime due to its favorable positioning.

Available options• Choice of three heating systems

(gas, fuel oil, electrical)• CTP buffer tank• Combination of hot and cold bypass for

innovative concentration management• Noise insulation up to < 65 dB(A)

in 1 m distance

Features• Highest possible cleaning efficiency (99%) for a 2-bed system• Low pressure drop• Minimal pressure fluctuation• Energy savings• Four-way valve• Container design allows the system to be moved easily• Plug-in modules for easy replacement• Minimized start-up time

REGENERATIVE THERMAL OXIDATION (RTO) / OXIDATION

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CompacThermSmallest footprint

The CompacTherm covers the full flow and concentration rate spectrum. It combines a convincing technical concept with low maintenance. Especially where space is restricted the CTP CompacTherm comes in as the perfect solution.

OXIDATION / REGENERATIVE THERMAL OXIDATION (RTO)

Features• High cleaning efficiency (> 98.5%)• Flexibility in the heat exchanger design:

• High thermal efficiency (95–98%) • Low pressure drop (17 to 29 mbar)

• Minimized operating costs• Automatic adjustment to variable operating conditions• Choice of auxiliary fuel• Weather-proofed instrumentation and heating system• Reliable bake-out procedure to eliminate organic deposits • Proven in hundreds of reference installations

Available options• Multifuel burner• Gas and liquid injection• Electrical heating• Hot bypass• Online bake-out• Integrated raw gas preheating• Special insulations and coatings• SNCR• Heat recovery

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DIRECT THERMAL OXIDATION (TO) / OXIDATION

MultiThermEspecially designed CTP nozzle for fuel injectionSpecial burners (e.g. oxygen, LowNOx, solvents, tar)High operating efficiency

For a safe removal of highly contaminated, i.e. halogenous, waste gas streams and liquid waste as well as wastewaters especially in the pharmaceutical, chemical and petrochemical industry.CTP’s MultiTherm is a combined process. It consists essentially of a thermal oxidation and one or more upstream or downstream processes fitted to the application. These comprise, among others, heat recovery, wet scrubbing and DeNOx.

Features• Highest cleaning efficiency (> 99.9%)• Control concept optimized in operating costs• Efficient multifuel burners• Homogenic flame image• Turbulent fume gas circulation• Flexible combustion chamber design• Sophisticated safety technology

Available options• Safety technology

(static dry or wet flame arresters, dynamic flash-back protection)

• SNCR• Heat recovery• Quench/Scrubber• SCR/De-dioxin removal

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OXIDATION / RECUPERATIVE CATALYTIC OXIDATION (CO)

RecuKATLowest energy costCTP catalystNo formation of NOx (low temperature oxidation)

For high cleaning efficiency, the RecuKAT’s attractive economic performance is due to the low reaction temperature of the CTP catalysts. CTP can refer to 25 years of experience with catalysts in industrial applications. The RecuKAT is suitable for small to medium gas flows with high concentrations.

Available options• CTP’s high performance catalysts

for methane and short-chained hydrocarbons

• External energy recovery (e.g. steam)• Selective pre-separation of sulphur

compounds• Hot bypass

Features• Highest cleaning efficiency (> 99.9%), also for

short-chained hydrocarbons • Bundled tube heat exchangers• Low reaction temperature • Selective gas cleaning (CO2)• Cleaning of oxygen-poor gases• Available for low- and high-pressure processes (> 25 bar)

as well as for underpressure and overpressure

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AutoKATHighest thermal efficiencyExtremely energy-savingEasy to maintainVery compact system: lowest footprintConstantly high cleaning efficiency – also for oxygen-poor gases

The AutoKAT combines the advantages of the regenerative thermal oxidation with those of catalytic oxidation. The AutoKAT is a very cost-effective alternative if no catalyst poisons occur. Existing systems can be upgraded to an AutoKAT.

Available options• Electrical heating in combination

with gas burner• Raw gas preheating• Bake-out

Features• High cleaning efficiency (> 98%)• Thermal efficiency > 95%• Extremely low autothermal point of < 500 mg/Nm3

• Very low operating costs• Oxidation without formation of NOx (e.g. removal of NH3)• CTP honeycomb catalyst

REGENERATIVE CATALYTIC OXIDATION (RCO) / OXIDATION

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The VOCNOxTherm system combines excellent VOC cleaning efficiency with NOx reduction. In several applications the VOCNOxTherm saves on the need for an additional and complete SCR system.

Available options• Free choice of the reduction agent

(ammonia, urea)• Online bake-out• Automatic washing-out • Heat recovery

Features• High VOC cleaning efficiency

(2-bed systems VOCNOxTherm > 98%, 3-bed systems VOCNOxTherm > 99%)

• NOx reduction up to 50%• Possible retrofitting of an existing CTP AutoTherm system

for nitrogen removal• No consumable catalyst• High particulate allowance• Integrated static mixers

REDUCTION / SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SNCR)

VOCNOxThermEspecially designed injection lances and distribution systemAll-in-one: Simultaneous abatement of VOC and NOx

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SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR) / REDUCTION

RecuNOxBest injection and distribution of the reduction agentSpace-saving design

The SCR systems of CTP are used in industrial processes with small to large raw gas volumes with low to high NOx concentration. These systems are also suitable for increased particulate content.

Available options• Free choice of the reduction agent

(ammonia, urea)• High temperature particle filter• Heat recovery

Features• High to highest cleaning efficiency ( > 99.9%)• Low reaction temperature • Residue-free reduction of the pollutants to N2 and H2O• Optional use of thermal energy at high nitrogen oxide

concentration• Minimal ammonia slip through an accurate and fast

control unit• Resistant and robust catalysts

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REDUCTION / SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR)

AutoNOx

For the cleaning of gas streams with high flows and high NOx concentrations, CTP has developed the AutoNOx system. This system combines the advantages of an RTO (low operating costs) with a high cleaning efficiency of the SCR catalyst.

Available options• Electrical heating or gas burner• Raw gas preheating• Bake-out

Features• Thermal efficiency > 95%• NOx cleaning efficiency > 92%• Low operating costs

Low pressure dropLow operating and maintenance costsInsensitive to corrosive substancesHigh longevity and high availabilityFlexible adaption to changing flows and temperaturesEasy access to catalyst modules

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ROTARY ADSORBER / ADSORPTION

RotorSorb

CTP’s solution for continuous air pollution control at room temperature. The Rotorsorb achieves an optimal cleaning efficiency of organic pollutants.

Available options• Different zeolites in one wheel• Preheating of the desorption air with

mixers or heat exchangers• Aerosol precipitator• Dust collector• Washing device• LEL safeguard

Features• High cleaning efficiency (> 97%) • Regenerative rotary concentrators for high boilers

(bake-out-capable or washable)• Low pressure drop (5 to 8 mbar)• Highest concentration factors by recycled desorption air

(recirculation)• Lowest operating costs in combination with RTO• Hot gas recovery for desorption• Prevention of pressure fluctuations

Low investment and operating costsRecirculation of the desorption gas (patented)No concentration peaks

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VOXsorbThermEspecially for discontinuous waste gas streamsEnergy efficientSmall footprintQuick installation

The VOXsorbTherm system has been developed especially for very lowly contaminated (VOC concentration < 100 mgVOC/Nm³) and pe-riodically occurring waste gas streams. The system stands out due to an efficient non-simultaneous combination of pollutant separation and removal.

Available options• Continuous adsorption through

enhancement with adsorption modules• Oxygen adjustment during desorption

Features• Highest cleaning efficiency during adsorption for

large volumes• Highest cleaning efficiency during desorption for

small volumes (depending on the thermal system)• Use of different adsorbents• Small pressure drop during adsorption • Possible combination with RecuKat or VOXcube• Lowest operating costs during adsorption and regeneration

ADSORPTION / FIXED BED ADSORPTION

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FIXED BED ADSORPTION / ADSORPTION

Smoothing BedEspecially designed to store short-time concentration peaksFurther systems can be designed smaller Increase in efficiency of the overall system Almost maintenance-free

CTP Smoothing Bed was especially designed for waste gases with short-time concentration peaks. The system adsorbs the spontane-ously emitted materials and releases the pollutants during low concentrated waste gas phases. The smoothing of the concentration peaks makes it possible to optimize the adjacent air purification system and to operate it efficiently.

Available options• Available in ATEX design

Features• Smoothing of the highest concentration peaks• Use of different adsorbents • Low pressure drop• Lowest operating costs• Ideal presystem before Regenerative Thermal Oxidation

systems• Easy and compact design• Designed for the specific requirements

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ABSORPTION / WET GAS SCRUBBING

WetSorbEspecially designed for use after a thermal oxidationCombination of cooling and depositionHigh availability

Due to oxidation of for example halogenated hydrocarbons, inorganic pollutants emerge. Those inorganic pollutants are efficiently removed from the waste gas by wet gas purification. The combination of exhaust gas cooling (quench) and waste gas purification (scrubber) is ideal for use after a catalytic oxidation system.

Available options• De-steaming• Freedom of choice of additional

chemicals inclusion (supply pipe, storage tank)

• Fresh water preparation

Features• Combination of cooling and deposition• Selective deposition of inorganic substances (e.g. acids)• High cleaning efficiency• Adaptation for existing additional chemicals

with de-steaming

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MECHANICAL-THERMAL FILTERS / FILTRATION

Prefilter (SCSF)Pre-deposition of sticky organic substancesCompact constructionRobust system

The CTP SCSF was especially designed for the deposition of particles, tar and aerosols in waste gas streams. The compounding sub-stances are deposed at ceramic honeycombs and are therefore prevented from merging into the following thermal system. The filter is thermally restored by bake-out. In this phase, the deposits are supplied to the thermal process.

Features• Deposition of sticky dust particles and aerosols• Increased availability of downstream systems• Extension of burning internvals• Low pressure drop

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