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Slavery and theMexican-American War United States in 1848:

15 slave states

15 free states,

The Mexican-American

war threatened to

throw off the balance.

What to do about new

land from Texas? Missouri Compromise

did not cover this issue.

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The Wilmot Proviso Proposed by David Wilmot

(1846)

Pennsylvania Congressman

Proposed Law:

Congress bans slavery in all

territories that might become

part of the US from Mexico.

It never passed.

Southerners believed this was a

direct attack on their way of life.

Very controversial!

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Wilmot Proviso debate led to a new political party.

Free Soil Party (1848)

GOAL: Wanted land gained in the Mexican-American war to be

free soil where slavery was banned.

They chose Martin Van Buren to run for President. Lost Badly

Made up of Antislavery Whigs and Democrats.

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Election of 1848 Democrats wantedpopular sovereignty.

Popular Sovereignty:people in the territory or

state would vote directly

on issues, rather than

having their electedrepresentatives decide.

Presidential Nominees:

Free Soil: Martin Van Buren Whig: Zachary Taylor

(WINNER!)

Democrats: Lewis Cass

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THE CALIFORNIA DEBATE:

PROBLEMS!

This would upset balance of free and slave states .

Missouri Compromise would split the state in half.

Southern leaders threaten to secede IF California

becomes a free state.

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THE CALIFORNIA DEBATE: OPINIONS

NORTH

Wants to end

sectionalism Preserve the UNION

I wish to speak today, not as aMassachusetts man, nor as a Northernman, but as an AmericanI speaktodayfor the restorations to thecountry of that quiet and that harmony

which makes the blessings of this Unionso rich, and so dear to us all.

-Daniel Webster, March 7, 1850

SOUTH

Protection of States

Right to Choose(Popular Sovereignty)

OR

SECESSIONIf something is not done to arrest it, theSouth will be forced to choose betweenabolition and secessionIf you are

unwilling we should part in peace, tell usso; and we shall know what to do whenyou reduce the question to submission orresistance.

-John C. Calhoun, March 4, 1850

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Henry Clays Proposal

For the North:

California admitted to the Union as a free state .

Banned slave trade in Washington DC.

For the South: Popular Sovereignty in the Mexican succession

area.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (South) Legal to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave.

Northerners must assist Southerners

Northerners were ANGRY & thought it was unfair.

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FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT IN ACTION

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Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Stephen Douglas tries to compromisebetween North & South

Formed 2 New Territories:

Kansas

Nebraska

Southerners objected:

States would enter as free states

(Because of Missouri Compromise)

Popular Sovereignty would determine

slavery in the state(BLEW UP Missouri Compromise)

Passed by both houses, signed into law.

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Rush to Kansas (1854) Northerners & Southerners go to Kansaswithin weeks of the law being passed. Why?

Missourians illegally voted in Kansas to

select territorial legislature:

Kansas=3000 voters

Actual votes cast=8000

39 legislators elected, 36 supported slavery Anti-slavery settlers held a second election.

2 governments in Kansas.

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Bleeding Kansas Violence in Kansas over theelections.

Pro-Slavery Sherriff shot and

returns with 800 men John Brown (Antislavery):

Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas:Murdered 5 pro-slavery menand boys

Violence in Senate Sumner (SC Senator) denounced

slavery in Kansas & SenatorButler

Butlers nephew, Preston Brooksbeat Sumner with a cane in theSenate

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End of the Whigs & Rise of the Republicans

Whig Party Split:

Whig: Pro-Slavery

Weakened by the deaths of Henry Clay & Webster Republican Party: Anti-Slavery

Goal: To stop the spread of slavery into the westernterritories

Attracted: Northern Democrats & Free-Soil Republicans

Becomes powerful force: 105 of 245 candidates in House

REMEMBER: Whig Party (1836-1852)

ORIGINS: National Republicans split into 2 political parties:

National Republicans (Pro-Andrew Jackson)

Whigs (Anti Andrew Jackson)

POWERFUL: 4 Presidents: Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, Filmore

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Uncle Toms Cabin

By: Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) She wanted to write:

something that will make the whole

nation feel what an accursed thing

slavery is.

A novel about Uncle Tom, a kind

man who is enslaved and abused

by his cruel master, Simon Legree.

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Uncle Toms Cabin: The Reaction NORTH:

Bestseller in the North

Shocked people and readers began toview slavery as a moral problem andnot just a political conflict.

SOUTH: Outraged by the book.

Claimed that the book was propaganda

Propaganda: false or misleadinginformation that is spread to further acause.

Believed the novel was not accurate.

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Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO)

Dred Scott

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Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.

Dred Scott

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Scotts owner died after returning to Missouri.

Dred Scott

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* Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a

free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.

Dred Scott

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A: NO

SUPREME COURT

DECISIONS:

Q: Was Scott a U.S.

citizen with the right to

sue?A: NO

Q: Did living in a free

territory make Scott afree man?

A: NO

Q: Did Congress have

the right to outlaw

slavery in any territory?

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The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.

RESULTS:

Dred Scott was not given his freedom.

Open to

slaverythrough

popular

sovereignty

(Compromise

of 1850)

Open toslavery

through

popularsovereignty

(KS-NE

Act)

Missouri Compromise line is declared

unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)

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LINCOLN vs. DOUGLAS

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Stephen A. Douglas the Little Rock Star

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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) Abe Lincoln v Stephen Douglas for

the United States Senate fromIllinois

Lincoln accepts as a Republicanand gives a stirring speech in favorof the Union known as The HouseDivided Speech.

Lincoln never stated he wanted toban slavery, but most Southernersthought that he would.

Neither believed in racial equality.Lincoln thought slavery wasmorally wrong and Douglastolerated slavery as a right of

whites to choose their lifestyle.

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House DividedA House divided against itself cannot stand. I do not

believe this government can endure, permanently, halfslave and half free. I do not expect the house to fallbut

I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all

one thing or all the other. Abraham Lincoln, June 16, 1858

Question for you:

WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?

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Lincoln and Douglas wentacross IL and debated againsteach other

Douglas supported popularsovereignty

Lincoln was against theexpansion of slavery-hebelieved slavery would dieout on its own eventually

Douglas won the Senateseat, but in two years theywould battle again for the

Presidency

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

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John Browns Raid (1859) John Brown went from

Kansas back to NewEngland

Hatched a plot to raisean army and free slaves.

He and his followersgained control ofHarpers Ferry where the

US Army stored guns Federal troops overtook

him though and killedten of his followers.

Brown was found guiltyof murder and treasonand was sentenced todeath by hanging

The North mourned/TheSouth was angry

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Comparison of John BrownNorthern Depiction Southern Depiction

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Democratic Party (Divided): Northern Democrats: Senator Stephen A. Douglas

Popular Sovereignty

Southern Democrats : John C. Breckinridge

For slavery in the new territories

Constitutional Union Party John Bell

Protect the Institution of Slavery

Newly Formed Republican Party Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer

Wanted to keep slavery from spreading

Southern states: Did not even allow Lincolns name to appear on their ballots

Threatened to secede (leave) the United States if Lincoln becamepresident

November 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins the election

Electoral Vote Count:

Lincoln: 180

Breckinridge: 72

Bell: 39

Douglas: 12

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Abraham Lincoln won the election without winning a

single electoral vote from a southern state.

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Lincolns Inaugural AddressIn your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen,

and not in mine, is the momentous issue of ..war. Thegovernment will not assail (attack) youWe are not

enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.

Though passion may have strained, it must not break

our bonds of affection. Abraham Lincoln, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861.

Question for you:

WHAT DO THESE WORDS

TELL YOU ABOUT

LINCOLNS INTENTIONS

WITH THE SOUTH?

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Southern Secession!

December 20, 1860: SouthCarolina secedes from theUnited States

Why? SouthernersBelieved: That they would no longer have

a voice in government.

A president with no Southernvotes should not be allowed inoffice

The Republican Party would

ruin the southern way of life. Secessionists argued that:

States had voluntarily joinedthe Union they could also

voluntarily leave it.

SECEDE:

Withdraw formally from

membership in a federal union,

an alliance, or a political or

religious organization.

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Northern Perspectives After Secession

When President Lincoln takes office in 1861

many northerners are divided over how the

union should respond:

Should they appease southern wishes? Should the let the southern states succeed?

Should they attempt to force the Confederacy to

return?

i l i f i

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Lincolns Perspective After Secession

President Lincoln:

Believes that succession is wrong.

Commits to stopping the spreadof slavery, but not ending it.

Ignores the role that slavery

played in starting the war. Emphasizes his duty to enforce

the laws of the United States.

Believes his job is to preserve theUnion not solve the slavery issue.

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The First Shots: Fort Sumter After seceding states took over all federal property in

the South.

Fort Sumter: Fort in the harbor of Charleston, SouthCarolina

March 1861: Unions were still stationed in many Southern

ports Confederate guns were trained on the fort which was in need

of supplies; President Lincoln decided to send the necessary

supplies to the fort, but no soldiers.

April 12, 1861: Confederates, under command of General

Pierre Beauregard, began to bombard Fort Sumter and the

fort surrendered the next day

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WHAT IS THE NORTH GONNA DO?

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