CubeSats In Search of Hotspots for Life

Pete KluparBreakthrough Prize Foundation

Klupar@BREAKTHROUGHPRIZE.ORG

Fermi: “Where is everyone?”Within a few thousand light years there are 10’s of millions of stars

In cosmic terms, the Sun is neither particularly old, nor young…. So, If civilization, once it formed survived in the MW, why isn’t there evidence of it?It’s a timescale problem,13Gyr vs. 100,000 yrs

3Klupar@BREAKTHROUGHPRIZE.ORG

2018 Breakthrough Prize Winners

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New Horizons in Physics Prizes Awarded;Christopher Hirata, Douglas Stanford, and

Andrea Young. ($100,000) eachNew Horizons in Mathematics Prizes Awarded;Aaron Naber, Maryna Viazovska, Zhiwei Yun, and Wei Zhang. (7) ($300,000) each

2018 Breakthrough Prizes in Life Sciences Awarded:Joanne Chory, Don W. Cleveland, Kazutoshi Mori, Kim Nasmyth, and Peter Walter.

2018 Breakthrough Prize in Physics Awarded; Charles L. Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David N. Spergel, andthe WMAP Science Team

2018 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics Awarded;Christopher Hacon and James McKernan. (13)

Breakthrough Junior Challenge

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2017 Hillary Diane Andales.2016 2016

2015 Ryan Chester Ohio

$250K Scholarship$100K Lab$50K Teacher

Submit application and video no later than July 1, 2018 at 11:59 PM Pacific Daylight Time

Ages 13 to 18

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BREAKTHROUGHWATCH

•Thermal imaging: Existing 10-m class telescope have the sensitivity to catch thermal emission from an Earth-like planet orbiting Alpha Cen A or B.

•Astrometry: A habitable planet in orbit around Alpha Cen A or B would pull its host star by about 1 micro-arcsecond. This tiny periodic motion could be detected with a small space telescope measuring accurately the angular separation between binary systems.

•Reflected light imaging: A small space telescopes equipped with a high-performance coronagraph masking starlight, can catch the visible starlight reflected by a habitable planet in orbit around nearby stars.

Earth-like planet

Simulated 100h exposure with 8-m telescope (Credit: Christian Marois)

Star, masked by coronagraph

Very Large Telescope (Credit: ESO)

Together, thermal imaging, and astrometry could measure the planet mass, orbit, radius, and temperature5/28/2019 7

Astrometry Stars orbits around system center of mass (Barycenter)

Baycenter

• Near Term Goals 2019 to 2023• Series of demonstrations reduce risk and demonstration• Develop systems models to predict systems performance • Concentrate on LASER (~55%), Sail(~30%), Comms (10%) and

Systems (5%)• Long Term 2023 to 2030

• Design and Demonstrate end to end system• Far Term Goals 2040 to 2060

• Send a probe to a nearby (< 5pc) earth like planet in the habitable zone• Probe to achieve 20% light speed• Return meaningful scientific data to earth within 5 years of encounter

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BREAKTHROUGHSTARSHOT

CENTAURI SYSTEM MISSION POINT DESIGN$8.4B CAPEX comprised of:

$2.0B lasers (200 GW transmitted power)$3.0B optics (2.8 km array effective diameter)$3.4B energy storage (68 GWh stored pulse energy)

$7M energy cost per Starshot (68 GWh @$0.1/kWh)

4.2 m sail diameter3.8 g sail mass

9 min (521 s) beam duration10 min (594 s) sail acceleration time

40 Pa temperature-limited photon pressure562 N temperature-limited force15,000 g’s temperature-limited acceleration2,300 g’s final acceleration (at 0.15 au, 73 ls from source)

34 kW/m2 beamer maximum radiant exitance14.4 GW/m2 sailcraft theoretical maximum irradiance8.5 GW/m2 sailcraft temperature-limited irradiance

Breakthrough Starshot

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Starshot

Photon Engine Challenges• Atmospherics

• Atmospheric compensation of >1km apertures• Generating/maintaining the irradiance profile on the sail

• Phasing • Phasing up to 50 M devices• Pointing the beamer array and stabilizing the beam• High fill factor array

• Production • Manufacturing the beamers• Cost predictability and control• Producing the power and storing the energy

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Sail Challenges

Material properties, which influence the choice of materials and how the sail with the sail is to be made, are its reflectivity, absorptivity and transmissivity, tensile strength in its areal density.

Sail thickness: 50 nm, Sail Density: 0.7 g/cm3 , Sail reflectivity: 0.99995, Sail Absorptance :0.00001, Sail emissivity: 0.5, Acceleration withstand 60,000 gsTotal optical power: 50 GW

Stability, is influenced by sail shape, beam shape and the distribution of mass, such as payload, on the sail.

Laser system interactions, with the sail through its power density distribution on the sail, causing acceleration, the duration of the beam, the width of the beam, the pointing error of the beam as well as its pointing jitter.

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Communication

5/28/2019 12lunar-laser-communication-1.PNG

780 nm, 0.78 μm1550 nm, 1.5 μm

X band 8.4 GHz, 3.6 cmKa band 32 GHz, ~1 cm

• Return 100 images from ~4 Light Years• 4 mega pixel images, 16 bit per image, 64 Mbits per image

• RTG - ~ 0.3g Pu-238 400 mWthermal /g *.3 g* 7% conversion eff ~ 10 mW• Pointing Attitude Determination and Control Finding Earth• Error correction

Starshot

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Selected Moons in Solar Systems With Earth, Mars and Venus for Scale

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Venus

Earth

Mars

All bodies to scale1 pixel =25 km

Enceladus

Cost Drivers• Leaving Earth is Hard• Payload Development/ Science Team• Spacecraft Development

70 M tall 111 M tall

SLS$800M

Falcon Heavy$90M

Electron$6M

17 M tall 53 M tall

Atlas V$110 M

Astra$1M

RelativitySpace$5M

Your Name Here15

Solar

70 M tall

Falcon 9$62M

Launch Vehicle Performance

C3 = 85 = Mercury Orbit C3=100 = Jupiter

Exotic Approaches

• Ion Propulsion• Used on several ESA and NASA missions. • Accelerate Xenon ions to 40 km/sec• Requires many 10’s KW of power, very large solar arrays to

perform breaking burn at Saturn

• E-wire Propulsion• Electric solar wind sail, invented in 2006 by Pekka Janhunen in Finland• Uses the solar wind momentum for producing thrust• Bench unit built, No on orbit demonstrations, power consumption high

• Position Propulsion• Basic research on going, no bench top demonstrations

• Astra/Rocket Lab (small rockets) • Rocket Lab has demonstrated lift• Would require extended flight times to targets

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SUN DIVERCONCEPT

8/17/2017 Breakthrough Starshot Proprietary 5

Circular membrane sail with integrated payload

Acceleration

Solar flux

Sun

❶ launch, deploy

❷ deceleration (90 days)❸ closest approach to Sun

❹ acceleration (1 day)

❺ cruise

❻ take/relay data

❶

Earth

❷

❸

❹❻❺

Travel times are shown in green below.

152 days

8/17/2017 Breakthrough Starshot Proprietary 19

261 days

176 days

11 days

Venus

Why Venus• Cheaper place to make mistakes than Jupiter, the Lonely Ugly Step Sister of Earth• Venus was a temperate world long ago, with seas that persisted for eons — perhaps 2 billion

years or more, according to recent modeling research.

• Temperatures and pressures at 50 Km are close to those of Earth's surface, so it's possible that Venusian life — if it ever existed — didn't die out

• Mostly sulfuric acid clouds, biologists have found all manner of hardy microbes here on Earth capable of tolerating similarly extreme conditions. And these same acidic Venus clouds could potentially provide chemical energy to any microbes that may be floating around up there, researchers have said.

• Intriguingly, Venus' upper atmosphere also abounds with a mysterious compound that absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation

• The planet has gobbled up many tons of Earth rocks that were blasted into space by violent impacts over the past 4.5 billion years, some of which may have sheltered unwittingly voyaging microbes. (Venus material has also made its way to Earth, so it's also possible that our planet was colonized long ago by native Venusians.)

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Venus InvestigationDavid Grinspoon, Mason Peck and Sanjay Limaye; Planetary Science Institute

Properties of Venus Clouds Hospitable to Life• Global clouds are much larger, more continuous, and stable thanclouds on Earth. Particle lifetimes of months (Grinspoon et al, 1993).“Particles do not fall” (Imamura, 2006)

• Large “mode 3” particles at lower cloud level (~ 50 km altitude)-- 1 bar atm pressure-- ~350 K-- make up most of the mass of the cloud deck -- may contain an unknown, non-absorbing core material which

comprises up to 50% by volume of the particles (Cimino, 1982; Grinspoon et al. 1993).

• Superrotation of atmosphere shortens duration of the night

• Chemical disequilibrium => coexistence of H2 and O2H2S and SO2

LEO, Venus or Enceladus Missions

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• LEO:• Chipsats with chirality sensors;

Chipsats 2.0 in the ignorosphere• Sprite deployment from high-

altitude balloons as precursor to Venus science

• Venus:• Chipsats ballutes deployed

outside or inside atmosphere• Enceladus:

• Plume detection

“Microfluidic chips for chirality exploration”Stefan Nagl, Philipp Schulze, et alAnal. Chem., 2011, 83 (9), pp 3232–3238DOI: 10.1021/ac200150wMarch 28, 2011

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SPQR (SMALL PAYLOAD QUICK RETURN)

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Venus Clouds► Target area: Clouds between 30km to 70km► Chemistry: Life chemical readily available including

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, in usable forms► Physics: physical conditions similar to standard conditions on earth,

20C and 100K Pa at 50 km, No radiation belts, will be exposedCosmic Rays induced magnetic field provides protection from Solar Wind.

► Energy: Significant chemical and solar energy available► Accessibility: Difficult to get to 50km dense atmosphere, multiple flybys► Possible detection sensors: UV Spectrometers and Organic Analyzer► Cruise Duration: 5 to 12 month cruise from earth► Mission description: Mothership Ride Share to GTO Holman Xfer to Venus SOI, enter Elliptical orbit drop 10 small reentry vehiclewith payloads, $18,000K

Icy Satellites…not “ocean worlds”, but planet-sized aqueous caves!

EnceladusEuropa

Mothership Daughters and Granddaughters

Enceladus

• Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn. It is about 500 kilometers in diameter• Enceladus is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the

Solar System.

• Cryovolcanoes near the south pole shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen,, including sodium chloride crystals and ice particles, totaling about 200 kg (440 lb) per second

• Enceladus is a relatively small satellite composed of ice and rock It is an ellipsoid in shape; its diameters 513 km

• Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's Moon.

• Enceladus has a liquid water ocean beneath its frozen surface• The top of the ocean probably lies beneath a 30 to 40 kilometers thick ice shelf. • The ocean may be 30 kilometers deep at the south pole.

• For comparison, Earth's ocean has an average depth of 3.7 kilometers

Rocky Core

Water

Ice

Cave Potential on Icy Ocean Worlds

Whole planet/moon ocean

Pressure melt lenses(like Vostoc)

Surface towers(like Antarctica near Erebus)

Fracture cavities(like glaciers)

Surface cavities(like Mt. Rainer ice caves)

Plume associated cavities(sorta like Antarctica)

Ice Towers & Caves on Mt. Erebus, Antarctica & Mt. Rainier, WAMay be some on Mars, Europa, & Enceladus!

Mt. Erebus fumarole over ice cave, Antarctica

Mt. Erebus ice towers, Antarctica

Historical Image ca. 1950’s, Mt. Erebus Ice Cave, Antarctica Mt. Rainer fumarolic ice caves

The Mission

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Trajectory Primer

Earth Departure Jupiter Insertion, Europa gravity assist

Aerocapture

Moon Tour Gravity assist

Europa Encounter@ 3km/s 2km altitude

382 May 2019

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Tidal Heating

• Enceladus/Europa in eccentric orbit• Tidal bulge is larger when closer to Saturn• Distortion generates frictional heat• Plume is as large as 150km tall, 100 km wide and 100km long• Plume is 5x denser at apochron

Upperstage

Mother Ship

NanoSpacecraft~10x (Intruder)

Inter-Stage

Mission Ideas

• Space Based• Flyby (~$0.0002T)

• Need more than 7 Km/sec Delta V past Mars• Flyby Delta V as Between 10 and 40 Km/sec• Plume Observations Laser Illumination

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PicoSpacecraft~100x (Scout)

Mother Ship

Intruder Class

Scout Class

Pioneer 11

Space (cm) 40x40x20 20x20x10 1x1x1 36x36x76Mass (Kg) 20 3 0.1 260

Power (Watt Min)

2,000 1,000 100 150 W

Operating Temperature (Deg C)

+40 to 0 +40 to -20 +40 to -40 +40/ - 40

Non Operating Temperature (Deg C)

+5 to -20 +5 to -20 +5 to -20 +40/ - 41

Acceleration/ Shock ( g)

10 20 20 6

Number 1 10 100 1

Europa• Slightly smaller than Earth's Moon, Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and has a water-ice

crust and probably an iron–nickel core.• Europa has the smoothest surface of any known solid object in the Solar System.

• The predominant model suggests that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to plate tectonics, absorbing chemicals from the surface into the ocean below

• Sea salt from a subsurface ocean may be coating some geological features on Europa, suggesting that the ocean is interacting with the sea floor

• The Hubble Space Telescope detected water vapor plumes similar to those observed on Saturn's moon Enceladus, which are thought to be caused by erupting cryogeysers

• The Galileo mission, launched in 1989, provides the bulk of current data on Europa. • The outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10–30 km including a ductile "warm ice" layer, which

could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be about 100 km deep• This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 3 × 1018 m3, between two or three times the volume

of Earth's ocean

The Opportunity: Target Systems

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The A and B components of Alpha Centauri have an orbital period of 79.91 years. Their closest approach is 11.2 AU, or the distance between the Sun and Saturn; and their furthest separation is 35.6 AU, the distance between the Sun and Pluto. Apparent visual distance ranges between 2 and 22 arc sec. They are currently at a 4.5 arc sec separation. Apparent visual magnitude 0.3 and 1.3

61 Cygni A

61 Cygni B

Sol

61 Cygni A and B orbit their common barycenter in a period of 659 years, with a mean separation of about 84 AU. Orbital eccentricity of 0.48 means that the two stars are separated by about 44 AU at periapsis and 124 AU at apoapsis. They are currently at a 80 AU or 20 arc sec separation. Apparent visual magnitude 5.2 and 6.0Kepler data suggest 1 to 5 planets

61 Cygni A/B Alpha Cen A/B

G2V M6VeK1VG2V

K5V

K7VSol

G2V

Toliboy Mission Description

TargetaCen A&B

Earth

S/C in LEO SS orbit @550km

Sun light

Each Target Observed 40min per orbit

Target61 Cygni

Detect Earth Mass Planets around Alpha Cent and 61 Cygni20 Kg Spacecraft 9 cm F21 Telescope 3 Year MissionLaunch June 2021$1.5 M

Pointing Control +/-0.0008°Thermal Stability +/-0.01° C

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Toliboy Description

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• Payload Telescope• 9 cm f /21 telescope with double diffraction gratings

• Spacecraft Bus• 12 Kg cubesat, with high precision pointing and thermal control

• Launch, 2 options Rideshare Opportunity Space Flight (SpaceX) and ISIS (Europe)

• Operations Science operations to be performed at University of Sydney

• Ground Based Observation PLANETS Foundation, USA

Double Diffraction

+ + +

A. Secondary grating provides separation secondary-detector

B. Primary grating provides overall system focal length

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Classical astrometry missions suffer from distortions in telescope and focal plane,double diffraction corrects such distortions

Schedule

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Month 0:

Begin launch services negotiations, Spaceflight, ISIS, ISRO, ESA, NASA

Contract Negotiations with Endoursat, Blue Canyon, Malin, Cosign

Obtain Export Licenses

Month 1

Spacecraft/ payload / ground processing / launcher ICD

Spacecraft architecture, electronics, software, structures, thermal

Define electrical/data requirements sub ICDs

Prototype payload

Develop mission CONOPS

Requirement definition

Tolerance analysis and sensitivity analysis,

error budget margin generation for spacecraft and payload

Month 2:► Develop Optical design capable of meeting the requirements. ZEMAX files,

optical prescriptions per component and detector requirements.► Design and layout of spacecraft ► Develop budgets and margins for pointing, power, vibration, thermal, mass► Prototype payload perform bench testingMonth 3 :► Produce plated PVDF surfaces► Finalize requirements budgets, validate cost and schedule estimates► Design reviews verify Spacecraft, Payload and

Launcher margins closeMonth 4:► Brief Preliminary Design, Receive Go Ahead► Negotiate Final contracts► Order Long Leads► Begin construction

2022 2023 2024Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

2019 2020 2021

Design Build /Test Launch Operate

Reviewed for Export Compliance by James Schalkwyk, Approved by S Pete Worden. This document does not contain

any export Controlled Data

The Story

2 May 2019 50

The search for exoplanets entices people like no other topic. The discovery of the closest earth sized planet will be a big deal. The Toliboy mission has the best chance to make that discovery of any mission in the near future.

Taking the public and the scientific community along with this adventure is a critical piece of the overall mission.

The Breakthrough ‘brand’ may well be defined by the way it communicates and engages the public on the development and execution of the Toliboy Mission.

The opportunity to tell the Toliboy story to the public should be embraced and used to promote the advancement of science and exploration.

Reviewed for Export Compliance by James Schalkwyk, Approved by S Pete Worden. This document does not contain any export Controlled Data

Breakthrough ToliboyDiscovers Closest Earth Sized Planet

INSIDE: A 14- PAGE SPECIAL REPORT ON PLANET HUNTERS

July 7th July 15th 2022

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CIRCA 2068

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NASA plans to Launch SLSEvery year starting in 2020Outer planet mission envisionedfor 2027 or 2028

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20 months

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Cassini Enceladus Hubble Europa

Basic optical concept for laser fluorescence

Schematic of laser fluorescence method at Icy moon for the detection of tryptophan

Europa and Enceladus InvestigationJohn Grunsfeld, Jonathan Lunine and Chris McKay