cultural beliefs arnett
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
1/21
Cultural Beliefs: Chapter 4
Samuel R. Mathews, Ph.D.
Dept. of Psychology
University of West Florida
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
2/21
Culture:
customary beliefs, social forms, and materialtraits of :
racial,
religious, or
other social group;
characteristics features of everyday existence;
set of shared values, goals, and practices thatcharacterizes an institution, group, or
organization
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
3/21
Culture and Adolescence
Developmental periods/stages are constructedwithin a culturally specific context
Defines rules, responsibilities, benefits, and
structures appropriate to the period of timewe call adolescence
Adolescence, for many cultures reflects a
coming of age Provides specific rituals or rites of passage and
specific practices in preparation for adult
responsibilities and privileges
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
4/21
Cultural Beliefs
Norms, values, standards, and expectations a culture
has generated for its participants
In general, adolescents are unique in that their own
values are moving toward those of adults in the
culture Intergenerational transmission of beliefs about roles
form coherence of society
Changes in beliefs due to historical and individual
events form basis for cultural evolution (e.g.
Bandura)
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
5/21
Socialization: Bringing Individuals into the
Culture
Selfregulationmanaging ones behavior in a
culturally appropriate way
Rolepreparationlearning the prerequisites for
assuming one or more roles as defined by culturalbeliefs
Sources of meaningunderstanding the essence of
human existence (mortality, evil/good, etc)
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
6/21
Socialization: Bringing Individuals into the
Culture
Socialization is grounded in: religious, political,
historical,familial, and individual dispositional
factors
Socialization is related to: age, sex/gender,
social class, race, etc
Learning ones appropriate place in ones
culture is based on intentional and incidental
learning.
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
7/21
Cultural ValuesIndividualism/Collectivism
Independent selfbroad socialization:
Focus is on being schooled to a broad set of norms within which onecan choose;
focus is on individual choice and autonomous behavior;
individual success is valued over the collectives or groups
success/values;
Interdependent selfnarrow socialization:
Focus is on being schooled to conform to a single or narrow set of
norms
Individual variability is reduced and the collectives or groups values
are enhanced Group or collective success is valued over individual success
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
8/21
Cultural ValuesIndividualism/Collectivism
Individualism more linked to economic success
Collectivist ideals linked to other forms of wellbeing
There are trade offs for each pole in the continuum between
individualism and collectivism
Within either culture there is a high degree of variability
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
9/21
Cultural Values and Cultural Practices
Cultural Complexes (Practices)the
intersection between the values and practices
of a culture
Key practices related to values
Dating, courtship, marriage (USA/Palau)
Gendered practices in employment
Racial/ethnic practices in employment
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
10/21
Multicultural Societies and Communities
Typical drift: minority cultures move toward majority
culture values and practices
Models of multicultural coexistence:
Assimilation: minority culture relinquishes its identity as it
is absorbed into the dominant culture Accommodation: minority culture adopts dominant
cultures practices in interaction with dominant culture but
retains its own identity when operating independently of
the dominant culture Pluralism:each culture maintains its own practices and
identities with cooperative and interdependent
interactions in settings such as workplaces and schools.
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
11/21
Culture, Religion, and Adolescence
Religion and religious practices provide:
Guidelines for socialization through:
Self regulation
Role preparation
Sources of meaning
Structures for families activities
Participation in religious activities
Participation in rites of passage
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
12/21
Culture, Religion, and Adolescence
Religion and religious practices provide:
Protective factors for adolescents who have
families with structure and common values to
guide activities
Confounding factors: Family organization and predictability
Joint activities with family
Common values and practices
Positive peer affiliations
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
13/21
Culture, Religion, and Adolescence
Cognitive Development and Religious Themes The prediction is that as formal operations emerge, beliefs
and values move from concrete ways of acting to more
abstract concepts to impact source of meaning
Abstract and hypothetical thought can also pave the wayfor:
Questioning core beliefs
Identifying hypocritical actions by those in authority
Exploring alternative belief systems
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
14/21
Culture, Moral Development, and
Adolescence
Focus in theories of development of moralreasoning is on the processes and criteria used
to make decisions
Kohlberg: Based on justice and principledbehavior
Preconventional Reasoning
Conventional Reasoning Postconventional Reasoning
Critiques tend to be focused on masculine bias and justice
focus instead of focusing on relationships
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
15/21
Culture, Moral Development, and
Adolescence
Gilligan: Based on an ethic of care and
relationships
Self care
other care
Self-other care from need
Critiques tend to be based on a similar gender bias
Subsequent studies suggest that males andfemales vary in their use of justice and care
orientations and gender rather than sex seems
relevant.
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
16/21
Culture, Moral Development, and
Adolescence
Shwedercultural perspective
Higher level moral reasoning can occur within the
context of a particular cultural norm;
Everyday experiences are more indicative than
hypothetical cases for assessing moral
development
Concepts of right and wrong are rooted with acultural milieu
Situational ethics are based on a particular religious or
traditional focus
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
17/21
Culture, Moral Development, and
Adolescence
Worldview perspectives (Jensen)
Worldviews are lens through which we view the
world and make judgments
Jensens Codes
Ethic of autonomy
Ethic of community
Ethic of divinity WorldviewMoral ReasoningMoral
EvaluationMoral BehaviorModify
Worldview
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
18/21
Culture and Political Thinking in
Adolescence
Key factors in development acrossadolescence (Adelsons work):
Cognitive development (immutable laws to a
social constructivist view) Movement away from authoritarian preference
(consideration of interaction of individual with
collective rights)
Ideological perspectives increase (focus on higher
abstract principles)
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
19/21
Culture and Political Thinking in
Adolescence
Political beliefs and political/civic activism
Adolescent disenchantment with status quo;
seeming unequal treatment
being held responsible for acting like an adult without
adult privileges
Time of questioning (including religious, political,
cultural tenets)
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
20/21
Culture and Political Thinking in
Adolescence
Outcomes of political engagement:
Apathy/disengagement
Community Service
Civil disobedience
Civil unrest
Violent rebellion
Whether or not action is taken, it is typically a time
for questioning (including religious, political, cultural
tenets)
-
8/11/2019 Cultural Beliefs Arnett
21/21
Discussion Questions for Culture
1. Think about your position on allowing
homosexual marriages the same rights and
status as heterosexual marriages.
2. What sources from culture informed your
position?
3. What sources from culture might have
informed those who hold the opposite view?
4. What are differences and similarities in the
sources of the two views and how might they
be resolved?