cultural ethnography -...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER - V
CULTURAL ETHNOGRAPHY
CULTURAL ETHNOGRAPHY
The histor ical and cu l tu ra l signif icance . of personal
names i n I nd ia has been stressed by previous writers. 1
Elaborate rules are l a i d down by different sutras to name an
ind iv idua l . Agrawal has classif ied the per iod into 6 stages.
( 1 ) RigvGda, ( 2 ) Later Rigvedic, ( 3 ) Sutra and ear ly
Buddhist, ( 4 ) Kushana and Gupta period, ( 5 ) Mediaeval and
Kane observes that the l i terary data about naming f a l l
into three or four dist inct periods such as ( 1 ) Vedic, ( 2 ) Sutra,
3 ( 3 ) Smrit i a and ( 4 ) Post Smrit i or Nibandha.
Vedic Period
I n the vedic period generally a person had two names.
One of these was supposed to be a secret name (gupta) known
to parents only, and the other was either h is & name or
patronymic or sometimes matronymic name.
When the three names are mentioned, the f i r s t name was
person's ordinary name, the second a der ivat ive from h i s
fa ther 's name and the last derived from h i s &. I n the
later vedic l i terature the emergence of the gotra name 4
rep lacing the patronymic is arnarked feature.
I n some cases, as given inAitareya Brahmana, the
personal name Is accompanied by the name derived from a
country o r local i ty .
Eg: ~hTrna Vaidarbha.
Sutra period
Very elaborate ru les are g iven i n the Gr ihya s i t r a s
about naming a ch i ld .
- 5 6 Asvalayana a n d Apasthamba GrhyasGtra t e l l us that a
c h i l d should be named on the 10th day o r a f ter . A c h i l d was
g iven a name beginning w i th sonant, w i t h a senti vowel i n i t ,
w i th the v i sa rga at the end consis t ing o f e i the r two o r four
sy l lab les , two sy l lab les i f he is desirous of a f i r m posi t ion,
four i f he is of s p i r i t u a l g lo ry . The First p a r t of the name
was a noun and the second p a r t , a verb.
7 8 9 10 11 H i ranyakesi , B h i r a d v a j a , Gohila, Sanlthayana, Baudhanya,
13 ~ h a d i r a l ' a n d ~ - d n a v a Gi-ihyasLtras prescr ibes elaborate r u l e s
for the naming of a ch i ld .
The Gobhila g r i h y a su t ra prescr ibes the g i v i n g of a
secret name at the time of Jatakarma and says that Ern2
k a r n a is to be performed a f te r 10 o r 100 n igh ts o r a f te r one --
year has passed a f te r the b i r t h of a child:,
- The ~ a n a v y a g r i h a y a s u t r a te l l s us that the name of
son should have a sonant a t the beg inn ing a n d a semivowel i n
the middle, the name of a g i r l should b e of three sy l lab les
ending i n I d a ' .
The par;s/ara and ~ a u d h a ~ a n a ' ~ g r i h y a s';tras state
that n imakarana function should be performed on the 10th or
12th day and one name should be of a nakshatra and the
second should be given at the time of upanayanam.
Further the sGtras state that names of Brahama?as
should end i n ;arman,a Kshatr iya 's in varman a va isya 's -- -- I
i n gupta and sudra 's name in bhru tya o r dasa. -
Variha gr ihya sctra states that father 's name should
be avoided and the name should be derived from a nakshatra
o r a dei ty. A g i r l ' s name should end in a ' a ' and the name
should not be after a r i ve r , nakshatra, the moon and the
sun, and should not end in 'da t ta ' or ' r aksh i t a ' preceeded
by the name of a deity. Manu sq r i t i has enlarged the ru les
about g i v i ng a name. He states upapsdas or generics should
b e a f f i xed to names. The upapada, ;arman, i.e., mangala
indicat ing haappiness or blessing, should be af f ixed to a
BrahmaFa. The Upapida of a k i ng should indicate protection,
strength, and that of a vaisya should indicate prosper i ty ,
wealth, and of a sudra dependence or service, i.e. serv i l i t y .
The ~ i t a l i s h a r a , a cotnrnentary on the Y a j b v a l k y a
smr i t i quctes Sankha, who says that a father should give a
name to the ch i l d connected with a family deity!"t appears
that in the times of the Grahmanas, names of nakshatras were
secret and so are not found.
Thus the pr incip les about narring of a ch i l d have
undergone changes dur ing period. This reflects the
c h a n g i n g soc ia l , re l i g ious and other condi t ions of the time.
I n p a n i n i t s time names a f te r naksha t ras were
common. He g ives some elaborate r u l e s about names der i ved
from nakshatras16 . These a re der i ved from Srav ishtha,
Pha lgu? ; , Anur'ldha, Sv2t i, Tishya and Punarvasu.
A number of Buddhist names a f te r naksha t ras have
17 been found. E.g. Moggal i Pu t ta t i ssa ( f rom T isya) .
According to the rnedieaval works on j y o t i s h y a , "Each
o f the 27 nakshatras is d i v i d e d in to 4 padas and to each
& of the naksh t ra a specif ic le t ter i s assigned. E.9.
'Chu ' che, cho a n d l a for the padas of Asvani , from which a
person b o r n i n a p a r t i c u l a r pads of Asvani was c a l l e d e i the r - ChGdimni , Chedisa, Chzl isa, ~ a k s h a m a ~ a . ' ~ ~
The p a t t e r n of naming a c h i l d i n d i f ferent per iods thy5
revea ls the social fashions of the time. Such a change o f
names from p e r i o d to per iod may correspond to the change i n
r e l i g i o u s a t t i t l ~ d e of the people and soc ia l as wel l a$ the
p o l i t i c a l condi t ions of the time.
The mate r ia l col lected for ana lys is of personal names
i s from the insc r ip t ions that span over a per iod of 15 centur ies
( f rom 2nd century B.C. to 13th century A.D.). The
c l a s s i f icat ion and ana lys is of the personal names contr ibutes
a lot i n understanding the castes, sub-castes and r e l i g i o u s
in f luence of the per iod under study.
The inscript ional a personal names can be s tudied under
the following heads: 327
1) Personal names of brahma?as (a ) male (b ) female
1 1 ) Personal names of Kshatrlyas of r u l l n g famil ies, ( a )
male (b ) female.
l i l ) personal names of Vaisyas, (a ) male, (b ) female.
I v ) Other personal names v iz ; kGyasthas and other
unspecified personal names.
v ) Personal names of Buddhist and Jaina community.
The l l s t of the names given below are only illustrative
and not exhaustive.
Names of the members of the Kshatrlyas of Rul ing Farnilles
The roya l famllles whlch ru led over the Coastal Andhra
Pradesh or the par ts of the region from the 2nd century 6.C.
to the 13th century A.D. were ~ i t a v a h a n a s , Ikshavskus, I -
~a lankayanas , Znanda gotras, ~ r i h a t ~ a i a ~ a n a s , Vlsh;uku?<lns,
Pa l lavas, ~ h a l u k y a s of Vengi, Cholas, Eastern GLangas, and
Kakatiyas. Besides these roya l families, magdalikas - had their
sway over the some par ts of the region.
19 The ear ly Inscript ions from the Krlshna d ls t r l c t g lve
l
a name, Gautamlputra ~ l r i ~ a n a - ~ S t a k a r ~ i , meaning son of
Gautami o r of a lady belonging to the Gautama gotra, whlch I -
Is a Satavahana matronymlc. Gautamlputra S l r i Satakarni i s
1 - the f l r s t known Satavahana k l n g to bear a matronymlc. Nearly
a l l h i s successors bear matronymlcs, v iz ; ~ a d h a r l ~ u t r a
- 20 Satakarnl, ~ a s i t h i ~ u t r a ~ i j a ~ a ; i t a k a r n l .
Most of the names of the lkshavaku k ings are i n
- 2 1 Prak r i t . Each of them denotes some qua l i ty . Eg. Chantatnula
denotes peace. Other names denote power and valour l i ke
22 ~ i r a p u r i s i d a t a and Vasisht lputa Bahubala. The personal
names of the Ikshavsku k ings also denote matrimonic
influence.
23 Name of seven ru le rs of th is family are ( 1 ) ~ i j a ~ a d e v a
varma, ( 2 ) v i jayanahdi varrna, (3 ) V i jayabudda varma, ( 4 )
Hastivarrna, ( 5 ) Nar'idi varma, ( 6 ) Chandra varma and (7 )
~ i j a y a n a n d i varma I l l . Both the name proper and generic
denote the war !ike profession o f the k i n g , except Hasti Varma
and Nahdi varma.
Ananda Gotra
Kandara, Damodara varma and At t i varma are names of
24 the Ananda gotra fami ly. According to O r . Fleet, Kandara is
a var ia t ion of ~ r i s h n 2 . ~ Kanda is p r a k r i t and Kandana, a
Drav id ian form of ~ k a n d i f j Kanda might have become 'kandara'
much i n the same way as 'kanha' became ' kanha ra ' . The
personal name ~ a m c d a r a is after vishvu. D.C. Sircar looks
upon Att ivarman as a Prakr i t o r Dravid ian form of Hasti
27 varman.
Only one name is avai lable of the ~ r i h a t p a l a y a n a gotra
fami ly. i.e. Jayavarmanze . This personal name also denotes
power and valour.
329 Vishnukundins
Information about the Vishnukundins is avai lable i n . . . the nine Copper Plate Inscript ions found. Nine ru le rs belong
2 9 to th is family. They are ~ a d h a v a varma I, ~ G v a varma,
~ a d h a v a varma I I , ~ i k r a m e n d r a varma, lndra hatt tar aka . . Varma , ~ i k r a m e n d r a varma, ~ b v i n d a varma, ~ s d h a v a varma
I I I , and Manchana Bhattaraka. The name specifies indicate . . the brahminical r ev i va l under roya l patronage dur ing the
post k t a v i i h a n a period. 1 1 is interesting to note that a l l the
personal names, except Manchana Bhat!araka of th is dynasty
end i n varma which is the generic used for the personal -- names of Kshatr iyas.
Eastern cha!ukyas of vengi
30 There are twenty nine ru le rs of th is dynasty.
Most of these names are indicat ive o f the valour,
power, prestige and prowess. I t is very wel l i l lus t ra ted by
the personal names such as Jayasimha, lndrabhattaraka,
Vi jay i id i tya, V ikrarn5ditya Yuddhamal la, ~ h r m a , Saktivarrna,
V ima lad i ty a, ~ a j a r a j a n a r e n d r a , and ~ a j C n d r 2 ! V ish?uvardhana
who is also referred to as Kubja ~ i s h ~ u ~ ~ is after the deity
~ a m a n a . Pesonal names such as Kokk i l i , Mahgi, Talapa,
8Gdspa and the epithet Gunakanalla of ~ i ~ a y a d i t y a ~ ~ reveal
the influence of the Kannada language on personal names.
I n some instances the qual i t ies of a k i ng have a
bear ing on the personal names. ~ ~ n a r n a v % ~ is an example of
th is class.
330
The etymology of some of the names l ike Iv~Fl ihba, and
Tailamba of Eastern Chalukyan queens is not clear.
Eastern as 35 There are eighteen names of the Eastern Gihga ru lers.
- Among these some are after the deities l ike l nd ra and l i v a r a .
( ~ a m i r v a n v a , epithet of I svara).
Next to the names after deities, we f i nd names
suggesting mi l i tant qual i ty such as Vajrahasta, Vi jayadi tya
and Aniya'nka bhima. Atleast one name Guyqana seems to be
non-sanskrit .
36 There are twenty names of the Eastern &bga queens.
Most of the personal names of the Eastern Ganga queens
suggest Sanskrit inf hence. Exarnp les are: Lakshmi d$v i,
Prithivirnahadevi, Siygdevi, Leelavati, and ~ a s t i r i k a modini.
Chandra lekha, Mar jara, Beziyadev i and Yarakama are
non-sanskrit .
~ a k a t iyas
The names of the ~ a k a t i ~ a ru le rs except that of p ro la
are af ter the god Siva., Eg. Rudra deva, klahadgva, Ganapatl
d&a, Rudramadev i (queen) and Pratkparudra? The meaning
of ' ~ r G l a ' i s not clear. However i t may be noted that Prz la is
found in the names of almost a l l clacses of the society. This - is found among the names of women also Eg. prolama.
~ ' a f ~ d . I ikas (Fuedetories)
Velan2t i Chiefs
The Ve lan i t i chiefs were the feudatories of the imperial
Ch6!as and their allegiance to their overlords was shown i n
38 adopting the names of the contemporary Tamil overlcrds.
They are:
1. ku lo l tunga Choda GEiilca r z j a
2 . Rajendra ~h;da ~ o h k a r a j a
3. ~ u l o t t u n ~ a Chida G6nka
4. ~ u l 6 t t u n ~ a RajGldr-a Manma Choda
5. K ulotr unga ~ r i t h i v i s v a r a maharzju
Among these names the meanings of and
Gotika are not clear. -
~ & a Chiefs
The names of ~ o n a chiefs ~ o k a m a h i ~ i l a , hi ma, 39
blahid iva, and Vallabha are in accordance wi th the ru les l a i d
40 down in Smritis for the r u l i n g class.
~ G t a Chiefs
Of the four names of this family only two names are
, 4 ' 'Sa iv i te as in the case of Siva and Ga;apati .
The t h i r d is after the epic hero ~h l rnb ! The
signif icance of the fourth name, ~ i t d l i s nc,t clear.
44 The names of the queens are Ga?apZhba, ~ a b b a m b a ,
4 5 a n d B a y y a l a m a h ~ d ~ v i . The ac tua l meaning of Sabba a n d
B a y y a l a i s noat c lear . I t is p robab le that Sabba i s a
d e r i v a t i o n of Sarva which may s tand f o r the God Siva. - Names of ordinary people
Needless to say that the names o f common people ca l l
be c l a s s i f i e d in to more types when compared to the names of
the r u l i n g class. Thus they a f f o r d bet ter evidence for the
reconstruct ion of the social and c u l t u r a l h i s to ry of the g iven
reg ion .
Names of B r a h m a ~ a s
However i t may be noted that i t is not a lways poss ib le
to iden t i f y the caste of a person on the bas is of h i s name.
The same name can be borne by the people of more than one
c lass . However the generics of the personal names as noted
above, v a r y depending upon the caste of the person as
ka rma, varma, gup ta , a n d dasa.
The names of the brahmanas on the bas is of the
spec i f i c i .e. the f i r s t p a r t of the name may be c lass i f i ed as
fol lows.
1 . Names a f te r de i t ies
2 . Names a f te r nakshatras
3. Names ind ica t ing re l ig ious tendency
4. Names af ter epic heroes, ancestors, r i s h i , and
5 . Names a f te r animals
6. Names denoting phys ica l features
7. Miscellaneous names.
1. Names after Deities
Names a f te r deit ies can be c lass i f ied fu r ther into:
i )
i i )
i i i )
i v )
v
v i )
v i i )
v i i i )
i x )
x )
x i )
x i i )
Names af ter deit ies i n general , E.g. Deva
Names a f te r Siva
Names a f te r Vishnu
Names a f te r Brahma
Names a f te r ind ra
Names a f te r Dat ta
Names a f t e r Ganapat i
Names a f te r Madana
Nares af ter ~ i ; y a
Names a f te r ~ t i r y a
Names a f te r Chandra
Names a f te r Goddesses
Names denoting God in general
A few names conta in the f i r s t p a r t as ' d sva ' or
lsvarni ' meaning 'god' . Eg. Sv im i - 5arma (4 th century
46 4 7 48 A.D.) Deva j ja and Deva i a r m a (5 th century A.D.). This
c lass of names were i n use though r a r e l y for a long per iod.
In fact even i n modern times we occasional ly come across t h i s
t ype of names.
Names after Slva
I t 1s Interesting to note that a great bulk of names i n
the early lnscrlptlons are Salvlte. Thls shows that the cul t of
- Slva was very popular In the Coastal Andhra by the early
2nd or 3rd century A.D. I tself. The archaeological evidence
also corroborates th is conclusion. The excavations conducted
at Nagarjuna ko?$a shed welcome l ight on the existence of 49
Salvlsm. I t Is Interesting to note that some individuals bear
1
the names of both Siva and Vlshnu. Eg. Sankara ~ a r i y a n a
50 Bhatta.
No brahmana name is referred to I n the lnscrlptlons
of Ikshav%kus, though the rulers patronised and championed
the cause of ~ e d l c religion.
Bt-l hatpalayanas
The followlng are a few examples:
- 51 lsaradtaja ( i .e. , Tsvaradatt i rya)
5 2 Khandarudja ( I .e., Skandarudrayya)
5 3 Rudra ghGsaja ( l e e . , ~ u d r a ~ h o s a r y a )
~ h ^ a v a s k a n d a ~ ~
Naid i s w i i r n ~ ~ ~
' 56 ~ h i v a s k a n d a Sarma
SlvarLaya 5 7
V ishnukundins . . .
58 Hudra sarma
Eastern c h i jukyas
I 5 9 Bhadra sarma
Chandra karma chaturvedi6D
~ i n i sarma 6 1
6 2 lsana
~ a n d & a k r a r n a ~ i t ~ ~
ail sarma 64
65 Komaraya bhatta . .
66 Luddappa dv ivzdi
6 7 ~ a h a k a l a bha!Ia
' 68 soma sarma
Eastern &rigas
ch%!ar (Covers the period of Velanti cho!as)
70 ~ r u l a ! a bhaj;a
7 1 bhirnanatha bha!!a
~an~:dhara bha!!a 72
73 ~arnakot i sahasrd
7 6 Shasf i rudra bhatta . .
- 77 Tikkanarya e . , T i ruka la t t i deva = Lord of 5 r i
Ki lahast i )
78 Tripuranthaka peggada
7 9 ~ t t a r e & v a r a shadangavit
~ i n ~ a i i ? '
81 Mal l i kar juna
Pahrnaheswara bhatta8'
- 83 Mai la ra ( ~ a i l a r a a form of Siva)
The following are the names of the
acharyas ( pont i f fs ) of i a i v a lineage occuring in the
epigraphs.
Eastern ~ha!ukyas
- 84 Pasupat i ~ h > ~ a v a t a pada
~ a k a t iyas
8 5 5ivayogi Madaya
86 5iv iyarna ~a 1 l ikar juna
87 S ivach&-aya Ka i isvara
88 ~ i v a d & u IU (;iotaguru)
89 ~ r i ~ u r i n t a k a ~ a i i ~ i t u l u
Triyahbaka ~ i v a charyagO
91 " idyasiva (5iva gtrr-u of Gandpati deva)
92 V imala ~ i v a c h ~ r y a
Thus The names show that the Siva worship was very
ancient and popular in the Coastal i n d h r a Pradesh.
Amongst the epithets of Siva, only bhava, i sva ra ,
Rudra aand Sarva were referred to. kahaka la , Soma and
Gangidhara became popular from the 12th century. The
inscript ions of Eastern Gangas and their fuedatories add new
names such as ~i(mesvara and ~masarma. The inscript ions of
~ h > l a s , Kakatiyas dnd minor d y n a ~ t i e s of the Coastal xndh ra
Pradesh refer- to ~mareswara, ~h?mesvara, Baiyyana,
Chandrasekhara, ~ a l a k i l a , Kriia, Malle, ~ z r a , N i lagr iva ,
ParimahPsvara, Sakalesvara, 1 r i pu ra r i , and isv van at ha. The
names of the acharyas (priests of the s iva temples) of the
matthas, show the existence of the saiva sects l ike pasupata
and ~ a l a m u k h a in the Ccastal xndhra .
Dur ing the time of tholas, ~ a k a t i ~ a s and MGndaljkas -- (fuedatories), the personal names reveal that Saivism had
beccnle the paramount cult. This is testi f ied by the adherence
of roya l families to this fa i th. They b u i l t Siva temples. The - acharyas of Tripurantaka temple received honour at thc
hands of Kakat iya kings.
Names after Vishpu
- The early i n~c r i p t i ons of Andhra refer to only a few
names of Vishnu.
A lone braharnana name ~ o ~ i y ~ ? Is referred to I n the
inscriptions of the I kshavakus.
Pal lavas
94 Damajja
9 5 Venujja
Vlshnukundlns . 6 .
' 96 Gupta Sarma (Gupta = Vlshnu)
Eastern Cha!ukyas
Charny ana bhaftag7
Darnodara ;arrnag8
99 ~ i m a sarrna (Sanskrl t Darnsdara)
~;vardhana bhattdoO
~ p a s v a r n t l o '
Naraslmha iarma 102
' 103 ~ a r a y a ~ a sarrna
pahdarkga sarrna 104
105 Pahdarahga svaml chaturvedf - 106
Srldara kramavedl
Vennamma bhaita 106 (a )
107 Vlshnu yassas
vltteya . . bhattaloB I. ~ a j s a Sarrndog
Eastern Ch;ngas
' 110 Ananta kurmanatha sarrna
Chenna kurman i tha i a rma 112
11 3 ~ a m o d a r a Sarma
Ti ruvengada d i s ~ l ' ~
T r i v i k rama Sarmd15
Varada ;arma116
V i thu bha t ta 117
0h:yavata Vishnu bhattaraka118 . . ch i da bha t ta ridha hard bha t t a ) l l g . , . . chrrama bha t ta (5 r i Rama b h a t t a j e O . . ~ e i a v a bhat ta lZ1
Narasir i t la bha t ta lZ2
~r-7 ~ r i s h n a ' ' ~ - 124
S r i Kr ishna bha t ta . a
S r i ~ a m a bha t t dZ5
T i r uva ranya sahasr!i2'
Venna bhd t tJ3 ' . . 131
~ i t t l r a n d a n bha t f a (V i t t u = Vishnu) . * . ,
Ananta Pandl ta 132
~ a d h a v a & p i
Purushottama iiryd34 135 Pahdarahga bha t ta . .
Rams ~ e d d i ' ~ ~
S r i p a t i peggaga 137
~ i n ~ a n i i b h a t t u 138 # ,
~ a m a n a appana 139
14 v i s a r z j a ! v i s a may be a f te r Vasuki = Snake o r
Vzsava = Vishvu)
This chronologica l account shows that many important
names of which occur i n works l i k e Vishvu s a h a s r a n ~ m ~ v ~ i
have been adopted by Brahamaqas and the o l d taboo of not
u s i n g the names of deit ies d i rec t l y h a d been completely g iven '. -
up. The worship of the epic hero Rams seems to have s ta r ted
late, a n d was not as popu la r as that of Vishnu.
The per iod from 11th to 14th century saw the emergence
of Bhak t i schools such as that of ~ a m i n u j a hladhva i n the
South .and each of them formed i t s own szrnpradaya to teach
141 i t s own theory and creed.
- The epigraphs i n the Coastal Andhra Pradesh e a r l i e r to
the Eastern Cha!ukyan per iod, mention names of persons
suggest ing the p o p u l a r i t y o f va ishqava cu l t .
The jnscriptions of the Eastern ~ h a l u k y a s and Eastern
Gangas g i v e . u s new epithets of Vishnu which a re not found i n
e a r l i e r inscr ip t ions as Anahta, ~ h a v a s v a m i , ~ h % m a n a y a ,
34 1
~ ; rmans tha , ~ i d h a v a , Narahar i , Njraya?., ~ G n d u r a r i g a ,
Purushottama, ~ b a , Sr idhara, Tiruvengada, T r i v i k rama,
~ g m a n a , Varada, Vasudzva, and Vit.hu. The occurance of the
name Ti ruvengada i n the Sr ikakulam d i s t r i c t i s in terest ing i n
that i t suggests the migrat ion of B r a h a m a ~ a s from Tami!naflu.
I t makes in terest ing read ing that a great major i ty of
the personal names found i n the Cho!a inscr ip t ions discovered
i n Andhra Pradesh a re Vaishpavite. Dakshinsrnur t i , Jann iya ,
1 4 1 1 0 ) ~ a n a r d h a n a , Lakshrrii dhara, padmanabha, and ~;rthas;rathi
are among the Va ish r~av i te personal names found i n the Ch6,Ia
inscr ip t ions of x n d h r a Pradesh.
I t i s s ign i f icant to note that very few names a f te r
k r i s h ~ a occur i n the inscr ip t ions.
Narnes after Brahma
The ear l iest reference to the name af ter Brahma occurs
i n the Eastern ~ h a ( u k y a n inscr ip t ions. I t can be seen from
the l i s t g i ven below that the personal names af ter Brahma
were found i n more number i n the inscr ip t ions of the
~ a k a t i ~ ~ s . I t may be noted that elsewhere i n I n d i a also
142 naming a person af ter brahma was not very popu la r .
Eastern Chalukyas
1 4 3 Brahma sarma
Eastern Gangas
Brahmstrna b h ~ ~ a v a h t a ' ~ ~
I
~rahmadeva Sarma 145
Arasa Brahma 146
0rahmad;va bha ttulu14' a .
Bramrnana ~ e d d i n J ~ ~
Brammaiah 149
Names after Datta
Only two ndrnes after Dutta a re found i n inscript iori
and they belong to the Chola period. They are ~ a t y d n d
150 151 . peggada and Datta t r i vzd i bhat ta. 11 i s interesting to notc . , that i n the Deccan and Gujarat, one name each af ter D a t t j
152 are found In the corresponding period.
Names after Ganapat i
Pre-Eastern ChZ lu iyan inscript ions o f the Coasta I - Andhra Pradesh do not mention any name after Ganapati.
The earl iest reference to th is name appears i n the
153 Oonepuridi grant , Garapati of Bh2radv'aja gotra.
I n the Eastern Gzhga inscript ions there i s only onc
reference, ~ a n a p a t i!54
h e have a few references to the personal names a f te r
Ganapati dur ing the ~ a k a t i y a per iod l ike ~ a ~ a ~ a y y a ~ e g g a d a ' ? ~
156 Gannayya, and ~ a n a p a t \ ~ !
The comparatively increasing number of names of
Gavapati i n the K;katiya period may suggest i t s popular i ty
a f ter the 12th century A.D. i n the region.
Names after Kama
Though Kama or Karnadeva i s taken to be another name
of the god of love Manmatha, i t i s also found as one of the names
of Lord Vishnu i n the Vishnu s a h a s r a n ~ m a ~ ? ' Hence i t i s not
improbable that the personal names after Kzma denoted god
Vishnu, The fol lowing are the few examples.
Eastern ~ha lukyas
~arnadeva t red i bha!tc!59
~ a m a :armJ6O
Eastern ~ a h ~ a s
.. Kakat iyas
344 Names after Siva and Vishnu
I t i s interesting to note that the composite names
denoting both the gods Siva and Vishnu occur for the f i rs t
time i n the Kondamudl plates of B,rihatpalsyana k i n g
Jayavarman of 3rd century A.D. The name is Rudra
165 Venhnaja. Some of the other names found mentioned i n the
Chcla inscr ipt ions are:
Names after ~ a ~ a
Nags worship is an ancient practice as is evidenced by
the discovery of some ~ a ~ a images brought to l ight dur ing the
excavations conducted at some l ndus sites!70 These Nags
images can be dated to the 3rd millenium B.C. The snake has
an important ro le not only i n the Hindu pantheon but also i n
those of Buddhist and Jain. I n Andhra country also this was an
ancient practice. I n the excav~ t i ons conducted at ~ a ~ a r j u n a
k o ~ d a and ~ r n a r z v a t i many sculptures bearing the Ngga
images were discovered. These and some personal names found
i n inscript ions belonging to same per iod i .e., the early
centuries of Christ ian Era attest to the popular i ty of the NSga
worshlp i n the Coastal i n d h r a . One of the inscript ions found
here dears the expression ~ i ~ a b h u ' ~ ' which i s taken to be
the ear ly form of Telugu wor,d ~ a ~ a m u , meaning snake. To
other scholars i t was an abbreviated form of the personal
name Nags-Buddhi. Personal names af ter snake are common I n
the xndhra country r i gh t from the ancient period.
Eastern Cha!ukyas
173 ~ i h b e y a Sarvottama ( ~ t h a r a v a v ~ d i n )
Names after ~ G y a
The worship of Rlgvedic delty 5;rya must have been i n
vogue i n the Coastal i n d h r a . The fol lowing names of SGrya
are found as speclflcs of the personal names in Inscript ions. -
The earl iest name occurs i n the Eastern Chalukyan period.
Eastern ~ha !ukyas
~ h a s k a r a bhat ta lT6 ". ~ l v a k a r a d v l v ~ d i l ' ~
Mi t r a y assas 178
Si irya ~ e g g a $ a l ' ~
Subhskara ;armalso
Eastern ~ i t i g a s
~Gr i ~arma' "
Udyakara ;arrnale2
I t i s surpr is ing to note that no personal name of
brahmanas after 5;rya are found p r i o r to the 7th century. I t
i s d i f f i cu l t to expla in the reason for th is. I n the Deccan the
earl iest name after SGrya is i n the 3rd century A.D!~ ' In
Gujarat , Gujjara plates give names after suryal?' I n Madhya
Pradesh the earliest reference to the names af ter Sun i s i n
I89 the Vakataka inscript ions.
Names after Chandra
Only a few names after Chandra (the moon) are found
i n the inscript ions. The earliest being i n the Eastern GZhga
190 k i n g Devendra Varman's Chicacole plates.
Eastern cha!ukyas
Eastern an gas
~ i ! r i ~ h a A d r a iarma"'
193 Sarva Chahdra
Names af ter Goddess Durga
We have a few names after the goddess Durga. The
earl iest inscr ip t ional reference to the personal name a f te r d
goddess i s i n the 4th century A.D., the Pa l lava period.
P a l lavas
Eastern Ch5lukyas
' 195 Durga sarma
Eastern ~ i i n ~ a s
Chehdi :armalg6
197 Gauri iarrna
MZ jri ;arrnd9'
' 199 U m i sarma
200 ~ m b a l a t a d i bhat ta
Dugragaya bhatta201
Kakat i yas
These are the names af ter Durga. The name Kslarnbiktr
recorded i n the inscr ip t Ions of ~ a k a t i yas, may suggest the
prevalence of a worship i n the i n d h r a Pradesh. They
suggest that the goddess was worshiped i n the form of Arhba,
~ h a m u n d i , and Kal i .
Names af ter Nakshatra
The earl lest reference to the name ~ y z s h f a sarma is in
203 a Pa l lava inscript ion frorr~ Guritijr.
Interestingly i n Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Deccan
we f i nd greater number' of names of brahmanas after
204 nakshatra than i n the Andhra Pradesh.
Names af ter Veda, Vedic Gods and sacrif ices
We f i n d few names af ter vedas, vedic gods and vedic
sacrif ices.
V ishnukundins
Agni ;armJo5
' 206 l nd ra sarma
Eastern Chalukyas
' 207 Agni sarma
208 Janneya bha!ta (Janne = ~ a j i i a )
~ e d a y y a 4armaZog
Yaj:a ;armJIO
Eastern Gangas
yaj:arnurthy bha t ta 213
Names after yishls and Epic Heroes
Names a f te r r i s h l s a n d eplc h e r e s do not f l n d ment lor~
I n the ear ly inscr ip t ions and are found only from Eastern
~hca!ukyan times I .e . , from 7th century A.D.
Eastern ~halukyas
- 215 Agast lsvara bha t ta
~ o h d l y a peggada 2 1 8
Gautama bhatta21g . , V I ciu ;arrna2*0
Eastern Gangas
' 223 Lakshmana sarma
224 Rasiyana Fbddi
Bharata bhatta225 4 8
226 ~ e d a vyasa bhatta . .
~ i r ~ ~ a n a peddi 2 2 7
Valkana peddiZz8
Lakshmana and Bharata are the epic heroes from -
~arnGyana, Bhirna, ~ r o n a , and Vidura are from Mah5bhirata.
The epic hero Harischandra is also referred to. Names after
r i sh is are Agdstya, bhr igu , Gautarna, ~ z r ~ g a y a , kaundir lyd . . and ~ a j x a v a l k i .
Names after Relation
' 229 B h i t r i sarma (bhatru = brother)
Eastern GShgas
230 ~ i $ t r i sarma
' 231 Vappa sarrna (vappa > bappa = father)
Amma, Dravidian word and ~ S p p a , a Prakr i t word mean
mother and father respectively. ~ a h b i and ~ h a t r i stand for
brother.
Names after Flora
Eastern Chi lukyas
MSdi :arm?135(~idi tree)
vernana b h a t t ~ t ' ~ ~ (&.ma = neem) . .
Kzkat iyas
" 237 i u l a s i narya
Norship of the Neem tree and Tulasi was prevalent i n
-, Andhra and these names probably suggest the same.
Names after Animals
Eastern chalukyas
Govrishpa bha t t i r i kaZ38 6 8
The only personal name which i s named after animals
i s after the cow.
Names after Colour
2 3 9 Errama peggata ( = red)
240 Nalla szrya peggada (na l l a = b lack)
24 1 Bolli manchi (bo l l i = white)
242 ~hayan-d rya ( ~ h l a y a = colour)
- 243 K a r r i narya (Ka r r i : black)
., "6 .I I b
Names after Food
244 Grutassee bhatta (gru ta = ghee)
4 .
Names after Village Deities
Many names after v i l lage deities f i nd a place i n the
inscr ipt ions.
Eastern ~hii!ukyas
~ o t a SarrnJ46
Eastern ~ a h ~ a s
~ - d t a y a ' ~ ~
248 ~r;leya bhat tu
These names of Brahamanas are af ter the v i l lage
deit ies, ~ o t a r a j u and Yellamma. They reveal the influence of
these gods even among the e l i t e of the society.
Descr ip t ive Names
Many names suggest qual i ty or convey some general
information, The personal names given below are a few o f
them.
Eastern ~ha lukyas
Nannaya bhat t i5 ' 4 *
- 2 5 1 Peddanarya
252 Vimala samudraya
Eastern Giitigas
2 5 7 Dodde p e d d ~ ( doddi = b i g , respected)
Kakat iyas
2 58 Ardhi peddi
259 Atmanary a
2 6 0 ~ u t t a n z r y a (rnutta = elder)
- 261 Peddi r a j u
~ a n d a l i k a Chiefs
262 D$S;S~ pa'ndita
263 ~ ' i i ch i r z j u
1 2 6 4 Praspi ta sarma
Besides these names, the remaining personal names i n
the incr ipt ions under survey are af ter , ( a ) holy places and
idols, (b ) h i l l , ( c ) gold, ( d ) education and ( e ) victory and
va lour.
Eastern cha!ukyas
- 265 ~ z n c h e n a sornayaji (a f te r gold)
266 Kondama sarma (a f te r h i l l )
Viddaya bhat!i6'(after education)
68 Vl jaya peggad$ (a f te r v ic to ry )
Eastern Gshgas
269 Dhana sarma (af ter money)
- 270 K i r t i ia rma (af ter fanie) - 2 7 1
Ki r t i vzsa Larma (af ter fame) 272
prayaga rnahchena (after a holy place)
273 ~ ~ i s h i k e s a bhat tu (af ter holy place) . .
274 bt t r thy bhat tu (af ter an i d o l )
9 .
275 Rachchana sha9angavit (af ter wr i t ing)
276 ~ r i d a n a r y a (af ter egg)
277 Ganggargju (af ter holy r i ve r Gariga)
- 278 Rayana peggada ( raya = r a j a i.e., k i ng )
The significance and importance of the personal names
given below can not be properly explained and c lassi f ied i n
the present state of knowledge.
Achchhabhadra bhat tJ7 ' .. i l a sahasra
~ e t a n a bhatta "' 4 .
Bhunichi r a j u
Gu?damayya 283
284 Gunja dgva Larma
J i l le bha!! iu2''
~ o n a k a n g r y a 286
~ e t a n a peddi 287
288 Mase peddl
289 Mahda sarrna dvlvedi
290 M ~ Y i n d i n q sarrna
292 petta sarma
#
293 Ponnaya sahasra
294 ~Frnaya bhaf fa
r 295 Rgmpaya sarrna
296 ~ e v a Larma
29 7 ~ e v a n a dvlvedi - 298
Slmabhattu . . - Tampara sarma dlkshl ta
300 ~ ; r k a Larrna t r i ved i
3 0 1 ~ i a h a m a n d i n bhat ta . ,
302 V i l k a larrna
303 Vlvel la bhat ta . . . #
3 04 yekkaya
Personal names usual ly consist of two parts, the
name proper and the second pa r t cal led pidinta (generic). I n
the fol lowing lines an analyt ical study of the generics of
personal names found i n the inscript ions is attempted.
Generics of the names of the Brahamapas
- - Acharya, Aj ja, Amrna, Ananda, ~ m z t y a , Arya, Ayya,
Appa, ~ h z ~ a v a t a , Bhatfa, Bhattara, . . ChaturvGdi, Dgsa, Datta,
~ & a , ~ T k s h l t a , ~ v i v e d i , J iyya, ~ o s y u l u , Krarnavid, ~ i c h i ,
~ u m z r a , Mahchi, NGyaka, Nahbi, Pahdita, Peddi, Peggada,
Perumzdi, Rgju, Saika, ;arms, ~ o m a y a j i , Siva , Svzmi,
Tr ivedi , LJpGdhayiya (bhat topady iyaa) , ~ a j a v a n , and Yassas.
Acharya
- Acharya means a sp i r i tua l preceptor o r a holy teacher,
305 a learned person. This generic occurs rare ly i n the names of
306 the brahama~as. I n the inscript ions of ~ a k a t i y a s personal
names of saiva pontifs wi th th is generic are found.
Ajja
Aj ja is a Prakr i t honorif ic generic and is derived from
the Sanskrit generic Arya. I t i s found only i n the
307 inscr ipt ions o f the &,anda gotra and Br ihatpalayana k ings.
The word amma is a Drav id ian o r i g in and i t means
308 mother. I t i s also an honorific t i t l e appended to the proper.
names. This word i s to be derived from Sanskrit ar;lba meaning -- an elder ly person. This word occurs as generic f i rs t i n the
309 inscr ipt ion of the Eastern cha!ukyas.
Anna
Anna is a Telugu word meaning elder brother:l0and I t
i s also used I n the sense of an elderly and clever person.
The f i rs t reference to th is generic is found i n th r 311
inscr ipt ion of the ~hE!as. Eg., Bayyana and Tikkana.
312 ~ m i t y a means a min is ter . I t i s an o f f i c l a l deslgnatlon
' used as a honori f ic to the personal names o f brahamanas
who were employed i n the r o y a l court as ministers. Eg.
- 313 Kommana mat y a.
a
Ananda
The word Xnanda s ign i f ies joy. This generic occurs
r a r e l y and i s not found i n the personal names of brahama?as
before the 12th century.
The word Appa i s a Drav id ian word which means
314 fa ther , a respected person o r an e lder ly person. I t has been
i n use as a generic of the personal names of brahamavas.
A r y a
Arya , a Sanskri t word i s used as an honor i f ic , bu t i s
not speci f ica l ly a b r a h a m a ~ a generic. I t occurs f i r s t i n the
I - 315 inscr ip t ions of ~ a l a n k a ~ a n a s , and i s also found d u r i n g the
k a k a t i y a per iod. 316
I n Gujarat the generic i s found i n the ~ash;ral<;la and
Mai t r a k a insc r ip t ions. 317
The an t iqu i t y of t h i s generic can be t raced back to the
time of Rig"& where i t was used i n the sense of
359
honourable, respectable, noble, a man of noble b i r t h , a n d . a
318 man who is fa i th fu l to the rel igion and laws of h ls country.
- 319 The generic ayya seems to have been derived from Arya
and might have been used as an honolfic.
This generic is also found I n the Ueccan and Gujarat
320 i nscr i p t ions.
This generic occurs for the f i rs t time i n the
32 1 inscript ions of the Eastern Ch;ilukyas.
7he word Bhagavanta means a rel igious man, a monk,
322 or f r i a r . ~ h $ ~ a v a n t a also means a brahamana who belonged
323 to Ohagavanta cul t or a devotee of Vish?u. I t i s evident
from the analysis of the names of brahamanas under survey
that the generic was adopted as a common generic irrespective
of the cu l t , to which one belonged.
I t i s also found i n some cases as a specific of a 324
personal name e.g. !3hagavanta vish?u bhattaraka. . .
Bhatta
Bhatta or bhata is a Sanskrit word meaning a learned . 8
person, a venerable one, or a prlest, I t i s derlved from 325
Prakr i t bhar ta =bhatta.
I n the Coastal Andhra, i t has been f l rs t used I n the
326 time of the Eastern Chalukyas of vengi. Except those of p re
Eastern Chalukya period, a l l other inscript ions from the
region refer to a f a i r l y large number of personal names wi th
th is generic.
Thls generic bhatta is also found i n some cases as a . * 327
name proper. Eg. Bhatta deva.
BGlu is derivative of b;jya ( lu -p lura l ) which i n tu rn Is
to he derived from bhGgika which rneans a person who enjoys
a land grant . Thus i t denotes a brahma?a who enjoys a
bhzga granted to him I n recognition of h is scholorship.
The earl iest reference to the personal names wi th the
generlc chaturvedi dates back to the 7th century A.D.
328 inscript ions. This generic indicates the scholarship of the
person i n four vedas.
The word dasa i s used as a generlc of personal names
in the Inscript ions of the Eastern ~ Z i ~ a s ! ~ ~ Very few
examples of the presence of th is generic i n the personal
names of brahamanas are faund. Eg. ~ i r u v z n g a q a cbsa, and
KGrma dasa garma. Most probably the bearers of these names
were followers of vaishnava cul t .
Datta 36 1
Datta a ~ a n s k r l t word found as a personal name
generic r i gh t from the vedic period, i s used i n the sense of
'g iven or presentedt. I t may be inferred here that the
brahamana wi th th ls generlc might have dedicated h i s l i fe to
the god he worshlpped.
Deva
~ G v a Is a common generlc often found i n the personal
names of brahmanas, The earllest referrence I s I n the Eastern
330 Chzlukyan Inscript ions. I t also occurs jo in t ly wi th other
331 generics. Eg. Pa ladeva bhattopady aya and ~ a ~ a d e v a ary a. . .
I n the pre Eastern ~h:lukyan lnscrlpt ions the word - Deva occurs as name proper, and stands for God. Eg. ~ e v a
1 sarma. 332
D'i;cshita
Dikshlta i s one who dedicates himself to the performance
333 of ~ a j z a , (sacr i f ice) a rel igious cermony. I t also means a
334 - 335 sp i r i t ua l adviser. Eg. Nannr Dikshita (Pr iest) .
I n the Deccan, and Madhya Pradesh th ls generlc occurs
336 ra re ly .
L ike ~ h a t u r v e d l , dvivedi i s lndlcat lve of scholarship i n
337 two vedas.
The earl iest mention of dvlvedl Is found i n the
inscrlpt ions of the Eastern Chz!ukyas. And was i n use I n the
region concerned. Now I t i s a surname of some brahamanas of - 338 Andhra Pradesh.
Jiyya, a Telugu word means Vaishvava palmer or
339 , mendicant. This generic I s found only I n the personal names
340 of the brahamanas of the Vaishnava cul t . Eg. ~ z v l n d a j i yya ,
34 1 342 ~ z r a j i y ya , and Purushottama Jiyya.
The generic J G S Y ~ which means an astrologer, i s to be
derived from Sanskrit Jyotishi. This generic is found i n a
343 ~ z k a t i y a inscript ion. Eg. ~Gv indabhat tu . , j6syulu.
~ ramaved i , Kramavid or Krarnavit
A person who can recite the veda I n the par t icu lar
pat tern cal led krarna -- is known as a kramavid. The generic
kramavid occurs for the f i rs t time i n an Eastern Chziukya -- 344 345
i nscr ip t io r . Eg. p';;tamayya kramapatha,
3 46 I n the Deccan i t occurs i n the ~ a s h i r a k c t a inscript ions
but f inds no mention i n Gujarat.
Kuchi, a der ivat ive of & means a chi ld, young or
handsome because of tender age. I n certain expressions i t
aalso means 'some th ing' which can be achieved easily. I n
the Fresent context i t may mean young or 'not elder' o r
beaut l fu l . This generic is found i n a Kgkatiya inscription.
3 4 7 Eg. ~ e h a v a kzch i .
This word has been used both as a generic and the
' specific. Whenever rnahchl Is used as the specific I t may be
interpreted as meaning good, slnce m a k h i In Telugu means
goodness. But I t i s d i f f i cu l t to expla in i t s meanlng when i t
i s used as generic. Eg. ~ r y d h a r a maichena, and Kommana
348 marichi.
349 ~ z y a k a which means a leader or one who guides, i s
widely used In the narries of non-brahamanas but was not
popular among the brahmavas. I t i s found I n the
inscript ions of Ch;!as and Telugu Ch;!as of Nellore. Eg.
350 ~ G v i n d a nayaka,
Namb i
351 ~ a h b i means a V a i s h a ~ a v a pr iest . Only two names,
Chennaya nahb i and ~ i d h a v i nambi occur i n the inscript ions
352 of Telugu ~ h z ! a s of Nellore.
Pandita
The generic Pah t l t a meaning a learned person Is seen
for the f i r s t tlme i n the inscript ions of the Eastern giga as.
I t i s also found i n the inscr ipt ion of Mzh!alika ru le r from
~ u h ! i r r d is t r i c t , and ~ l k a t i y a s . ~ ~ '
Pedd i
Peddi , a derivative of pedda means respectable, honest 354 honourable, o ld aged, and senior. A considerable number of
names wi th this generlc are found i n the inscriptions from the
time of Eastern ~ h a ! i u k ~ a s . Some times I t occured as name
355 proper; Eg: Peddansrya. This generic gained currency
dur ing the time of Kakatiyas.
Peggada
This word is to be derived from Kannada pergade
meaning ' a min is ter t . l ike Peddi, the generic Peggata i s
found i n the personal names from the Eastern Chzlukyan
356 period to the 14th century. Eg. Ananta peggata.
~ e r u m i l , another name for Vish!u i n Tamil language
and Perumzqi a corrupt form of the same i n Teiugu, i s used
as honorif ic generic In the personal names of the brahamanas
357 i n the sense of respected. Eg. Singga perumadi.
The generic r a j u lndlcating kshatr iya caste was
appended to the personal names of brahamanas who were
employed i n the roya l court during the period of Eastern
, . 358 ahg gas. Eg. ~akshmara ju , and ~ r z r n a raJu.
t 359 Sanka a shorter form of Sahkara i s an epithet of Siva.
Th is generic indicates the greatness o f a a person and must
, have been used to equate the brahamana w i t h Sahkara, who
i s the l o r d of universe. Eg. Sanka.
I Sarrna
Sarma i n an o l d Brahma!a generic, which occurs i n the
- p r e chs luky an inscr ip t ions of the Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
1 360 Eg. V i l zsa Sarma.
S iva
The worshippers of Siva as i i k u i i s a d u r i n g the
~ z k a t i y a times had the generic Siva appended to the i r
36 1 362 personal names. Eg. Uttama Siva and ~ u r n l a r a ~ i r i S iva.
This generic means one who performs s&nayajza. I t i s
36 3 found f i r s t i n the inscr ip t ions of Eastern Chajukyas. Eg.
364
Vishnu b h a t t a somay%ji.
L i k e i a r m a , 5va"mi i s also found i n the e a r l y
insc r ip t ions as name generic. I t often occurs i n the Coastal
- indhra Pradesh. The word svami means' a re l ig ious man of
the highest order. ' This is a popular generic among the
personal names of brahamanas i n the region. Eg. Kanna
36 5 s v b i and ~ a i d i svsmi,
I t i s also found i n the early inscriptlons of thc
366 Deccan, and Madhya Pradesh in the corresponding period.
The word ~ r l v 2 d i signif ies that a brahmapa is
acqulnted with the three vedas. This generic f i rs t occurs i n
the inscript ions of the Eastern Ch:lukyan inscriptions. Eg.
- I 367 Donasarma tr ivedi .
upadhyaya means a teacher or preceptor i n general and in 368
par t icuiar a sp i r i tua l teacher, rel igious preceptor. 'I'his
4 - . generlc also means one who teaches the veda or vedanga for
369 l ive l ihood. The earliest reference to th is generic i s i n the
370 Eastern ~ a h ~ a inscriptions. Eg. ~ G a v e d i bhatta uprddhy?iya
~ a j v a n means one who performs sacrifices i n accordance
wi th vzdic drecepti7.' We come across this generic i n the
- 372 inscript ions of Eastern c h i iukyas, Eg. ~ G k k i y a yajavan.
Yasas
373 Yasas means fame, reputat ion, g lory and renown. The
lone occurrence of th l s word as generic i s I n the Eastern
374 cha jukyan inscr ip t ion. Eg. M i t ra yasas.
I n addi t ion to the generics discussed above, the
fo l lowing words occur together as a speclfic o r a generic i n
the insc r ip t ions under survey.
P a l lavas
/ 375 Sarma somay a j i
Eastern Chs!ukyas
Bhatta d iva376 m .
Eastern ang gas
Bhatta n a r i y a ? a 377 . .
~ & a p a h f l i t z ~ ~ ~ '
379 Yasas sarma
Bhatta , . 5omayaj i 380
38 1 Annapeddi
382 ~ e v a n a peggada
383 Peddi bhattaupadhyaya . .
The above analysis indicates that the following
generics were current i n the Coastal Andhra Pradesh from
the 4th century to the f i rs t quarter of the 14th century A.D.
Early Period
I
Aj ja, Dvivedi, Sarma, ~ c m a y a j i , and 5vZmi were in
vogue. The P rak r i t generic Ajja was popular i n the Prakr i t
personal names.
Eastern cha!ukyas
The inscript ions of Eastern Chaiukyas contain the -
generics Arya, Ayya, Bhatta, ~ h a ~ a v a n t a , ~ h a t u r v ~ d l , Deva, 5 I
Krmavi t , Peddi , Preggada, Sarma, ~omay:ji, Trivedi ,and I
Yassas. The brahrnanical generics Sarma, ~Gmay;?ji and Svami
have been i n use since ear l ier times.
- The generics Arya, Ayya, Bhatta, , . ~ h a ~ a v a n t a , , ,
~haturv;di, ~ e v a , Kramavit, Peddi, Preggada, ~ a j u , Sarrna, 1
Sahka, and Svzmi ,a re generics which are found i n the Eastern
~ i h ~ a inscript ions. The new generics appended to the names
of the brahamanas are 0hattopadhyaya, ~ 6 5 ~ ~ D a t ~ a , J l y y a ,
Pafidita and R i j u ,
The generic r i j u indicat ing kshat r iya caste i s found i n
th is period.
- The generic ~ m a t y a , Anna, Arya, Bhatta, or- . .
~ h a t t a r i k a , Bha!topadhyiya, &a, Peggada, ~ a j u , ~ & n a y S j i ,
~ v z m i , and ~ r i v G d i are contained i n the inscript ions of th is
per id.
A var iety of generics l i ke Acharya, ~ m a t y a , Anna,
- Arya, Ayya, Bhatta, 6hattopadhyiya, ha, Jiyya, ~ c s u l u , . . . . ~ G c h i , ahc chi, PanGita, Peddi, Peggada, ~ e r u r n ~ $ i , ~ a j u ,
Siva, s;mayaji, and Yajavan are found i n the inscript ions of
Kzkat iyas.
- Aacharya, a generlc of Jaina personal names i n the 7th
century i s used for the f i r s t time as brahamanical generic
dur ing th is period.
The generic r z j u which was appended only to personal
names of Kshatrlyas i s used as a brahaminical generic.
I ,
Gttras and ~ e d i c Sakhas
The personal names and generics of the brahamalas
throw l ight on the religious and social conditions of the time.
An analysis of the $tras and the vzdic gakhas would reveal
the migrat ion of brahamapas to oastal Andhra Pradesh.
Personal names refer either to the vedic branch
370
professed by the brahmavas or the s;tra they followed. Rarely - both the Vedic branch and sGtra are glven. I n thls context I t - is interesting to note that several inscriptions of the post
~ s k a t i y a period almost as a r u l e mention the vsda &kha and -- s a r a of the brahma?a donees. -
(The figures given after the gotra lndlcate number of
t lmes the gotra occured)
GTRA
~ h ~ r a d v i j a ( 1 )
Gautama ( 1 )
~ a r s h a k z y a n a ( 1 )
Kauvqinya ( 1)
Kausika ( 1 )
Upamanyva ( 1 )
Pal lavas
~ ~ n l v z s y a ( 2 )
Gautama ( 1 )
~ g s y a p a ( 2 )
Kaun$lnya ( 1 )
I .. SAKHA
Rathltara (1 )
37 1
I - SAKHA
Ananda G t r a s
Agast y a (1) -- Kau?$lnya ( 1 ) --
Kassava (I) (1.e. Kasyapa) --
~ a s y a p a (I)
Mudgala (1)
Vlshnukundlns . . .
Kaundlnya (lo) -- . . Mandlra ( 1 ) -- --
Vatsa (1) --
Eastern ~ha!ukyas
- ~gn iv6sya ( 2 ) Apastamba - Atreya ( 4 ) Hiranyakesl
Bhzradhvaja ( 4 4 ) I) Bharadvaja
1 1 ) xpastarnba
Chlklta ( 1 ) --
-- --
Gautama (9)
~ & l s h m l ( 1 )
Harlta (19)
Atharvana
Tal t t l r lya
of Yajurveda
Tal t t i r lya
Bavrlchchi
- Apastamba
Jatukarna ( 1)
~ i m a k a y a n a ( 1 )
Kzsyapa (26)
Kannadina ( 1 )
Kapi (2)
Kata ( 1 )
Kaupfinya (20)
Kausika (18)
~ z h i t a (1 )
Mudgala ( 3 )
Muragga I i ( 1 )
- S r i Vatsa (2)
- Apstarnba
M
Apastarnba
Ta i t t i r i ya
Ta i t t i r i ya
Gau t arna chandGga of Samavzda
Ta i t t i r i ya
5 igveda
Vatsa (7)
The gztras in the personal names of Eastern Chs!ukyan
times are more in number than those found in the pre
Chi!ukyan period. This can be attr ibuted to the custom of
wr i t ing gctras before the name of brahrna~as which might
have been popular during that period or the result of the
Eastern ~hz !ukyas commanding a much larger kingdom and
373
there by at t ract ing brahmanas of various gotras.
I n th is context the following points are noteworthy.
A brahmana family of the Agnivasya g h r a is sa id to
belong to zpastamba s i t r a .
- One of the four Atreya families belonged to Hiranyakzsi
sGtra.
Out of the forty four Bhzradvaja families, one is said
to have belonged to ~ h z r a d v 2 j a s i t r a .
The single family of ~ 2 v i s h m i gotra belonged to
Bahv i rcha sakha of R igveda.
A Gautama gotr in inhabitant of Cherupura in Puki
v ishaya professed Ta i t t i r i ya saka of ~ajurv:da.
The lone ~ a t u k a r ~ a family referred to i n the
inscr ipt ions belonged to K lFva iakha.
A sol i tary family of ~Zmakzyana go"tra referred to in
the inscr ipt ions belonged to the ChZndaga &kha of ~amavGda.
Six out of the 19 Har i ta families belonged to
~ i r a n ~ a k e s i and ~ a j a s n ~ y a kakha.
- I - Srivarnasa gotr ins family professed vajsneya sakha.
I . - Very l i t t l e information about the sakhas and vedas
professed b y the brahmanis is referred to in the inscriptions
of the Eastern ch^a!ukyas. The study reveals that the
Bhgradv:ja gotr ins were greater in number followed b y ~ & ~ a ~ a
and Kauvdinya respectlvely.
Eastern ~ a n ~ a s
Adhalva
- Atreya
~ h a r a d v i j a
Bhrigu
Gautama
Hari ta
Kalyana
~ a ? d i l ~ a
~ a m a k i ~ ana
Kap i
KaunGiny a
Kausika
~ r i s h n i t r e y a
~ k a v y a s a
Mudgala
Ta i t t i r i ya
~ a h v irchcha
Ta i t t i r i ya
Gautama Chsndsga of SBmav3da
Katacharana of Yajurveda
Bav ir khcha of R igveda
- GOTRA
- SUTRA SAKHA
Sathala (1) -- --
'sr?varnasa ( 1 ) Pancharisheyam Vajasneya
(1) -
Srivatsa Asvaky ana -- Udavahl ( 1 ) -- --
Upamanay asa (2) -- Bhavirichcha
~ g d h u l a (2) -- --
Vatsa ( 1 1 ) -- ChbdGga
visish;a ( 1 ) -- --
Viddhana (2) -- --
Vishnuvriddha (1) -- . . ~Gjsney a
The analysis reveals the following informat ion
about the families referred to:
~ r i v a r n a s a g6tra has pancharshaya, but the
names of the said sages are not referred to.
A lone family which belonged to Udavahi gotra was
resident of Era?$apall i .
A family of vatsa gotra, resident of Uttara ~ g d h a
384 (mdn. Murishadabid of West Bengal) migrated to Kalinga
professed Ka,tachacharana of Yajurv2da.
Compared to the gstras, sctras and ;&has of the
brahama?as referred to In the inscriptions of Eastern
ch;!ukyas, the Eastern ~ a l i g a lnscrlpt ions from the Ka!ing'l
region contain new gatras, sztra and Lakhas. The new are
Adhalva, Bhrigu, Kalygna, ~ r i s h n a t r z ~ a , ~ s n a v y a s a ,
~ b a , phimasha, Sthala, Udavahl, Upamanayasa, Viddhana,
- and Vish?uvrlddha. The new sutra found is Asvalayana.
/ - Ka!acharana of ~a jurvGda is the new sakha found. The
presence of the new Gt ras , s;tra, and gakha may be due to
the migration of the brahamanas from the Eastern India to the
Ka l inga reg ion.
The following &tras are found in the inscriptions of
the ~ h o l a s .
GOTRA
- Atreya ( 3 4 )
Gau tama (19)
Harita (57)
Kapi ( 2 )
~ a s y a p a ( 5 1
K a u ~ p i n a (63)
Kausika (47)
Kutsa ( 4 )
G h i t a (11)
Mudgala ( 1 1 )
- Apastarnba
-- m
Apastarnba
I - SAKHA
Ta i t t i r i ya
Rathitara ( 4 ) 1 ,
Salavata (6 )
Sahkrit i (9) I
sangi lya ( 3 )
Sata ( 4 )
Srivatsa ( 2 )
~ a d h u l a (8
Vakakli lya ( 1 )
vasish!a (9)
Vatsa (60)
Vishnuvriddha ( 4 ) , .
The new gotras found are ~ada rayaqa , Kutsa, Nitundi,
Rathitara, ~ i l a v a t a , Sahkr i t i , Sara and Vishpuvyidda.
I n this context the following points are noteworthy.
A family of ;trey8 gztra professed Ta i t t i r i ya k k h a of
One of the Harita gotra families was a ~ a j u r v z d i n of
~ i j asn&a ;akha.
- 385
Except the ~ i ! h a ~ u r a m plates of Vira ~hzp la which
which refer to 536 personal names of brahmanas who
migrated from Tamil country to ~ G d a v a r i reg ion, the copper
, p l a t e or stone inscript ions of th i s per iod do not p rov ide
informat ion regard ing the o r i g i n a l home of the brahma?as.
The inscript ions of the Kakat iyas and the i r feudatory
chiefs fu rn ish the fol lowing informat ion.
G;j TRA 1 -
SUTRA SAKHA
- Agnivesya
- Angirasa
Ch ik i ta
Gautama
H a r i t a
Kap i
Kaunidnya . *
Kutsa
I
~ i l a i - t k i ~ a n a (2)
; ihd i lya ( 2 )
Soupika ( 2
Srlvatsa (23)
Uparnanavy a ( 1 )
~Gc ihu la ( 3 )
~ z s i s h t a ( 1 )
Visv5mitra ( 1 )
Yaska ( 1 )
I - SAKHA
Amongst these Gotras, Atreya, ~ h i r a d v a j a , Chik i ta ,
&rgga, Gautama, Har i ta , Kapi, ~ a s y a p a , Kau?$inya, ~ G h i t a ,
- / I
Mudgala, parasara, S ind i l ya , Srivatsa, Upamanavya, . . V;dhula, vasishia, and visv:mitra are found ear l ier also.
- The new ones are Angirasa, Bhargava, Nahdi,
S i lar ikayana, Sounika, and Yaska.
But at the same time Bidaraya?a, ~ a m a k a ~ a n a , Mi t rzyu,
' - Rath i tara, Salavata, ~ a h k r i t i , Sata, va lakh i l ya , and
Vishyuvfiddha, which were found in the pre Kzkat iya per iod
e re consipucous by thei r absence.
~ h a r a d v a j a gotr ins seem to be larger in number
followed by Har i ta , ~ r i v a t s a and Kasyapa respectively.
Very l i t t l e information about the vsda and &kha
professed is furnished. This informat Ion given is l imited to
only three families. Out of the three famil ies referred to, one
, w i th ~ h a r a d v i j a gotra belonged to YajurvGda, the second
family of Srivatsa professed ~ZrnavGda and the t h i r d whose
gotra is not referred to, professed Kanva &kha of Sukla
Yajurvsda and belonged to Kafyana s t t r a .
The above study reveals the relat ionships between the
~cdidic &kha and gstra and provenance of Brahmanas i n the
b.
Coastal Andhra Pradesh, I n th is context the fol lowing points
are noteworthy.
A family of Mandira gotra professed Ta i t t i r i ya &kha
of Krishna yajurveda.
Pa l lavas
Of the two ~ a s y a p a gotr in famil ies one professed
Ch%nd5ga &kha of ~amavcda and the other followed T a i t t i r i y a
&kha of Kr ishva Yajurveda. This proves that the Brahmanas
were free to follow the ~ G d a of their choice.
Eastern Ch i iukyas
~ i ? v a A i k h a of Sukla Ya jurv ida was professed b y
~ a t u k a r ? a G t r i n family ~ h i r a d v i j a , Har i ta, K b y a p a ,
~ a ~ k l k a , Mudgala, Srivarnasa, and ~GjasnGya G t r l n s also
pract ised Suk la ~ a j u r v i d a . Bh%radvija, ~ a r g g a , Gautama,
Kau?!lnya, and paraSara &r ins were followers of Ta i t t i r i ya
h k h a of Krishpa ~ a j u r v M a .
The followers of Gautama chindGga k k h a of ~5rnav;da
were Kamakzyana, Mudgala and Vatsa gotr ins.
Bahvrichcha, ~ i v i s h m i , h l a v a t a , and Vadhula gotr ins
were the followers of t?igveda.
The analysis reveals that Yajurveda had more followers
than ~ 2 m a v i d a and ~ i g v z d a . Further as ~ h z r a d v a j a gotr ins
referred to, followed either Sukla Yajurvgda &kha or K r i s h ~ a
Yajurveda L i kha , and yajurveda and 5amav;da were professed
by Mudgala &trins, i t can be inferred that the Brahama?&
had the l iberty to follow the vzda of their l i k ing .
Eastern ~ g A ~ a s
Bahvrichchi kakha of Rigveda was professed by
K G m a k ~ a n a , &nllilya, Srivatsa, LJdZhi and Upamanavyasa
gotr ins.
The three h k h & of yajurveda were followed by many
gotr ins. The ~ a j s n ? ~ a k k h a was professed b y Sa;i$ilya,
Srivarnasa, Vastsa and Vishnuvriddha gotr ins. ~ a r i k a r a and - I ^
Vatsa gotr ins followed Kafacharana sakha and T a i t t i r i y a I ,
salcha was professed by BhEradvZja, ~ a s ~ a ~ a , Kausika,
gisth ha and Vishnuvriddha $trins.
O f the Vatsa gotr ins some were followers of Ka!acharna
S imi la r ly Vishnuvriddha gotr ins can be found i n ~ d j s n e y a and
1 , Ta i t t l r l ya sakhas of yajurvzda.
Gautarna chandCga &ha of SamavGda was followed by - Atreya, ~ r i s h n i t r e y a , Mudgala and Vatsa g o t r i m .
I t Is interesting to note that Vatsa gotr ins were not
confined to a single veda or a branch as the study reveals
they were the followers of either the Yajurveda or the
Ssrnav'eda.
Very l i t t l e information is avai lable about the vedas
professed b y the brahamanas i n the inscript ions of Ch%!as and
k2kat iyas.
A Har i ta gotr in professed ~ a j s n e y a g k h a and Atreya
Ft- got r in followed Tai t t i r i y a sakha of ~ a j u r v e d a .
A Srivatsa gotr in professed ~ k a v e d a . A ~ h a r a d v z j a
was follower of yajurveda. ~ & v a !kkha of Sukla ~ a j u r v e d a
was professed by a braharnana whose gotra is not given.
I n the pre Chi!ukyan inscript ions, except i n a Pa l lava
grant 386 s;tras of brahamapas were not referred to.
The Sutras found in the inscript ions from Pal lavas to
~ & a t l ~ a s are as follows.
Pal lavas
- 1 . Apastamba
Eastern ch;lukyas
- 1 . Apastamba, 2. Asvaiayana and 3. h i r anyakk i .
Eastern Gangas
1 . ipastamba, 2. Xsvalayana and 3. ~a j i i a va l kya .
" 1 . Apastamba, 2. Kafyana and 3. -~aj"i;avalkya.
We learn from the inscript ions that the brahmin community
was fa i r ly large and most of the Brahmin families were of the
- Apastamba sutra, therebylending support to the view that the
387 ~ u t r a k i r a himself was an indhra. I t can be inferred that the
brahrna~as of ~ h i r a d v b j a , Hiranyak-esi, ~'a!y ana and ~ a j ? a v a l k ~ a
s i t ras, might have migrated into the xndhra d&a from other - parts of the country.
The detailed study of the gi t ras, s i t ras and - vzdidic
&khas of brahma?as referred to in the inscriptions reveals
that the ~ & n a v ~ d i n s and FigvZdins were less in number
compared to the ~ajurvzd ins.
384
Except for a lone bratramana who professed ~ t h a r v a n a v s d a
i n the Eastern ~ h a i u k y a n per iod, t h i s veda h a d no fol lowers
e i ther i n the pre-Chslukyan o r p o s t - ~ h a l u k y a n per iods.
Thus the ana lys is reveals the presence of the fo l low ing
gotras i n the Coastal zndh ra Pradesh from 2nd century A.D.
to 14th century A.D.
- Adhalva, Agasta, Angi rasa, Agnivasya, A t reya ,
~ s d a r a y a n a , ~ h ^ a r a d v a j a , Bhyigu, Ch i k i t a , ~ z r ~ ~ a y a , Gautama,
~ a v i s h m i , Ha r i t a , ~ a t u k a r n n a , ~ a l y i n a , ~ i m a k z y a n a , K a ~ d i y a l a ,
Kannadina, Kapi , ~ a r s h a k z y a n a , Kasyapa, Kata, Kaund inya , , .
Ku?$ina, Kausika, ~ r i s h n i t r e ~ a , Kutsa, ~ z h i t a , Manavyasa,
Mand i ra , ~ i t r a y u , Muggala (Muragga i i ) , N:ga, Nahdi,
1 - N i tund i , ~ a r a l a r a , Putirnasha, Rath i ta ra , Salankayana,
I - Sa lava ta , Sainkr i t i , s i n d i l y a , Sata, Sathala, Soupika,
Sr i va rvasa , Sr ivatsa, ~ a n a v y a s a , Upamnavya, v sdhu la ,
v a l k h i l ya , vas ishta, Vatsa, Viddhana, Vishnuvr iddha, . . v isvarn i t ra and Yaska.
At present i n the Andhra Pradesh 243 gotras of
388 brahmavas a re found.
According to the Mahsbharata, the o r i g i n a l g6tras
( a d y a ) were on ly four. They are Bhyigu, ~ G h i s h ~ a , ~ g s y a ~ a - 389 a n d Ahgirasa.
~ a n i n i th inks that the descendants from the grandson
onwards of any wel l known man means a gotra. d r a m 390
pautraprabhutyapatyam.
The word & i n the ~ i ~ v g d a means only a herd o f
ca t t le or a pen for catt le. I n later times down to the present
day i t has the meaning of an exogamous pat r iacha l family 391
un i t .
The general conception about a g6tra is that "g6tra - denotes a l l persons who trace descent in an unbroken male
l ine from a common male ancestor, whereas according to the
s r a i t a and dharma sztras the progeny of the eight pr imary
392 sages declared to be a g8tra.
The survey reveals that the Bha radv i j a gotr ins were
more in number compared to other gstr ins in the Eastern
cha!ukya, Chola, and Ki ikat iya period, and the ~ i i s ' y a p a
gotr ins outnumbered ott-~er gztr ins i n the Ka l inga reg ion which
was under Eastern Giiilgas.
The gotras Jstukarnna, (Eastern Chzlukyas), Ni tuhgi ,
(~h;las) and Yaska (kzkat iyas) appeared only once and are
not found again.
Names of Non-Brahama~as
Buddhist names are found in the early inscript ions of
the Coastal i n d h r a Pradesh. This can be at t r ibuted to the
prevalence of Buddhism the region p r i o r to the 4th century
A.D. The analysis of these names reveals that most of the
names are after Buddha, Sahgha, Hagha and Dhamma
(Oharmma). Out of the remaining a few are af ter Siddhgrta,
and one name each after Pihgala, Sanafida, and Uttara. A few
names are found after Buddha's famous disc ip le 'jinanda.
The Buddhists had generics i n their personal names. The
fo l lowing generics, Bhut i , Cha, Mita (mi t ra ) Rakhitha, Samma,
393 and S i r i are found. Of these generics Sankalia opines that
the generic ' r akh i t a l o r raksh i ta seems to be the special
contr ibut ion of Buddhists as i t appears only af ter the advent
of Buddhism. The analysis of the brahaminical generics gives
support to th is opinion as the generic I r aksh i t a1 is not found
i n a s ingle brahmana personal name.
Buddhist personal names are rare ly found from the 5th
century A.D. onwards. This reflects the social cu l t u ra l and +
re l ig ious changes which took place in the Coastal Andhra
Pradesh .
The fol lowing Buddhist personal names are found i n the
i nscr ipt ions.
395 Aya buddh i
3 96 Aya dhamma Samaka
397 Bhodh i
395 Buddha
399 Buddha manchi
400 Chada
401 ~ h i i l a buddha
402 Dama g6sha
403 Dhamma
408 Samana dzsa
409 Siddha
410 Uttara
411 VSsa
412 v i&a
From an analysis of the Buddhist personal names
referred to, i t can be interpreted that the ear ly converts into
Buddhism i n the region preferred to c a l l themselves af ter
Buddha, dharma, and safigha.
Jaina Names
Unlike Buddhism, Jainism was not very popular i n the
Coastal i n d h r a Pradesh and had ceased to be the prominent
creed of the region. A few Jaina personal names and names
of inst i tut ions are found i n the inscript ions. The decline of
Jainism was due to the persecution by the ~ i r a l a i v a i t s a n d the 4 1 3
d is l i ke of ~ h G l a s for th is re l ig ion. They are:
414 ~ r h a m a r i d i n
415 ~ ~ ~ a p o t i
416 Chandra
417 0 ivakara
418 ~ a y as<na
Kalmalabhadracharya 4 2 0
Mandiradgvamun i 4 2 1
~ a t h a s e n a 422
423 Rav i
Sakalachandra siddsnta 424
A study of the personal names reveals that i n addi t ion
to names af ter Jaina t i r thanakaras, a few names af ter deit ies
such as Chandra, ~ i v s k a r a , Nahdi and Ka l i are found. These
names suggest that the bearers were recent converts into the
Jaina re l ig ion.
From the inscript ions we understand that Jains had
formed themselves into various samghas. Each saGgha was
d iv ided into many gauss which were fur ther sub d iv ided into
many gachchas. This can be well i l lus t ra ted b y Ygpaniya
samgha which was div ided into Valahar i gana and Kotimaduva
gana respectively. Addakali gachcha was a subdiv is ion of . a
42 5 Valahar i ga7a and Nahdi gachcha was a sub div is ion of
426 ~ o t imaduva gapa.
a -
The Kayasthas were general ly employed as clerks. The
word ~ i y a s t h a does not occur in ancient Dharma sztras of
Gautama, &astamba, ~ a u d h a y a n a or ~ i s i s t h a nor in the Manu
4 2 7 sn!riti.
/ - According to the Vishnu Dharrna sastra, kayasta wrote
4
the pub l ic documents. The commentary on the Yajnavalkya
smr i t i explains the ksyasthas as the scribes. The vgdavyssa
428 smr i t i includes the kayasthas among the sudras. I t is not
def in i te whether kayastha is a caste name or not.
The inscr ipt ions under survey reveal that the kayasthas
were employed to wr i te the grants. I n addi t ion to Kayasthas,
some wr i ters were brahamanas and were ca l led kayastha
brahamanas. ~ a l a m a peggada who was _mahzpradhzni was a
429 kzyastha brahmaqa and belonged to k ~ i y a p a gztra.
Names of the Kayasthas
43 Dsrnodara ( ~ a h ~ k a y a s t h a and Mahzsandhi v ig raha)
4 33 Khandayama
434 Numkapa
435 P6l i nayaka
436 S6manatha nayaka
437 Vachchzpayya
The names of kzyasthas are found to be inSanskrit or i n
Desi languages. The generics used are Appa, Ayya, DZva,
Nayaka and Pandita.
A reference to Pradhana k5yastha is made i n a p re 8th
438 century inscr ipt ion i n Bengal.
The wr i ter class formed a sub caste cal led kayastha i n 439
the 10th century i n Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
Settis o r Srzsh!hi . . The merchant community were c a l l e d sett,is. They h a d
440 t h e i r g u i l d s mentioned i n the insc r ip t ions as T e l i k a v s v u r u
4 4 1 a n d Nakara s resh th i
Set t i a n d Chett i a r e the co r rup t forms o f Sreshih i . The . . ear l iest reference to the Var;lika community (merchant c lass )
442 appears i n the I k s h a v z k u insc r ip t ions. Some merchants were
r e f e r r e d to i n the insc r ip t ions as T e l i k i pedda, Te l i kavEvuru ,
nagarasvgmi a n d Nakara purusha. As the merchants were r i c h
4 4 3 444 they made la rge g r a n t s to temples a n d Cha i ty as.
The personal names a re a f te r the dei t ies, epic heroes, -
Buddha, co lours and flowers. Eg. l s v a r a b h a r i t t i sr<sh!hi,
~ e s a v a sett i, Perumai chett i, A r j u n a sef:i, ~h%ase! t i , ~ s g a *. . .
b u d d h i , ~ i l i se!!i a n d M a l i i set t i . , . ~ r e s h f h i , se f t i a n d Cheff i a r e the generics used.
Some insc r ip t ions also conta in the go t ras a n d r e s i d e n t i a l
p laces of the v a i s y a community. They are:
~ a m o i d ~ ~
D a t t a 446
~ e d i k a l "
GhanagGsta l a 448
~ u t a k h y a ~ "
M i r t h i k u l a 4 5 0
RESIDENTIAL PLACE
Penugonda
~ u s u n G d la 451
Nagundayari 452
453 , Par lyaraka
454 peh;ikula
455 Periugasila
456 Penuset la
457 Puchchakula
458 Santala
459 Sen iset l a
460 yeraset la
The analysis of the personal names reveals that the
vaisya community also had gztras l i ke the brahamanas.
Names of women
I n the inscript ions we come across the personal names
of brahamana women and the wives of of f ic ia ls. A mention is
made of the personal names of the k ings, har lots, dancing
g i r l s and other women also.
Personal Names of Brahamaqa Women
Many personal names of brahamana women are found.
They are:
~ h i n n a m a m b a ~ ~ '
~arniri7b ika 462
Darzmb ika 463
~ ~ b r n & i ~ b a ' ~ ~
Gondava 465
The analysis reveals the presence of many Sanskrit
names and a few Dravid ian names. The generics used a re
Akka, A i b a or A i b i k a , and Avva. The most common being
~ r h b a .
Names of the wlves of of f ic ia ls
Whenever a reference was made to the names of the
wives of officials i n the Inscrlpt lons, the were usua l ly ca l led
b y the designation of thelr husbands. The wife of a n2yaka 4 8 0
was n a y ~ k u r ~ l u . Eg. 6 a m a nayakurFlu and Efakamma
4 8 1 nay akurglu.
Pe~sona l names of Buddhist women
The personal names of women who followed Buddhism
were:
- 482 Ananda
B ~ G ~ I ss)r1483 484
Bhudha
Chada 51r1485
487 Hagha
488 Kumba
~ a ^ k a 489
Nagavasusr i 490
- 491 Padurnavani
at imn ika 492
49 3 Sriighaga
494 Utaradata
4 9 5 Vindhya bhEdi s i r i
496 V i rahn ika
Names of Kings Harlots, Temple Girls and Dancing Gir ls
The earliest reference to the harlots of kings is in the
lkshavaku inscript ions. The names are Kusurnalata and
Sarasika.
Names of Temple Dancers
Eastern Cha!ukyas
4 9 7 Chimmaka
~ a r n a v a 498
499 ~ g m a v a sani
500 ~ G a s a n i
501 Konnaka s=ni
502 ~ r z l a p a
503 sir-vasan i
Eastern Giitigas
505 Ballama (Gudi sani)
507 Gundarna . . Kornararna 508
512 Chokkaka
5 1 4 Mzchchaka
515 Madyaka
518 Tippaka
519 ~ & a sani
5 2 0 Aitaka
521 Bramma sgni
522 Chengarna
523 Chengaka
525 Duggeva l li
526 Kasava
Madama 528
p a d m i v a t i (Temple se rvan t )
I n a d d i t i o n to other names, a few names of common
women a re found. A l l these. names seem to b e i n Telugu
language. Eg. Bammama, Chingama, Gaurava, Pcraka ,
Peddama, Surama r a d i 5Sni a n d ~ r 6 l a m a . The common gener ics
were Amma, Avva, and Akka which were used as honor f ic to
the personal names of women.
We have considered so f a r the genera l charac te rs t i cs of
personal names from 2nd cen tu ry B.C. to the 14th cen tu ry
A.D.
Besides these narries, c e r t a i n names a re ment ioned w i t h
designat ions, profess ions which seem to have changed in to
surnames i n the modern per iod . A s tudy o f these d e s i g n a t i o r , ~
throws l i g h t on the c u l t u r a l elements of the society whiclr
s u r v i v e even to day and b r i n g s out the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e -
machinery of the Coastal Andhra Pradesh.
The designat ion and professions r e f e r r e d to i n the
insc r ip t ions a r e as fol lows:
530 Mahzsinapat i
53 1 Mclhata lvara (Prsefect of the c i t y , o r Ihc rons toh lc o f t l ~ c b
c i t y ) .
532 Rath ika ( r a s h t r i k a = Governor o f a rash t ra )
533 Vishayapat i ( incharge of vishaya an admin is t ra t ive u n i t ) - 534
N iyuktaka
R a j apurusha
Val labha 535
Rahasygdhikr i ta (Minister of conf ident ia l a f f a i r s )
~ahadan<angyaka (Off icer incharge of Law)
~ahatalv;t-a (V i l l age Constable)
~apa , tam 537 ( I ncharge of an admin is t ra t ive
Un i t )
Pallavas
538 A t l t h y l t ~ h r ~
539 Ama?ya
540 xyuk taka
541 Bhadra rnanusa
542 E3h;jaka
(Super inlendent )
(M in is te r )
(Off icer- l n-Charge of a d i s t r i c t )
( w a r r i o r )
543 ~ ~ G a d h i k r i t a (Local prefect)
5 44 D Z ~ ika (Messenger o r an ambassdor)
(M i l i t a ry Off icer)
(An Off icer)
397
547 Rahasyadhikrita (Officer of conf ident ia l a f f a i r s )
548 ~ a j a lcum~ra (Prince incharge of reg ion)
Rat th ika 549 (Ruler of an admin is t ra t ive u n i t )
Samachzr<n taka 550 ( S Y ~ P Y )
5Znspat i 55 1 (Commander)
55 2 Val labha (Favour i te of a k i n g o r a cour t ier )
Eastern chalukyas
553 The Eastern ~ h ~ l u k y a n grants mention Pancha pradhlna.
They are:
1 . Mantr i (Min is ter )
2 . Purohita (Fami ly p r i e s t )
3. senipat i (Commander of the Force)
4. ~ u v a r i j a (The King Apparent)
5. ~uv : r i ka (The Superintendent of the roya l
p a lace)..
The other important Officers are: 554
~ r r ~ ; t y 4 (Min is ter )
~har rngdhyksha (Min is ter of Justice or Judge)
~ d h z m z t r a (A Senior Min is ter )
~ ~ ~ h ! ~ a k j t a pramukha (Ruler of a province)
Stanapat i (Manager of temple)
Eastern Gaigas
~ m a t y a 1 ( Minister) ~ah;p;tra
M a n t r i
~ r a d h a n i
PreggaGa
Sach i v a
I ( M i n i s t e r )
556 ~ h i n t a r a h i k a r i (Chancel l o r of the exchequer, or
t reasury )
5 5 7 D a v u v i r i k a (The Superintendent of r o y a
p a lace)
558 Karanam ( V i l l a g e Of f icer in-charge 0 1
Revenue account)
559 ~ o i a d h y a k s h a (Treasurer
56 0 M,~I i~ ln t I (Accountdnl )
Mahapatro 56' ( M i n i s t e r )
562 M ~ J I (The v i l l a g e head man)
56 3 pupohitha ( R o y a l chap l i n )
56 4 Sandhiv i g r a h i k a
Mahasandhi v i g r a h i k a
Sr i ka ra?d 56 5
~ a f i d a l i k a Chiefs
Ba??u 566 ( a M i l i t a r y Of f i ce r )
567 Da?cjarl?iy aica
( M i l i t a r y Commander)
568 Dhanadhyal isha (T reasure r )
569 Muddase l i (Off ice Ass is tant )
-- 570 P,ldnv'llu ( A Comrnantler o f force)
572 Pradhsn i
573 Preggada
5 7 4 Sandhiv igrah i
( A Herald, a Messenger, door
keeper )
(Min is ter )
(Min is ter )
(Min is ter of foreign a f fa i rs , who
was also the w r i t e r of important
documents)
(Leader of forces)
(Leading member of a gu i l d )
(V i l l dyc watchman)
(An Administrator)
Angaraksha579 (Body-guard) 580
Bahattara n iyogapat i (The highest Executive Off icer)
58 1 Ba?!u ( M i l i t a r y Off icer)
582 Gajasshini (Commander of elephant force)
583 Letika (A Sudra servant )
5 8 4 M i l a b r i t y a (Best soldier)
- 585 Panchakarvadh ipat i (Head of ; ive Departments)
586 ~ r a d h a n i o r (Chief Minister or Prime Min is ter )
Mahapradhan i
587 Pregga4a
588 Sandhiv i g rah i
(Min is ter )
(Oi f icer-in-charge of the foreign
re la t ions)
(Chief minister o r an agent
general )
590 Sakalasznadh lpat i (Commander-in-chief)
591 5;napat i (Commander of Army)
592 Stanapat i (Chief Executive of a Temple)
593 Tantrapz la (Chief of the Army)
Surnames
The study of the personal names re fe r red to i n the
inscr ipt ions amply demonstrates the fact that these a re made
up of the ndrrie proper and the generic. This system seems to
have undergone a change as the epigraphs of the la ter per iod
refer to new types of pref ixes to the personal names which
were used as surnames by members of a fami ly through
generat ions.
The surnames found can be c lass i f i ed as:
i 1 Surnames der ived from place names
i i ) Surnames der ived from ancestors
i i i ) Surnames derived from occupation o r achievements
i ) Surnan~es derived from p lace names
The earl iest reference to th is type of surname is found
5 94 in an Eastern Chalukya inscr ip t ion v i z ; -- ~ m m a r a k a h ~ i bGl.
Here -- Ummarakallu is a place name revea l ing n a t i v i t y and @
means enjoyer. This type of surnames became popular from the - 10th century onwards i n the Coastal Andhra Pradesh. tlw
from a place name usual ly was written f i r s t followed 596
b y Lhe p ~ ~ p e r . P i l l d l a m q y ~ i ~ h d s l < d r a 311~1
Mot tupa l l i ~ h z s k a r a d ~ v a a re some examples. This p rac t icc, . . of p lace names as surnames ga ined currency from the 15th
century A.D. onwards and is p reva len t even now i n thc - Andhra Pradesh.
ii) Surnames d e r i v e d from ancestors
Surnames of t h i s category a r e found i n the x n d h r a
Pradesh and i t s ne ighbour ing states, Karna taka a n d
Tami langdu. They seem to have o r i g i n a t e d when a p a r t i c u l a r
person gained recogni t ion i n the society from h i s fa ther o r
ancestor who was farrious o r prominent. The ear l iest reference
7%
to th i s k i n d of surnames i s i n the Satavahana insc r ip t ions
a n d t h i s p rac t i ce seems to have ga ined currency i n the 9 th
597 century A.D.
iii) Surnames der i ved f rom occupations, achievements a n d
scholarship.
The largest number o f surnames belong to t h i s class. I t
i s in terest ing to note that many of these surnames s t i l l
s u r v i v e i n the Andhra Pradesh. Agnihotram, BhZgavatu la,
B h a t t a l a , ~ h a t u r v e d u l a , ~ i k s h i t a , Dv ived i , ~ r k ~ u l a , Kara?am,
M a n t r i , p a v d i t a , Patnasvsmi, T a n t r a v a l u , T v a r a k a v i , a n d
Upadhy; jyula are some examples. Most of these surnames
denote e i the r t i t les , occupations o r a re descr ip t i ve of
ach ievemenls of var ious ind iv idua ls . La te r on these surnames
sc!t!,,, to l,clvc! , - y s ~ ~ ~ l i s o ~ l into t i c : r i ~ l i t ~ ~ ~ - y fi1111i l y niilll(!:;.
402
Naming i n a Family
The inscript ions give informat ion about a person, h is
father, grand father and sometimes also about h is great g rand
father. On some occasions, mention is alsomade of the
person's wife. The survey of the roya l geneology br ings to
l ight the fact that generally a grandson or a great grandson
was named after the grand father, but a son was never named
598 after the father. Eg: Rudra svami, h is son was Agni svami
and hisgrandson again Rudra svarni. I n naming a person
there was tendency to g ive names from a certa in set of names
or names having certainendings. Eg: Paramesvara varma 1 ,
Paramesvara varrna I I , V ishuvardhana I , Vishuvardhana I I
L I I I ~ V~sl inuvdrdlh~lnd 1 1 1 . The K ~ l k d t l y d I \ i r l y ~ / lad S ~ I V ~ I I ~ L '
ndmes, whlle Eastern Ganga k ings had the generic 'varrna'
dppl ied to their ndmes.
Sornetimes persons who were followers of a pa r t i cu la r
deity named their progeny after that god.
Fronl the 7th century A.D. onwards the p r i l c t i t e of
- .. re ta in ing saint- padanta or generic seems to have been
developed. A son and father are fountl t o have different
generics, such as i f a father was a somayaji, h is son could
be a Kramavid. Eg: Madhava somayaji and his son was 599 - -
Tyakkiya Krarnavid. This indicates that the padantas or
generics were real ly signif icant at that time.
The detai led analysis of personal names has revealed
how gradual ly certa in features of the social structure were
being formed.
The names of the Brahamana donees have dominated the
epigraphs and epigraphic data under survey. Amongst them
the majority are after the names of deities l i ke Vishnu and
Siva. I t can be inferred that the worship of personal deities
started before the 5th century A.D. and was well established
b y the end of the 13th century A.D.
These names give us an idea about the conditions of
various re l ig io r~s . Saivism seems to have been followed from
very ancient times. The new cul t Vi rasaiva is found in the
11th century A.D. The large number of personal names af ter
Vishnu in the same per iod show the popu lar i ty of
Vaishnavism.
The cul t of Ganapti can be traced back to the 9th
century A.D. but i t does not seem to have been popular then,
as i t is now.
Names after nakshatras are very few. A few names after
v i l l age deities, colours and f lora are found. This reveals
that theold ru le about naming was not observed.
An interesting point is that a large number of personal
names af ter Buddha are found in the inscript ions of l kshavakus
i n the region. Absence of Buddhist personal names in the post
l k s h a v a k u p e r l o d that i s a f te r 3 Century A.D. revea l a
sudden disappearence o f Buddhis t in f luence i n the Coastal
Andhra Pradesh. A few personal names a f te r J a i n a r e l i g i o n
a r e re fe r red to i n the Eastern Cha lukyan insc r ip t ions a n d a r e
not found i n the la ter per iod.
Amongst the o f f i c i a l s , the personal names of the non-
Brahamanas re fe r red to i n the insc r ip t ions s i g n i f y i n g some
q u a l i t y as super io r i t y o r power, seem to have been greater i n
number.
The personal names of women were u s u a l l y a f te r a
d ie ty , q u a l i t y , o r f lower a n d the generics Akka, Amba, Amma
and Devi were used.
The fo l low ing elements a re found i n the composit ion of
the personal names r e f e r r e d to i n the insc r ip t ions under
survey.
i. Names i n Sanskr i t language. Most of the names o f the
Brahamanas were i n Sanskr i t , Sanskr i t personal
names a re found to be more i n number i n the la ter
i nscr i~ t ions.
i i . Completely non-Sanskri t names such as Anne Peddi
d n d S i n g a p c r u r ~ ~ a d i .
i i i . Sanskr i t names w i t h non-Sanskri t generics such ds
Agn i-pedd i .
i v . Non-Sanskrit names w i t h Sanskr i t generics such
~ n n a r y a , ~ o ? d a n z r ~ a and ~ e d d a n z r y a .
A detai led analysis has shown that re l ig ion was an
important factor which usual ly determined the name of a
person. Saivism and Vishnavism seem to have been the most
popular re l ig ions. I n the early per iod the worship of Nagar
and Vedic gods influenced the naming pat tern.
I t can be inferred from the sharp decrease in the
number of personal names after the vedic deities in the later
per iod that the worship of vedic gods was on the decline.
Kane, P . V. Naming a c h i l d - I H . Q . XIV 224-44 and Sankal ia , H . D. Stud ies i n His tor ica l Cul tural Geography and Ethnography o f Gujarat , p 98 ff
Agrawal, V. 5 . Current proper names i n Panini-Bharata Kaumudi Part 11 p 1049 (1947)
Kane, P.V. O p . c i t . p 224)
Ibid p 227
Asvalayana grhya s u t r a s - I . 15 SEE V o l . 29)
Apasthamaba grihya su t ras 15.8-11 SBE Vol . 30
Hiranyakesi grihya su t ras SBE Vol . 30 214
Bharadvaja grihya sutras 5BE Vol . 26
Gobila grihya su t ras SBE Vol . 29
Sankhyana grihya sutra SBE Vol . 1
Baudhanya grihya sutra SEE Vol . 23.31
Khadira I I 3 . 6
Manava 1.18.1
Kane, Op: C i t p 234
M i takshara, 1.12
Kane, Op. c i t . p 236
E.P. Ind. Vol . I I p 9 5
Kane, O p . c i t . p 238
E . P . hd. Vol . I p 95
Gopalashari, K The Early h i s t o r y o f e d h r a dega, (1946) Madras, p 49
E . P . Ind. Vol . XXXTV pp 19 and 20
I b i d . p p 17 ff
a ) E l lore prakri t grant , E.P. Ind. Vo l . IX p 56 b ) Another Prakit grant, I .A. Vo1. V , p 175 c ) Pedda Vegi Copper p la te , Bharat i , August 1924 d ) Kolleru Copper p la te , I . A . Vo l . V. p 175 e ) Kanteru, Copper p l a t e , M.E.R. 1925 p 73
5.1.1. Vol . VI . NO. 155 and E.P. Ind. Vol . XVII p 327
Bombay Gazetteer Vol . I Part I I p 334
Tami l Lexicon, S . V . Kandan
Journal of the Department o f L e t t e r s , Calcu t ta , Vol XXVI p 48
E.P. Ind. Vo l . VI p 31.5
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XVII, No. 20, pp 334-337 & No. 21 337-39 Ib id , Vo l . XI I , pp 133-36 Ib id , Vol . IV, pp 193-98 APGS No. 8 Bharati, Vol . XXXXII-VI - VII pp 14-28, 2-14 Ibid part VII No. 7 and part V I I I pp 302-315 E . P . Ind XXVII, NO. 49 pp 312
JAHRS IX p 31
Ibid
Ibid Vol . XI, p 85
Bharati I - Part-I pp 104-5
JAHRS XI p 86
Murupaka Copper plate of Anantavarrna Chodaganga JAHRS XII p 7
E . P . Ind. XXXI p 249 S . I . I . Vo l . V, Nos. 1122, 1120, 1337, 1348, 1079, 1050, 1084, bid, v o l . IV, 1191, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 and Kalinga Sanchika, p 89
E .P . Ind. Vo l . 111 pp 94 ff
S. 1 . 1 . Vol. T V , No. 804 K.P. l n d . Vol. 1V pp 327 S . I . I . Vo l . VI No. 101 and E.P. Ind. Vol . IV p p 327 ff
E . P . Ind Val . I V p p 146 ff
S . I . I . Vo l . V , No. 121
E.P. Ind. Vol . VI pp 146 f f
Ibid
S . I . I . Vol. X No. 380
E.P. Ind. Vo l . VI pp 146 f f
5.1.1. Vol . IV No. 809
E .P . Ind. Vol . XIX pp 258 f f
I b i d . Vol . XVII pp 327 f f
Ib id . Vol . XIX pp 258 f f
Sarma, I .K. The Development o f e a r l y Saiva art and arch i t ec ture , Delhi 1982
E.P. Ind. Vol V. pp 70 ff
E.P. Ind. Vo1 VI pp 315 f f , Though Isvara, Paramesvara, s i g n i f y 'god' i n general they are usua l l y regarded as e p i t h e t o f S iva .
Ibid
Ibi d
Ibid
Ibid
E . P . Ind. Vol . XXXVI pp 1 f f
I b i d . Vol . XXV pp 42 f f
Ibid Vol . XXXVI p p 7 f f
I .A . Vol. XX pp 414 f f
E . P . And. Vol 111 pp 6 f f
E.P. Ind, Vo l . XXXVI pp 74 ff. This name i s a f t e r Ganapati
Ibid Vol . V pp 122 ff
E.P. And. Val . I I I pp 16 f f . Kanda i s Skanda.
E.P. Ind. Vol XVIII pp 55 f f , Kadu is cremation ground. 'Siva is the lord o f Smasana.
E.P. And. V o l . I I I pp 16 ff
, Ibid Luddappa = Rudrappa
Ibid
1 . P . Ind. Vol XIX pp 258 ff, Cresent an a t t r i b u t a l of S i va
E.P. Ind. Vol . XXVII pp 216
Ib id . Vol . V pp 70 ff, Arul in Tamil means a su la and here t h i s i s an equivalent o f Sanskr i t Sulapati
I b i d
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid Shast i i s an e p i t h e t o f Siva V .S . Apte. Up. C i t . p 569)
S . I . I . Vol . X , No. 144
I b i d . Vol.. IV, No. 1168
E . P . Ind. Vol . V pp 70 f f
S . I . I . Vol . V No. 110
E .P . Ind. Vol . IV pp 93 ff
N . D . I . Vol . I p p 441 Gudur
E.P. Ind. Vol . XVIII pp 346 ff - Mailara a form of Siva.
Ib id . Vol . XXXVII pp 41 ff
5.1.1. Vol. IV No. 747
I b i d . Vol. X No. 73
I b i d . No. 454
N . D . I . V o l . I pp 323 ff Darsi
Ibid Vol . I I pp 703 Kavali
Ibid Vol . I pp 282 Darsi
S . I . I . Vo l . X No. 454
Ib id . No. 315
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XV pp 258 ff Gopriya = Vishnu another form o f Govinda.
Ibid Vol . XVII pp 327 ff
Ibid
Ind. Ant iguiry . Vo l . X I I I pp 137 ff - Sloka-58 Vishnu Sahasranaman - Bhishma Parvam - Mahabharat
E.P. Andhrica. V l . 111 pp 16 ff
E . P . Ind. Vol V pp 122 f f
I b id . V a l . XIX pp 254 f f
E.P. Andhrica. Vol . I I I pp 16 f f
C . P . INd, o f A.P. Govt. Museum. Vol . I pp 11 ff
E.P. Ind. Vol . XIX pp 258 f f
E.P. Andhrica Vol . I I I pp 16 f f
Ib id
C.P. Ind. o f A.P. Govt. Museum Vol . I pp 11 ff
E.P. Andhrica. Vol. I I I pp 16 ff
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXXI pp 133 ff
E.P. Andhrica. Vo l . I I I pp 16 f f
Ib id , pp 2 ff Yajnavari, Vishnu - Vishnu Sahasranamam
S . I . I . Vol . V, No. 1231 - Srikurmam
E.P. Ind. Vo l . 111 pp 130 f f
S . I . I . Vo l . V No. 1231
E.P. INd. X X X V pp 221 f f
114. S . I . I . Vo l . V N o . 1231
115. A.P. Epigraphical s e r i e s No. 18
116.' 5.1.1. Vo l . V No. 1231
117. E.P. Ind. Vol . XXXVI pp 174 f f
118. S . I . I . Vo l . V No. 82
119. E.P. Ind. Vo l . V p p 70 f f
120. S . I . I . Vol . VI No. 200
121. E.P. Ind. Vo l . pp 70 ff
121. Ibid
123. Ibid
124. Ibid
125. Ibid
126. Ibid
127. I b i d , Srirdnqarn = Tiruarangam i s the Tamil express ion o f Srirangam, a famous Vaishnava Centre i n Tamilnadu. Obviously the ind iv idua l i s named a f t e r t h i s h o l y place.
128. I b i d , Same as Tirumala t h e abode o f the god Venkateswara i n Andhra Pradesh.
129. Ibid
130. Ibid
131. Ibid
132. S . I . I . Vo l . V No. 130
133. N.D.I. Vo l . I I pp 670, Kanigir i
134. C.P. Ins . o f A.P. Govt. Museum Vo l . I pp 109 f f
135. N.D.I. Vo l . I pp 441, Gudur
136. N.D.I. Vol . I11 pp 1128 if Ongole
137. 5.1.1. Vol . VI No. 181
138. I b i d , Vol X N O . 151
139. I b i d , No. 288
I b i d , Vol . VI No. 622
Bhandarkar, R.G. Vaishanavism, Saivism, and minor r e l i g i o u s systems pp 50-60
a ) E.P. Ind. Val . V pp 70 ff
Sumati Mulay, Studies i n Historical Geography and Ethnography o f the Deccan p 254
Ind. Antiquary Vol . XX pp 15 f f
E . P . Ind. Vo l . XXXI pp 187 ff
A.P. Govt. Epigraphical s e r i e s No. 18
E.P. Ind. Vol. V pp 70 f f
S . I . I . Vol . X No. 164
N.D.I. Vol . I pp 1670 f f , Kanigiri
I b i d , pp 938 f f , Ong0ie
E.P. Ind. Vol . V pp 70 f f
S . I . I . Vol. IV No. 1179
Sumati Mulay. Op. c i t . p 1255, and Sankal ia , H.D. Stud ies i n Historical Cultural Geography and Cultural Ethnography o f Gujarat, p 116
E.P. Ind. Vo l . IV pp 356
Ib id , Vol . XXVI pp 165 f f
S . I . I . Vol . IV No. 1047
Ib id . Vo l , VI No. 622
a ) Ibid Vol . X No. 256
E.P. Ind. Vol . IV pp 356 ff
Vishnusahasra namamu
E.P. And. Vol . I I I pp 16 ff
Ibid
5.1.1. Vo l . VI No. 217
162. E.P. Ind. Vol. V p p 70 ff
163- N.D.I. Val. I I I pp 1013 ff, Ongole
164'. S . I . I . Vol . XNo . 256
165. E.P. Ind. Vol . V I pp 31s ff
366. S . I . I . Vol . V I N O . 726
167. I b i d , Vo l . V No. 1097
168. E.P. Ind. Vol. V p p 70 f f
169. Ibid
170. The Vedic Age, p 192
171. E.P. Ind. Vol . XV pp 258 f f
172. I b i d . Vol . XII pp 133
173. Ib id . Vol . V I I I pp 236 ff
174. Ibid . Vol . V pp 70 ff
175. N . D . I . Vol . I I pp 540 ff, Kandukuru
176. E.P. And. Vol . I I I pp 16 ff
177. Ibid
178. E.P. Ind. Vol. XXXI pp 133 ff
179. s . 1 . I . Vol . IV No. i287
180. E.p. And. Vol . I I I pp 16 ff
181. S . I . I . Vo l . V N O . 1266
182. A.P. Govt. Epigraphical s e r i e s , No. 18
183. E.P. Ind. Vol . V PP 70 ff
184. N.E.I. V O ~ . I pp 1670, Kanigiri
185. 0;cha is corrupt ive form o f ~ h a s k a r a , i . e . , Sun, 5 . I . I . Vol . X No. 248
186, S . I . I . Vol . X 1No. 276 f f
187. Sumati Mulay Op. c i t . p 259
188. Sankal ia , Op. c i t . p 259
189. Sobhana Ghokale, S t u d i e s i n H i s t o r i c a l , Cul tural , Geography and Ethnography o f Madhya Pradesh, p 189
190. E.P. Ind. Vo l . 111 pp 130 f f
191. Ibid
192. I b i d , Vo l . XXXVII pp 159 ff
193. I b i d , Vo l . I I I pp 130 f f
194. Gola i s lanother name for Parvat i , E.P. Ind. V o l . XV pp 249 f f
195. E.P. Ind. Vo l . XVIII pp 1 ff
196. Ibid
197. I b i d . Vo l . XXVII pp 216 f f
198. I b i d , Vol . X X X V pp 221 ff
199. I b i d , Vol . XXVII pp 216 f f
200. Ib id , Vol . V pp 70 ff
201. Ibid
202. I b i d , Vo l . XVIII pp 346
203. C.P. Ins . o f A.P. Govt. Museum, Vol . I pp 211 f f
204. Sumati Mulay, Op. c i t . p 261, Shobana Ghokale, Op. c i t , p 180, Sankalia, H . D . Op. c i t . p 154
205. E.P. Ind, Vo l . XVII pp 334 ff
206. I b i d , pp 337 f f
207. I b i d , Vo l . XVIII pp 58 f f
208. E.P. And. Vol. 111 pp 16 f f
209. I b i d , PP 8 f f
210. Yajnavai Vishnuh, Vishnu Sahasranamavali, E .P . Ind. Va l . XXXVI pp 300 ff
211. 5.1.1. Vo l . VI No. 947
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXVI pp 62 ff
S . I . I . Vol . IV No. 1168
I b i d , Vo l . X No. 256
N.D.I. Vo l . I I I pp 1201 ff, Podi l i
Bhima i s another name o f S iva , E.P. And. Vol. 111 p p 66 ff
E.P. Ind. Vo l . V pp 118 ff
Gondiya i s Kaundinya, a sage, 5 . I . I . Vol . X No. 281
E.P. And. Vo l . I I I p p 16 ff
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXXI pp 174 ff
I b i d , XXVI pp 1165 ff
I b i d , p p 1174 ff
S . I . I . Vo l . V , No. 1231
Ib id , Vol . No. 1102
F . P . I n d . Vo l . V pp 70 ff
Ibid
N . D . 1 . Vo l . I I pp 670 ff, Kanigir i
S . I . I . Vo l . X No. 281 (Valkana l i s Yajna V a l k i )
E .P . Ind. Vo l . XXXVI pp 1 ff
I b i d , Vol . XXIII pp 56 ff
Ib id , Vo l . XXXI pp 89 ff
Tambi a Tamil word means younger brother . I t i s a l s o probable l t h a t i t i n d i c a t e s the younger brother o f Kumara Svami, Ganesha. 5.1.1. Vol . VI No. 885
Ib id , Vol . X No. 248
C.P. Ins . o f A.P. Govt. Museum Vol . I pp 109 ff
E . p . Ind. Vol. XXXI pp 74 ff
I b i d , Vol. V pp 70 ff
5.1.1. Vol . X No. 248
E.P. Ind. Vol. XXIX pp 160 ff
5 . I . I . Vole I v . NO. 688 & E.P. Ind. Vol. VI pp 277
I b i d , V O ~ . VI No. 154
C.P. Ins . o f A.P. Govt. Museum, Vol . I pp 98 ff
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XVII pp 346 ff
5.1.1. Vol . X No. 248
E.P. INd. Vol . V pp 70 ff
5.1.1. Vol . X No. 435
E.p. And. Vol . I I I pp 6 ff
E.P. Ind. Vol . IV p p 25 ff
S . I . I . Vol . X No. 69
I b i d , No. 388
E . P . I nd . Vo l . 1 IV pp 300 f f
5.1.1. Vol . V No. 1231
E.P. And. Vo l . I I I pp 16 ff
S.I . I . Vol . V No. 1231
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XVII pp 330 ff
5.1.1. Vol . V No. 1231
E . p . Ind. Vol . XVII pp 330 ff
Ib id , v o l . v pp 70 ff (Doddi = b i g , respec ted)
N . D . I . Vol . I I I p p 1264 f f t Rapur
5.1. I . Vol . X 1No. 279
Ib id , N O . 248 (Mutta = e l d e r )
i b i d , No. 387
I b i d , Val. V N O . 1150
263. I b i d , Val. VI No. 622
264. Ib id , Vol . x N O . 121
265. 8.P Ind. Vol . IV pp 300
266. E.p. And. Vo l . I I I pp 16
267. E.P. Ind. Vo l . V pp 70 ff
268. Ib id , Vol. VI pp 347 ff
269. Ib id , Vol . XXVI pp 165 ff
270. 4.P. GOvt. Epigraphical s e r i e s No. 18
271. I b i d
272. 5.1.1. Vol . V No. 1286
273. E.p. INd. Val. V pp 70 ff
274. S . I . I . Vol . V I N o . 200
275. E.P. Ind. Vol . V pp 70 ff
276. S.T.P. Vol . XNo. 248
277. Ib id , Vol . VI No. 622
278. Ib id , Vo l . IV No. 712
279. E.P. Ind. Vol . V pp 70 ff
280. Ibid
281. Ib id , Vol . XXIX pp 57 ff
282. S . I . I . Vol. VI No. 622
283. E.P. Ind. V01. XVIII pp 226 ff
284. Ib id , Vol . XVIII pp 313 ff
285. S . I . I . Vole X No. 151
286. Ib id , No. 248
287. E.P. And. Val. IV PP 93 ff
288, N.D.I. vo l . I pp 670 ff , Kanigiri
289. E.P. Jnd. V O ~ . XVIII PP s5 ff
S . f . 1 . Vol No. 916
C.P. Ins . o f A.P. Govt. Museum Vol . I pp 109 ff
E.P. Ind. Vol . XXXI pp 74 ff
I b i d , Vo i . V pp 70 ff
I b i d
Ind. Antiquary Vo l . X X pp 414
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXI pp 74 ff
E.P. And. Vo l . I I I pp 16 ff
N.D.I. Vol . I I I pp 1045, Ongole
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XI I I pp 212
I b i d , Vol . V pp 118 f f
Ibid ,d pp 70 f f
I b i d , V o l , V I I I pp 159
Venkataramanayya, N . Eastern Chalukyas o f Vengi , pp 311 f f (Madras)
S . I . I . Vo l . VI No. 622
Sanksr i t - English Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 77
S . I . I . Vol . X No. 454
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XVIII p 327
A comparative Grammar o f the Dravidian Language - n u u e r ~
Caldwell, Madras (19761
Ind. Antiquary, Voi . XX pp 414 f f
Telugu - English Dictionary, C.P. Brown, p 59
E.p. Ind. V o l . XXVII pp 193 8 N.D.I. Vol . I 1 pp 793
Sanskr i t English Dictionary, V.S. Apte, p 146
5.1.1. Vo l . X No. 326
Telugu - English Dict ionary, C . P . Brown, p 65
E.P. Ind. Vol . XXXVIpp 1 ff
3i6. C.P. I n s . o f A.P. Govt , Museum. Vol . I pp 109 f f
317. Sankal ia , Op. c i t . p 117
318. Sanskri t -Engl ish Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 86
319. Gai-H.G.O. Kannada p 168
320. Sumati Muley, 0p .c i t . p 270, and Sankal ia , Op. c i t . pp 117 ff
321. E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXXVII pp 41 f f
322. Telugu - Engl ish Dict ionary, C.P. Brown, p 926
323. Sanskr i t - Engl ish Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 402
324. S . I . I . Vo l . V No. 82
325. Gai H.G.O. Kannada p 212
326. ~enn<ru copper p la te o f Saktivarrnan, Venkataramanayya, N , pp 311 ff
327. E.P. Ind. Vo l . V I I pp 117 f f
328, I b i d . Vo l . XVII pp 313 ff
330. E.P. Ind. Vo l . V pp 139 f f
331. C,P. Ins . o f A.P. Govt. Museum, Vol . pp 109 ff
332. E.P. Ind. Vo l . XV pp 252
333. Sanskr i t - English Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 252
334. Telugu - Engl ish Dict ionary, C.P. Brown, p 597
335. S . I . I . Vol . X No. 67
336. Sumati Mulay, Op, c i t . p 272 and Shobhana Ghokale, Op. c l t . p 199
337. E.P. Ind. Vol . XVIII pp 55 f f
338. Viprula Indlaperlu and t h e i r gotras , p 137 (~a jhamundry ) 1987.
339. Telugu-English Dict ionary, C.P. Brown, p 465
340. 5.1.1. Vol. X NO. 334
341. Ib id . No. 231
342. Ib id , Vol . V No. 1205
343. Ib id , No. 195
344. Indian Antiquary Vol. X X pp 104 ff
345. Ibid
346. Sumati Muley, Op. c i t . p 273
347. S . I . I . Vol . X No. 281
348. N.D.I. Vol . I I p p 670 f f
349. Telugu - English Dictionary, C.P. Brown, p 645
350. N.D.I. Vol . 111 p p 1143 f f
351. Telugu - English Dictionary, C . p . Brown, p 627
352. N.D.I. Vol. I I I pp 1143 f f
353, S . I . I . Vol . X No. 155 and 76
354. Telugu English Dictionary, C.P. Brown, p 795
355. 5.1.1. Vol. I V N o . 1342B
356. Ib id , Vo l . V No. 194
357. I b i d , Vo l . VI No. 622
358. Ibid
359. Sanksrit-English Dictionary, V.S. Apte, p 1247
360. E.P. Ind. Vo l . V I I I pp 159 ff
361. 5 . I . I . Vo:. V No. 199
362. I b i d , Vol . X No. 199
363. E.P. Ind. Vol . IV pp 300 f f
364. Ib id , Vo l . VI pp 334 ff
365. E.P. And, Vol . I pp 1 f f
366. Sumati Mulay, Up. c i t . p 276, Sobhana Ghokale, Op. c i t . p 201
E.P. Ind. V o l . V pp 118 ff
' Sanskr i t -Eng l i sh Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 116
The Brahmanas o f Ind ia , Chitrarekha Gupta, p 9
E . P . And. V o l . I I pp 56 ff
Sanskri t -Engl ish Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 1452
E.P. Ind. Vol . IX pp 131 ff
Sanskri t -Engl ish Dict ionary, V.S. Apte, p 452
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXXI pp 133 ff
E.p. Ind. V o l . XXIX pp 89 ff
I b i d , Vo l . V I I pp 177 f f
Abid, V o l , XXIII pp 73 f f
5.1 .1 . V o l . V No. 1150
E.P. I n d . Vol . H V I I I pp 298 ff
S . I . I . V o l . X No. 256
I b i d , Vo l . VI No. 622
382. Ib id , Vol . X No. 288
383. I b i d , Vol. V No. 131
384. E.P. Ind. Vol . XXIII pp 73 ff
385. I b i d , Vol . V p 70
386. Ib id , Vol . VI pp 84 ff
387. Re l ig ion i n Andhra, B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao, p 201
388. Viprula i n < l a p e l u - s a k h a l u - g o t r a , (Rajhamundry) Venkata S a s t r y , M.
389. Sanhal ia , 0 p . c i t . p ,134
390. A l l India Oriental Conference Report I , Vaidya. C.V., (1919) p 36
391. KOsambi. D.D. JBBRAS XXVI 21-80
392. Sankal ia , O p . c i t . p 135
393. , Cultural s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e personal names o f the Deccan-BDCRI 3 , p 351
394. E.P. Ind. V o l . X X p 27
395. I b i d , Vo l . XXXV p p 13 f f
396. I b i d , p 26
397. I b i d , Vo l . XX p 27
398. Ib id , Vol . I I p p 323
399. I b i d , Vo l . XXIII p p 62 f f
400. I b i d , Vo l . XV pp 258 f f
401. I b i d , Vo l . XY p 28
I b i d , p p 1 f f
E . P . And. Vol . I I p p 1 f f
I b i d , Vol . I p p 146 f f
E . P . Ind. Vo l . X X p p 1 f f
E . P . And. Vo l . I p p 146
E.P. Ind. Vol . I I p p 323 f f
Ibid
Abid, Vo l . XV p p 258 f f
I b i d , Vo l . I I pp 323
Ibid
Ibid
tlanumantharao, U.S.C. 0 p . c i t . p 1174
E . P . Ind. Vol . VI I p p 177 if
Ibi d
I b i d , Vo l . XXIV p p 268 ff
N.D.I. Vol . I p p 164
E . P . Ind. Vo l . XXIV pp 268 ff
Venkataramanayya, N . Op.c i t . p 74
Ib id
E.P. Ind. Vo l . IX p p 147 ff
I b i d , Vo l . XXIV pp 268 ff
Venkataramanayya, N . O p . c i t .
E.P. Ind. Vol . IX p p 47 ff
I b i d , V o l . VZI p p 117
N.D.I. Vo l . p 164 ff
Kane, P.V. His tory o f Dharmasastras, Vo l . 11 p t . I , p 76-77
Mujumdar, Hi s tory o f Bengal, p 586
s.r.r. V O I . V I N O S . 140 8 1060
I b i d , Vo l . X No. 470
E . P . iNd, Vo l . XXXII p p 310 ff
I b i d , Vo l . XXXIV p p 47 ff
JAHRS Va l . XX pp 161 ff
E.P. Ind. V o l . XXXII pp 310 ff
5 . I . I . Vo l . V No. 1136
E.P. Ind . Vo l . XXXII p p 310 f f
I b i d , Vo l . 111 p p 220 ff
Mujumdar, Op. c i t . p 588
Sankal ia , Op. c i t , p 147 and Sobhana Gokale, Op. ci t .
s . I . 1 . v o l . VI No. 149
Ib id , No. 1183
E.P. Ind. V o l . I pp 146 ff
3.1.1. Vo l . IV No. 1087
E.P. And. Vo l . 11 pp 1 ff
5. I . I . Vol . No. 1163
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXXIII p p 141 f f
S . I . I . Vo l . V lNo. 1258
Ibid, No. 1268
Ib id , Vo l . X No. 357
Ibid, Vo l . V No. 216
Ib id , Vo l . VI No. 149
Ib id , Vo l . V N o . 1259
Ib id , No. 73
Ib id , X No. 293
Ib id , Vol . IV No. 660
Pbid, Vo l . X No. 456
Ib id , Vo l . V No. 217
Ib id , Vol . VI No. 704
Ib id , Vo l . V No. 1237
Ib id , No. 183
Ib id , No. 164
Ibid, Vo l . X No. 100
Ib id , Vo l . V No. 1098
Ib id , V o l . VI N O . 132
Ib id , Vo l . X No. 8
bid, Vol . V No. 146
P lrqr
JJ r dd xx .roA 'PTqI
gz d nxxx ' P F ~ I
p r q r
P F9I
JJ 1 dd xx - T ~ A 'prqr
JJ 8SZ dd AX ' ToA 'PTqI
JJ L dd nxxx ' r o ~ 'PrqI
JJ 1 dd XX '1oA ' P V I
JJ r dd nxxx ' s o n 'prqr
JJ I dd XX 'roA 'PUT ' d ' 9
ovzr 'ON In .ran ' p w r
LSzr 'ON A * P A ' P w r
809 - O N x 'Ton 'Prqr
fTE1 'ON A '1oA ' P t 4 I
L S Z ~ * O N 'A .ran ' ~ ' r - s
JJ O O E dd AI 'ran 'pur ' a -9
E L & 'ON 'PrqI
E L E 'ON ' P w r
05s 'ON x .ran 'PXI
6 ~ r r 'ON 'A - r a n ' p r s r
zEr 'ON 'PFU
8ZS 'ON IA '1oA ' P F U
681 'ON A '1oA '1'1's
J J €Z? dd 'XIX ' ToA ' A ~ e n b y q u g * p u r
9 z c 'ON x 'ran 'Prqr
'Z69
' 169
' 069
'68'r
'888
'189
'989
' sa'?
' f 8 8
'E89
' Z 8 f
' T8f
'089
'61f
'815
'LL 9
'919
' S L f
' f L f
'e19
'z19
' 1Lf
'Of'?
'699
'899
'L99
493. Ib id , Vo l . XXXC' p 34
494. E .P . And. Vo l . I I pp 1 ff
495. E.P. Ind. Vo l . X X X V p p 1 ff
496. I b i d , Vo l . XX pp 1 ff
497. S . I . I . Vol . V N o . 82
498. Ibid
499. I b i d , No. 83
500. I b i d , No. 89
501. I b i d , NO. 82
502. Ibid
503. Ibid 83
504. Ib id , NO. 1025
505. Ibid
506. I b i d , No. 1053
507. I b i d , No. 1026
508. Ib id , No. 1094
509. Ib id , No. 1027
510. Ib id , Vo l . VI No. 614
511. Ibid
512. Ib id , No. 624
513. I b i d , No. 614
514. Ib id , No. 624
515. Ibid
516. Ib id , v01. X No. 99
517. I b i d , Vo l . VI NO. 624
518. Ibid
Ib id , Vol . X No. 98
Ib id , No. 107
' I b i d , No. 97
Ib id , No. 110
Ib id , No. 107
Ib id , Vol. IV No. 677
Ib id , Vol . X No. 107
Ib id , Vol . VI No. 228
Ib id , Vol . X No. 107
Ib id , No. 74
Ib id , Vol . VI No. 249
E.P. Ind. Vol . XXXV pp 13 ff
Ibid
Ibid
C.P. No. 1 o f 1924-25
Andhra Sahitya Parishad Patrika 11:2, 3 . I t i s very d i f f i c u l t t o give the exacat funct ions o f the above o f f i c e r s i n the present s t a t e o f knowledge.
E.P. Ind. Vol. XXIV p 43
Ib id , Vol . VI pp 315
Ib id , Vol . XI p 175
Ib id , Vol . VI I I pp 159 f f
Ib id , Vol. I pp 2 ff
Ind. Antiquary, Val . V p 50 f f
E.P. Ind. V o l . I pp 2 f f
542. Ibid
543. Ibid
I b i d
Ib id
I b i d , Vol . V I I I pp 233 ff
I b i d , pp 159 ff
I b i d , Vo l . I pp 2 ff
Ib id
Ib id
Ibid
I b i d , V o l . V I I I pp 159
I b i d , Vol . IV p 43
IBid, Vo l . XXIV pp 268 ff
S . I . I . Vo l . V No. 1271
I b i d , Vo l . VI No. 982
~ h i r a t i , 1968, Augus t , pp 2-15
S . I . I . Vol . No. 740
E.P. Ind. Vol . XXVIII p 192
I b i d , Vol . XXIX p 106
E.P. Ind. XXVIII pp 185 ff
S . I . I . Vo l . VI 1118
~ h a r a t i , August , 1968, pp 2-15
E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXVIII pp 304 ff
I b i d , Vol . XXVIII pp 305 ff
S . I . I . Vo l . I V N o . 1129
I b i d , Vol . IV No. 1129
I b i d , No. 133
I b i d , No. 119
I b i d , No. 172
I b i d , Vol. IV No. 943
I b i d , Vo l . X No. 173
I b i d , No. 67
Ib id , Vol . IV No. 1105
I b i d , Vol . X No. 173
I b i d , Vol . IV No. 1131
I b i d , No. 1122
I b i d , Vol . X No. 141 and S i rcar . D.C. IndianEpigraphical Glossary, p 383
I b i d , Vol . VI No. 591
I b i d , Vol . X No. 362, S i rcar , D.C. Op. c i t . p 43
I b i d , No. 268
I b i d , No. 409
I b i d , Vo l . V No. 115
Ib id , Vo l . IV No, 1335
I b i d , Vol . X No. 246
I b i d , Vo l . V N o . 63
I b i d , Vo l . X No. 73
I b i d , Vol . IV 749
I b i d , Vol . VI No. 643
I b i d , Vol . X No. 468
I b i d , Vol . V No. 1160
I b i d , Vo l . IV No. 1013
I b i d , Vol . X No. 263
E . P . Ind, Vol . V pp 130 ff
595. S.I.I. Vol . VI No. 622
596. , I b i d , No. 592
597. For example, t h e Personal name Vish?ubha;t;u i s adopted a s a Brahmana Surname i n t h e Coastal Andhra Pradesh a t present .
598. E.P. Ind. Vo l . XXV pp 281 ff
599. I b i d , Vo l . V pp 34 ff