cultural luxembourg

8/2/2019 Cultural Luxembourg

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Cultural

City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications

Brief Description

Because of its strategic position, Luxembourg was, from the 16th century until 1867, when its walls were dismantled,

one of Europe's greatest fortified sites. It was repeatedly reinforced as it passed from one great European power to

another: the Holy Roman Emperors, the House of Burgundy, the Habsburgs, the French and Spanish kings, and

finally the Prussians. Until their partial demolition, the fortifications were a fine example of military architecture

spanning several centuries.

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Long Description

Because of its strategic position, Luxembourg was, from the 16th century until

1867 when its walls were dismantled, one of Europe's greatest fortified sites. It was

repeatedly reinforced as it passed from one great European power to another: the

Holy Roman Emperors, House of Burgundy, Habsburgs, French and Spanish

kings, and finally the Prussians. Until their partial demolition, the fortifications

were a fine example of military architecture spanning several centuries.The City of Luxembourg is located at the crossing point of two major Roman roads. In 963 Sigefroid, a count from the

Moselle valley, built a castle on the Rocher du Bock, which he obtained by means of an exchange with the Abbey of

St Maximin of Trier. His servants and soldiers settled around the castle and the modern town sprang from the market -

place of this settlement, the Vieux March.

The town had grown to such an extent that a second defensive wall was built around the end of the 12th century, to

be superseded in the 15th century when a third line of defences was built. By the 16th century, Luxembourg had

become a strategic and military prize. The House of Burgundy, the Habsburgs, the French and Spanish kings or the

Holy Roman Emperors all wanted Luxembourg. Throughout this period the defences were continuously extended and
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improved, making it into a fortress that earned the title 'Gibraltar of the North'. With the signature of the Treaty of

London in 1867, the European powers confirmed the perpetual neutrality of the Grand Duchy and, in consequence,

the evacuation of the fortress within three months and the demolition of the fortifications. This turned a grim fortress

of some 180 ha into an open city.

The old quarter of the City of Luxembourg extends westwards from the Bock promontory, where the first ducal family

established itself. The Rocher du Bock is a honeycomb of 17th- and 18th-century casemates, the largest survivingensemble of underground fortifications. Also of importance is the bridge joining the Bock to the upper town, the

Church of Saint-Michel, originating from the 10th century. The latter-day March-aux-Poissons was the main market

in the Middle Ages and the first open space in the town. The present Grand Ducal Palace stands on the site of the

first maison communale built in 1244 and of the Htel de Ville. The Rue Wiltheim, which leads down to Pfaffenthal,

follows the route of the Roman road to Trier.

The governmental quarter and Notre-Dame Cathedral: the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Luxembourg is the former

church of the Jesuit College upon which work began in 1613; it was consecrated in 1621. It is an outstanding

example of Netherlands late Gothic architecture, with a Renaissance portal and rood-screen. Alongside the cathedral

is the Prsidence du Gouvernement, known today as the Maison de Bourgogne. It belonged until 1676 to the

Berbourg family, traditional cup-bearers to the ducal house. Its brick staircase towers illustrate the transition from the

Gothic to the Renaissance style. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Rue Notre-Dame was built in 1751 in

characteristic Louis XV style.

The lower town of Grund and the Plateau du Rham: archaeological excavations have shown that the Grund and

Rham areas were settled for some six centuries before Count Sigefroid took possession of the Bock promontory in

963. The Wenceslas Wall formed part of the third defensive circuit built in the late 14th century. It underwent a

number of modifications and strengthenings as artillery improved.

The Grund sluice was built by the Austrians in 1731; it consists of a massive masonry dam with vaulted openings that

could be closed to prevent water passing through them. Much of the lock was dismantled in 1878, but its remains are

still impressive, and also provide a magnificent panorama of the city. The Hospital Saint-Jean was founded in 1308;

in 1543 a Benedictine community was established there, to become known as the Neuminster.

Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC

Historical DescriptionThe City of Luxembourg is located at the crossing point of two major Roman roads. In 963 Sigefroid, a count from the

Moselle valley, built a castle on the Rocher du Bock, which he obtained by means of an exchange with the Abbey of

St Maxirnin of Trier. His servants and soldiers settled around the castle and the modern town sprang from the market-

place of this settlement, the Vieux Marche. Settlers were recorded as early as 926 in the Alzette valley, near the

castle, and their houses formed the nuclei of the later lower towns of Grund and Pfaffenthal.

The town had grown to such an extent that a second defensive waU was built aronnd the end of the 12th century, but

this, too, was superseded in the 15th century when a third line of defences was built, enclosing the lower town of

Grund as well.

By the 16th century, Luxembourg with its fortifications had become a strategic and military prize. The House of

Burgundy, the Habsburgs, the French and Spanish kings, or the Holy Roman Emperors - all wanted Luxembourg. It

was this reason that the city remained within the confines of its fortifications until 1867. Life there was harsh and the

inhabitants resented having soldiers billeted upon them.

Throughout this period the defences of Luxembourg were continually extended and improved, making it into a

fortress that earned the title of the "Gibraltar of the North". This was a dubious distinction, since it brought the city into

most of Europe's wars from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Four main stages can be identified:

1. 17th century (especially 1671-84): enlargement of the defences by the Spanish, who built several new redoubts

(Peter, Marie, Berlaimont), and construction of the first barracks inside the city.


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2. 1684-97: large-scale rebuilding of the fortifications under the direction of Vauban following the successful siege of

1684 by the French. Pfaffenthal was included within the defences and large barracks were built on the Rham and

Saint-Esprit plateaux. The Saint-Esprit monastery was transferred to Pfaffenthal.

3. 18th century: continued development of the fortress by the Austrians (from 1715). The engineer de Beam%

prepared an ambitious plan designed to make Luxembourg a key element in the defence of the Austrian Netherlands.

This work, which lasted over forty years, involved the construction of new forts around the city (eg those of Thtigenand Olisy) and systems of casematesli nked by underground tunnels.

4. 19th century: the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg joined the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna and

the federal fortress of Luxembourg was garrisoned by the Prussian Army from 1815 to 1867. The Prussians carried

out major renovation work from 1826 onwards (eg at Fort Thtingen, where the surviving remains, known as Les Trois

Glands, date from this period) and also added new elements, such as Fort Wedell, built to protect the railway station,

which was built at around this time.

With the signature of the Treaty of London in 1867 the European powers confirmed the perpetual neutrality of the

Grand Duchy and, in consequence, the evacuation of the fortress within three months and the demolition of the

fortifications. This brought to an end a long evolution over nine centuries and turned a grim fortress of some 180 ha

into an open city. Dismantlement of more than 24 km of underground defences and some 40,000 m2 of casemates,

batteries, barracks, and the like lasted sixteen years and cost over 1.5 million gold francs. Some elements survive,

such as twelve of the 28 gates and a number of redoubts and forts.

Archaeology

Mosaique de Vichten

Luxembourg has a number of archaeological sites dating from the Palaeolithic to Merovingian epochs.

Some have been opened to visitors. The immense archaeological site (oppidumof the Treviri) on the

Titelberg in the south of the country is accessible on foot. Reconstructed Roman funeral monuments are

scattered throughout the east of the country. The great Roman villa in Echternach provides the setting for

an information centre on life during the Gallo-Roman period. Some parts, including a theatre for 3,500

spectators of the Roman vicus Ricciacus, situated within the territory of the Dalheim town council, can be

visited at certain times of the year. A copy of the Vichten mosaic dating from the 3rd century, which

depicts over a surface of 60 m2

Homer surrounded by the nine muses, was installed in the reception area

of the town hall.

Today the MNHA houses treasures such as the Hellange ceremonial helmet and the Vichten Gallo-

Roman mosaic, which has become the main showpiece of the renovated museum, reopened in

2002.

The curators of the MNHA have made tremendous efforts to display the results of the excavations

through reconstructions of habitations of the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The reconstitution of aristocratic

Celtic funeral chambers of Iron Age, and the exhibition of the trevire nobility funeral furniture, dating from
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before and after the Roman conquest, are the highlights of the archaeological activity which forms part of

the wider network of European research.

Luxembourg's Premier Visits Carthage

Archaeological Site

Six Great Reasons to Visit Luxembourg


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1.Chemin de la Corniche: Lift your spirits at this pedestrian promenade commonly known as Europesmost beautiful balcony.

2. 1,000 Years in 100 Minutes: Take the Wenzel Walk through the city of Luxembourg's oldest quarters for anengaging and compelling millennial history.

3.Wine Tasting: Initiate a toast as you sample the dry whites that help put Moselle Valley on the map.

4.The National Museum of Military History: Get the big picture of the Battle of the Bulge.

5.Gourmet Delight: You'll find more Michelin star (13-star) restaurants per capita here than any othercountry in the world.

6.Bikers Paradise: Spin your wheels in the Ardennes region, a scenic wonderland for bikers.

GOOD THINGS DO COME IN SMALL PACKAGES: Weave your way through a medieval

town where youll discover magnificent castles from the Middle Ages, satiate your appetitefor great food and conversation at a quaint bistro, or jump on your bike to experience the

expansive valleys, rugged cliffs and unique rock formations. Its all within reach its all

here in Luxembourg.

Flea market held every 2nd and 4th Saturday of the month in Luxembourg Strawberry and apple festival in Steinsel Pottery Museum in Nospelt

MULLERTHAL: LITTLE SWITZERLAND

Wonderful views from Consdorf Colorful flower village in Haller

Walking paths through fantastic rock formations in Christnach

ARDENNES
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Museum of the Battle of the Bulge and the Museum of Art and Handicraft in Wiltz. Its alsohome of the International Open-air Theater. Check out the celebrated Musical Festival in Julywhere youll catch jazz, operas, operettas, musicals, and plays

Three charming villages in Weiswampach Memorial to General Patton and Patton Museum in Ettelbruck The Nut Market (Veiner Nssmoort) is held on the second Sunday in October

LAND OF THE RED ROCKS

Art Deco and Art Nouveau style homes

MOSELLE VALLEY


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Mondorf Le Club and Casino 2000 in Mondorf-les-Baines Local Grape and Wine Festivals (Spring and Fall) Wine Museum in Ehnen Bernard-Massard wine cellar in Grevenmacher St. Martin wine cellar in Remich

Catch up on history, take in an art exhibition, pick up some fine china, and end the day on a heartynote with a generous portion of wild boar as you sip a glass of Pinot Noir. Jump on a Hop On-HopOff tour bus commentaries are given in seven languages to experience the full flavor ofLuxembourg City. Heres a sampling of the colorful Sights and Attractions that make Luxembourg a

must-see destination.

BACK IN TIME - HISTORY AND LANDMARKS


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Thats History

Get the inside scoop on military operations in the Ardennes at The National Museum of Military

History in Diekirch, which emerged from the Diekirch Historical Museum. The Museum offers an in-

depth education about the Battle of the Bulge in Luxembourg. Theres an extensive collection of

weapons, uniforms, military equipment, along with soldierspersonal belongings, photographs, and

maps. Another part of the museum caters to the history of Luxembourgs own armed forces.

n Remembrance

The General Patton Memorial Museum in Ettelbruck contains more than 1,000 photographs anddocuments pertaining to the German invasion in May 1940, the period of occupation of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, and the liberation of the country by American troops in September 1944.Youll find weapons and equipment that were discovered or excavated on the Ardennes battlefield.Take a photo next to the larger-than-life size statue of General George S. Patton Jr., commander ofthe 3rd U.S. Army, whose troops liberated the town of Ettelbruck on December 25, 1944. Many havecome to know Ettelbruck as Patton Town.

CONTACT:General Patton Memorial MuseumL-9054 EttelbruckTelephone: (352) 81 03 22

Just in CaseWind your way through a network of several levels of underground fortifications dating back to 1644that are known as the Bock Casemates. Originally 14 miles of underground defensivepassageways, some as deep as 131 feet, the casemates have earned the title of Gibralter of theNorth. The archeological crypt is the site of an audiovisual presentation co nveying the history of thismassive site, deemed the cradle of Luxembourg. Its listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

CONTACT:

Luxembourg City Tourist OfficePlace dArmes P.O. Box 181

L-2011 Luxembourg

Telephone: (352) 22 28 09

Fax: (352) 46 70 70

Email: [email protected]

Web site: www.lcto.lu
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Making a SplashOverlooking the River Our, youll find the bold, brilliant, and skillfully restoredVianden Castle (photoabove). Enter this enchanting 11th century gem to admire antique weaponry and armour, ornatefurniture, and Gobelin tapestry. Afterwards, stroll through the charming medieval town ofVianden with its gothic churches, quaint lanes, and fortified towers. French Writer Victor Hugostayed in Vianden during his exile. Stop by the newly renovated Victor Hugo House operating as

a museum since 1935 - where youll find original works and furniture, along with other personaldocuments. As you approach the museum, look for Rodins famous bust of Victor Hugo.

CONTACT:Vianden CastleTelephone: (352) 83 41 08-1 or 84 92 91Fax: (352) 84 92 84Email: [email protected] site: www.castle-vianden.lu

Victor Hugo HouseEmail: [email protected] site: www.victor-hugo.lu

City SlickersIn the heart of the old part of the city, the Luxembourg City History Museumreveals the cityshistory through original objects and through interactive multi-media technology. Check out the scalemodels depicting the citys evolution from the 10th century and onwards. Be sure to inquire aboutspecial exhibitions on display.

CONTACT:

Luxembourg City History Museum

14, rue du St-Espirit

L-2090 Luxembourg

Telephone: (352) 4796-4500

Fax: (352) 47 17 07

Web site: www.musee-hist.lu

Clemency, Luxembourg

M

Monument of the Millennium

R

Raschptzer Qanat

T

Titelberg
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Facts and Statisitcs

Location: Western Europe, bordering Belgium 148 km,

France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Capital: Luxembourg Population: 462,690 (July 2004 est.)

Ethnic Make-up: Celtic base (with French and German

blend), Portuguese, Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro,

Albania, and Kosovo) and European (guest and resident

workers)

Religions: 87% Roman Catholic, 13% Protestants, Jews,

and Muslims (2000) Language in Luxembourg

French and German are the official languages of

Luxembourg. The spoken language of the majority of the

400,000 population is Luxembourgish. The 1984 Language

Act determines that French is the only language of

legislation, and that French, German as well as

Luxembourgish can be used for administrative or judicial

purposes. Official documents are usually not available in

Luxembourgish.

Geography LuxembourgLocation: Western Europe, between France and GermanyGeographic coordinates: 49 45 N, 6 10 EMap references: EuropeArea: total:2,586 sq km

land:2,586 sq kmwater:0 sq km

Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summersTerrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous
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the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeastElevation extremes: lowest point:Moselle River 133 m

highest point:Buurgplaatz 559 mNatural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land Land use: arable land:23.94%

permanent crops:0.39%other:75.67% (includes Belgium) (2005)

Irrigated land: NANatural hazards: NAEnvironment - current issues: air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmlandEnvironment - internationalagreements: party to:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent OrganicPollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94Wetlandssigned, but not ratified:Environmental Modification

Geography - note: landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the worldPeople LuxembourgPopulation: 474,413 (July 2006 est.)Age structure: 0-14 years:18.9% (male 46,118/female 43,356)

15-64 years:66.5% (male 159,498/female 156,075)65 years and over:14.6% (male 28,027/female 41,339) (2006 est.)

Median age: total:38.7 yearsmale:37.7 yearsfemale:39.7 years (2006 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.23% (2006 est.)Birth rate: 11.94 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)Death rate: 8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)Net migration rate: 8.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)Sex ratio: at birth:1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years:1.06 male(s)/female15-64 years:1.02 male(s)/female65 years and over:0.68 male(s)/femaletotal population:0.97 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total:4.74 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale:4.73 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale:4.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population:78.89 years
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male:75.6 yearsfemale:82.38 years (2006 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.78 children born/woman (2006 est.)HIV/AIDS - adult prevalencerate: 0.2% (2001 est.)HIV/AIDS - people living withHIV/AIDS: less than 500 (2003 est.)HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (2003 est.)Nationality: noun:Luxembourger(s)

adjective:LuxembourgEthnic groups: Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro

Albania, and Kosovo) and European (guest and resident workers)Religions: 87% Roman Catholic, 13% Protestants, Jews, and Muslims (2000)Languages: Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French(administrative language)Literacy: definition:age 15 and over can read and write

total population:100%male:100%female:100% (2000 est.)

Government LuxembourgCountry name: conventional long form:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

conventional short form:Luxembourglocal long form:Grand Duche de Luxembourg

local short form:LuxembourgGovernment type: constitutional monarchyCapital: LuxembourgAdministrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, LuxembourgIndependence: 1839 (from the Netherlands)National holiday: National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 JuneConstitution: 17 October 1868; occasional revisionsLegal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsoryExecutive branch: chief of state:Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir Apparent Prince

GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981)head of government:Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1 January 1995) andVice Prime Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July 2004)cabinet:Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by themonarch
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elections:none; the monarch is hereditary; following popular elections to the Chamber ofDeputies, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usuallyappointed prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister is appointed by themonarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputiesnote:government coalition - CSV and LSAP

Legislative branch:

unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members areelected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)elections:last held 13 June 2004 (next to be held by June 2009)election results:percent of vote by party - CSV 36.1%, LSAP 23.4%, DP 16.1%, GreenParty 11.6%, ADR 10%; seats by party - CSV 24, LSAP 14, DP 10, Green Party 7, ADR 5note:there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory body to the Chamber ofDeputies; the Council of State has 21 members appointed by the Grand Duke on theadvice of the prime minister

Judicial branch: judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district courts, and 1 SupremeCourt of Appeals); administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office,administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges for all courts areappointed for life by the monarch

Political parties and leaders: Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast GIBERYEN]; Christian SocialPeople's Party or CSV (also known as Christian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGENDemocratic Party or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; LuxembourgSocialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and Reformed Communist Partydei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left) [no formal leadership]; other minor parties

Political pressure groups andleaders: ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne(federation of agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade

union representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of Commerce);Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of industrialists);Greenpeace (environment protection); LCGP (center-right trade union); MouvementEcologique (protection of ecology); OGBL (center-left trade union)

International organization

participation:ACCT, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO,

IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMOInterpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIFOPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCL,WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in theUS: chief of mission:Ambassador Joseph WEYLANDchancery:2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:[1] (202) 265-4171FAX:[1] (202) 328-8270consulate(s) general:New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation fromthe US: chief of mission:Ambassador Ann WAGNERembassy:22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City

mailing address:American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (officimail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail)telephone:[352] 46 01 23FAX:[352] 46 14 01

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of theNetherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag ofFrance
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Economy LuxembourgEconomy - overview: This stable, high-income economy - benefitting from its proximity to France, Belgium, and

Germany - features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrialsector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include

chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accountsfor about 28% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banksare foreign-owned and have extensive foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on smallfamily-owned farms. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for morethan 30% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU members, has suffered fromthe global economic slump, the country enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living -GDP per capita ranks first in the world.

GDP (purchasing power parity): $29.43 billion (2005 est.)GDP (official exchange rate): $31.96 billion (2005 est.)GDP - real growth rate: 3.5% (2005 est.)GDP - per capita (PPP):

$55,600 (2005 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture:1%

industry:13%services:86% (2005 est.)

Labor force: 316,500 of whom 121,600 are foreign cross-border workers commuting primarily fromFrance, Belgium, and Germany (2005 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture:1%industry:13%services:86% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate: 4.9% (2005 est.)Population below poverty line: NA%Household income orconsumption by percentageshare:

lowest 10%:NA%highest 10%:NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (2005 est.)Investment (gross fixed): 19.7% of GDP (2005 est.)Budget: revenues:$9.195 billion

expenditures:$9.573 billion; including capital expenditures of $975.5 million (2005 est.)Agriculture - products: wine, grapes, barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits; dairy products, livestock productsIndustries: banking and financial services, iron and steel, information technology, telecommunication

cargo transportation, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glassaluminum, tourism

Industrial production growthrate: 4.4% (2005 est.)Electricity - production: 3.203 billion kWh (2005 est.)
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Electricity - production bysource: fossil fuel:57.3%hydro:25.2%

nuclear:0%other:17.5% (2001)

Electricity - consumption: 6.14 billion kWh (2005 est.)Electricity - exports: 2.346 billion kWh (2005 est.)Electricity - imports: 5.287 billion kWh (2005 est.)Oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2003 est.)Oil - consumption: 55,700 bbl/day (2003 est.)Oil - exports: 634 bbl/day (2001)Oil - imports: 50,700 bbl/day (2001)Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2003 est.)Natural gas - consumption:

1.205 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2001 est.)Natural gas - imports: 867 million cu m (2001 est.)Exports: $13.39 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)Exports - commodities: machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass Exports - partners: Germany 22.2%, France 19.8%, Belgium 10%, UK 8.5%, Italy 7.3%, Spain 6%,

Netherlands 4.3% (2004)Imports: $18.74 billion c.i.f. (2005 est.)Imports - commodities: minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goodsImports - partners: Belgium 29.8%, Germany 22.6%, China 12.6%, France 12%, Netherlands 4.2% (2004)Reserves of foreign exchangeand gold: $173.5 million (2005 est.)Debt - external: $NAEconomic aid - donor: ODA, $235.59 million (2004)Currency (code): euro (EUR)

note:on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a commoncurrency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, theeuro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code: EURExchange rates: euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175

(2001)Fiscal year: calendar year
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Communications LuxembourgTelephones - main lines in use: 360,100 (2003)Telephones - mobile cellular: 539,000 (2003)Telephone system: general assessment:highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainl

buried cablesdomestic:nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cableinternational:country code - 352; 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable(Europe to North America)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)Radios: 285,000 (1997)Television broadcast stations: 5 (1999)Televisions: 285,000 (1998 est.)Internet country code: .luInternet hosts: 70,465 (2005)Internet Service Providers(ISPs): 8 (2000)Internet users: 270,800 (2005)Transportation LuxembourgAirports: 2 (2005)Airports - with paved runways: total:1

over 3,047 m:1 (2005)Airports - with unpavedrunways: total:1under 914 m:1 (2005)Heliports: 1 (2005)Pipelines: gas 155 km (2004)Railways: total:274 km

standard gauge:274 km 1.435-m gauge (242 km electrified) (2004)Roadways: total:5,210 km

paved:5,210 km (including 147 km of expressways) (2002)Waterways: 37 km (on Moselle River) (2003)Merchant marine: total:41 ships (1000 GRT or over) 509,517 GRT/517,644 DWT

by type:chemical tanker 15, container 6, liquefied gas 2, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 4roll on/roll off 11foreign-owned:41 (Belgium 15, Finland 3, France 9, Germany 8, Netherlands 3, US 3)(2005)

Ports and terminals: Mertert
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Military LuxembourgMilitary branches: ArmyMilitary service age andobligation: a 1967 law made the Army an all-volunteer force; 17 years of age for voluntary militaryservice; soldiers under 18 are not deployed into combat or with peacekeeping missions

(2004)Manpower available for militaryservice: males age 17-49:110,867females age 17-49:108,758 (2005 est.)Manpower fit for militaryservice: males age 17-49:90,279females age 17-49:88,638 (2005 est.)Manpower reaching militaryservice age annually: males age 18-49:2,775females age 17-49:2,703 (2005 est.)Military expenditures - dollarfigure: $231.6 million (2003)Military expenditures - percentof GDP: 0.9% (2003)Transnational Issues LuxembourgDisputes - international: none
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