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Cultural Patterns and Processes Unit 3 Essential Question: How do cultural patterns and processes vary across the planet?

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Page 1: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Cultural Patterns and Processes

Unit 3 Essential Question: How do cultural

patterns and processes vary across the planet?

Page 2: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

The Meaning of Culture

• Culture-the way of life of a particular people. – Language, religion, food, and music

• Culture and ethnicity are often intertwined – What is ethnicity?

– What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

• It is important to remember that geographers look at trends over time and analyze the patterns of cultures.

Page 3: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Material Culture

• Anything that can be seen on the landscape

• Built environment-how people impact the landscape (seen)

Page 4: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Nonmaterial Culture

• Anything that makes up culture that can’t be touched

– Language, religion, myths, superstitions

Page 5: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Folk Culture

• Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific area

– Makes a place unique

– Passed from generation to generation, usually through oral histories

• Folklore-stories passed from generation to generation

– Values and legends

Page 6: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Folklore

Good vs. Evil

Page 7: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Popular Culture

• Opposite of folk culture, this is the practice of customs that span several different cultures

• Folk culture could potentially become part of popular culture, if its popularity grows.

Folk Culture Popular Culture

Page 8: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

The Cultural Landscape • Interactions of a group in

relation to their own cultural practices as well as to the values of a society as reflected through artifacts and architecture.

• Natural Landscape-physical Earth (field of physical geography)

Page 9: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Adaptive Strategy

• How a person adapts to a new culture

Page 10: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Music and Culture

• Musical styles and lyrics can tell a geographer a lot about the culture in an area.

• Religion also plays a key role in musical expression.

• Radio stations give information about the listening habits of people.

• Folk songs- describe a group of people

Page 11: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Food and Culture

• Favorite and least favorite foods describe people and their culture.

• Where a restaurant is located relative to a food source can determine the menu.

• Our diet depends on the agriculture around us.

Page 12: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Sports and Culture

• Baseball and basketball have spread worldwide from the US

– Hierarchical diffusion

• World’s most popular sport?

• Hooligans- fans who incite violence at football (soccer) matches.

– Racial, religious epithets

Page 13: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Architecture and Culture

• Societies are based on family structures, which are typically some time of house.

– Home can be the foundation for culture

• Folk housing is constructed with materials that are nearby

– Usually depends on climate

Page 14: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Architecture and Culture

• Indigenous architecture-any structure on the landscape that is not built by a professional craftsperson or artist.

• Different regions focus on different parts of the house.

– Muslims have a special wall that faces Mecca

Page 15: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Architecture and Culture

• 3 Styles in the US

– New England

• Saltbox, 2 Chimney, Cape Cod, and front gable and wing styles.

– Middle Atlantic

• “I” house- 2 stories with gables on either end

– Lower Chesapeake

• 2 stories with chimneys located on both sides.

Page 16: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Architecture and Culture

• Anglo-American landscape – Township and Range System

• Folk landscape-what people perceive the landscape to be based on their cultural notions of an area.

• Traditional architecture-structures built as area was being established – Ex: traditional architecture of a city would be the original

industrial plants established as the city was founded.

Page 17: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Language and Culture

• Ability to communicate with others orally and/or in writing. – Unites and divides

• Language in school: US vs. European countries • Monolingual country-has only one official

language in which all gov. business is conducted. • Multilingual country-has more than one official

language. • Linguistic diversity-learning of more languages • Language extinction-As young ppl move out of a

local area, the elderly are the only ones to continue to use their language. After they die, the language disappears.

Page 18: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Lingua Francas

• A language used as a common tongue among people who speak diverse languages, often to conduct business

– What is the current lingua franca?

– What was the last lingua franca?

– What do you think the next lingua franca will be?

Page 19: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Learning Languages

• First skill:

– Ability to speak and sound out the words

• Second skill:

– Ability to write the symbols that are connected w/ each sound or meaning

• Third skill:

– Comprehension

Page 20: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Dialects • A form of a

language that is unique in sound, speed, syntax, and vocabulary

• Isogloss-boundary of a dialect

– “You guys” vs. “You’uns” vs. “Y’all”

Page 21: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Pidgin, Trade, and Creole Languages

• Pidgin- Mixture of language – Very simple grammar and

vocab. – Allow trade and interactions to

occur – Can become an entirely new

language\ • Trade-made-up language that is

used by ppl who want to trade. – Each party learns the modified

language to communicate • Creole-stable language resulting

from the blend of two or more languages that often does not include features of either. – Broad choice of vocab

Page 22: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Language Families

• Groups of languages organized by common heritage

• Language subfamilies- smaller groups of languages within a language family

• Language groups- ppl. Whose languages are descended from a common tongue

– French and Spanish (Romance languages)

Page 23: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Languages and the Landscape

• Toponyms-different place names

– Tells us a lot about the culture of a place and people

Page 24: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Religion and Culture

• Value system that people place on themselves and others based on a spiritual or divine aspect of the world.

• Religion can impact the world’s landscape and the cultures of billions.

• Faith-belief in things that you cannot see or prove.

Page 25: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Religion and Culture

• Monotheistic-One god

• Polytheistic-Many gods

• Ethnic religions-person is born into the faith, little to no effort is put forth to convert others.

• Universalizing religions-members actively try to covert others

Page 26: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Religion and Culture • Atheists-do not believe in any god

• Secularist-person who wants to separate religion from all aspects of society

One thought on religion vs. atheism by British celebrity Ricky Gervais

Page 27: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Major Religions of the World

• Buddhism

• Hinduism

•Christianity •Islam •Judaism

Page 28: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Christianity • World’s largest religion

• Monotheistic, universalizing.

• 3 Branches: Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox

• Symbols:

– Cross located within the church

– Steeple of the church points upward towards Heaven. Cross usually on top of steeple

Page 29: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Christian Beliefs

• Jesus Christ: – Born on Earth

– Died on Cross

– Resurrected

– Showed that all Christians can be saved

• The Bible – Old and New Testament

• Old: Israelites, Moses, Abraham, David. Before the coming of the Savior

• New: life of Jesus and foundation of the new faith

• Holy Trinity: God, Son, Holy Spirit

Page 30: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Structure of Christianity

• Catholic Church – Pope

– Cardinals

– Bishops

– Priests

• Protestant Church – Pastor, Minister

• Orthodox Church – Patriarch

Page 31: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Denominations

• Branches of a religion that differ on specific aspects of the principles of the religion

– Catholicism is the oldest and largest branch

– Martin Luther created the Protestant Reformation which broke away from Roman Catholicism

• Lutheran, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, etc.

Page 32: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific
Page 33: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Islam

• Second largest religion. Starting to gain on Christianity

• Muslims

– Mostly live in the Middle East, Northern Africa, Southeast Asia

• Universalizing, monotheistic

• Shares some of the major people with Christianity and Judaism

Page 34: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Islam • Islam believes that Jesus was a prophet, but

not the main prophet. For Muslims, this person is Muhammad.

• Muhammad was spoken to by Allah (God) and wrote down Allah’s word in the Koran.

• Koran is the Islamic holy text.

Page 35: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Islam

• Muslims worship inside of a mosque

– Minarets-towers that extend upward toward Allah

• The leader of a mosque is an imam.

– They lead prayers at different times of the day

Page 36: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Beliefs of Islam

• Five Pillars of Islam: 1. Shahadah: There is only one God, Allah

• When you accept the creed of Allah, you officially become a Muslim

2. Salah: Prayer must be done five times daily facing the city of Mecca

3. Zakat: Taxes must be paid directly to the poor and needy or the mosque

4. Sawm: One must fast during Ramadan

5. Hahjj: One must make a pilgrimage to Mecca once during one’s life

Page 37: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Salah and Sawm

Page 38: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Hajj

Page 39: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Denominations

• Shiites, Shiahs, Shi’a

– 15-20% of Muslim population

– Conservative

– Interpret the Koran literally

• Sunnis make up the largest percentage of Muslims

– Liberal

– Looser interpretation of the Koran

Page 40: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Denominations • Shiite Muslims live mainly in Iraq and Iran • Sunni Muslims live in the rest of the Middle East,

Northern Africa, and Southeast Asia • Theocracy-state ruled by religious leaders

– Religion plays a key role in the administration of the country

– Koran plays an important role in the institutional laws of society

• Islamic theocracies are ruled by Sharia Law – Do not separate church and state – Based on Koran and teachings of Muhammad.

• Fundamentalism-literal interpretation of a holy book, urges strict behavioral guidelines to comply with basic principles of religion – See this in Christianity .

Page 41: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Judaism

• One of the oldest religions

• Not just a religion, but an ethnicity

Page 42: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Judaism

• Worship inside of a synagogue

• The Star of David is a major symbol in the religion.

• David was one of the major leaders in the faith

Page 43: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Beliefs of Judaism

• Ethnic, monotheistic religion

• God figure is Yahweh

• Jewish bible is the Tanahk, based on the Torah and the Talmud

• Rabbi leads the service on Saturday

Page 44: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Distribution

• Majority of population lives in the US along the East Coast

• Israel was founded in 1948 as a homeland for the Jewish after WWII

– 14 Million Jews live there today

Page 45: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Denominations of Judaism • Ultra-Orthodox/ Haredi

– Isolated – Avoid modern society (sin)

• Orthodox – Can live within society – Believe that the Torah’s message can change with the times

• Reform – Believe Torah is open to continuous interpretation

• Reconstructionist – Personal autonomy over customs

• Humanistic – Belief in Jewish roots, not Yahweh as a supernatural figure

• Flexidox – Very liberal, but still keeps some practices (kosher, Saturday as

holy day)

Page 46: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Jewish Holidays

• Passover

– Biblical Story

• Rosh Hashanah

– Reflect on sins

• Yom Kippur

– Fast

– Atonement

Page 47: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Monotheistic vs. Polytheistic

• Monotheistic – Belief in one god figure

– Believers will go to heaven, nonbelievers to hell

• Zoroastrianism – Belief in Zarathustra as father of religion and in the

concept of both good and evil. • Core of Western religions

– Mostly in Iran and India

• Polytheistic – Many gods

Page 48: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Hinduism

• Oldest religion on Earth

• Ethnic religion

– You can practice, but you are only Hindu if you’re born into a Hindu family

• Majority in India

• 3rd largest religion

Page 49: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Beliefs of Hinduism

• 3 primary deities

– Brahma

– Shiva

– Vishnu

• Practice faith in a temple

• Vedas-holy texts

• Reincarnation

Page 50: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Deities

Triumvirate:

• Brahma – Created the

universe

• Shiva – Destroys the

universe

• Vishnu – Preserver of Earth

and universe

Page 51: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Buddhism

• Focus on elimination of desires through meditation

• No focus on a specific god

– Instead: personal devotion of the individual follower.

• Located in East Asia, Northeast, Southeast Asia

• Universalizing but…

– Syncretic religion: combining 2+ faiths into one belief system

Page 52: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Buddhism

• Pagodas

– Individual rather than congregational

– Not social

– Burn incense to release spirits/meditate

Page 53: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Beliefs of Buddhism

• Siddhartha Gautama – Prince who lived in

Nepal

– He left his palace and observed the poverty in the region and was disgusted.

– He lived a life without material possessions

• Nirvana: enlightenment

Page 54: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Beliefs of Buddhism

• 4 Universal Truths – All living beings should experience and endure

suffering

– Suffering leads to the desire to live, which leads to reincarnation

– The goal is to leave the suffering of this Earth perpetuated by reincarnation

– Nirvana can be achieved through practicing the following eight steps: • Rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort,

thought, meditation.

Page 55: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Other Universalizing Religions

• Sikism

– One god formed as a rejection of India’s caste system.

– India

• Bahai

– No class distinctions, equality

– Africa

Page 56: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Mormonism

• Christian religion, but distinct differences between Mormonism and other sects of Christianity

• Founded by Joseph Smith, prophet of God

• Continued by Brigham Young

• Mostly in Utah

Page 57: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Mormonism

• Book of Mormon: used in addition to Old and New Testaments

• Polygamy-marriage of one man to more than one wife – Outlawed the practice,

excommunicates anyone who practices this

– Some groups still do this and call themselves Mormons.

Page 58: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Other Ethnic Religions

• Animism

– Luck and spirits

– Shaman is a leader who intermediates between the supernatural and real world

• Can remove evil spirits

– Southeast Asia, Africa

Page 59: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Confucianism

• Based on teachings of Confucius

• China

• Focus on relationships, makes up the major societal rules of China

• Feng Shui/Geomancy- keeping flow of energy in harmony

Page 60: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Daoism

• Release of personal desires

• Lao Tzu

• China

• Things happen that cannot be explained by rational thought

• Mystical understanding of the harmony of life

Page 61: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Shintoism • Japan

• Polytheistic and Monotheistic

• Nature is divine or holy

– Rivers, mountains, etc have spirits

• Ancestors play an important role

• Official religion in Japan in 1900s

Page 62: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Sacred Places & Spaces • Sacred spaces-

locations with significant meaning – Taj Mahal: built by

Muslim prince as a mausoleum for wife

– Ganges River: Hindu holy river; bodies are burned and scattered over river

– Death and how to care for the dead

Page 63: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific

Conflict

• Battles fought in the name of religion happen frequently – Why is this ironic?

• Interfaith boundaries-fighting over the boundaries of people of different faiths – Christians vs. Muslims – Iran vs. Israel – Christians vs. Christians – Muslim Pakistan vs. Hindu India

• Nuclear Weapons…

– 9/11 and other terrorist attacks (worldwide) – Northern Ireland: Protestant vs. Catholic

Page 64: Cultural Patterns and Processess · –Language, religion, myths, superstitions . Folk Culture •Practice of a particular custom by a relatively small group of people in a specific