CULTURAL RESOURCE REPORT Analysis of Artifacts Found as a Result of Metal Detecting by National Geographic “Diggers” Television Program at: Bass River State Forest 762 Stage Road Tuckerton, Burlington County, New Jersey Prepared by:

Daniel M. Sivilich President Battlefield Restoration and Archaeological Volunteer Organization (BRAVO)

Report Date: April 23, 2013

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Management Summary Reality television programs have become popular in the US and have spilled over into what were once reputable stations. National Geographic (NatGeo) TV has one such show called “Diggers” in which two “metal detectorists” dig artifacts at potential historic sites, value the potential price of their “treasures” and attempt to enthrall the audience with their abilities to find high-priced objects. NatGeo hired an archeologist, Kate Culpepper, to map and record the finds. On October 9 - 10, 2012 they detected Cedar Bridge Tavern which is owned by Ocean County, NJ Board of Chosen Freeholders. Additionally they were granted a special use permit by Bass River State Forest to metal detect a section of the state land. This was advertised as an attempt to locate the Battle of Cedar Bridge Tavern that took place in 1782. 13 “artifacts” were dug from the state forest and returned to the site with a basic list of what was found. No official site report was offered. As a result, the author was allowed to examine, measure and provide a proper analysis of the materials found. This report is the result of that analysis. The analysis provided in the catalog by Kate Culpepper has many errors. The artifacts were not cleaned, simply returned as they were removed from the ground. This led to errors in the artifact identifications. None of the artifacts were stabilized or conserved. A hand-held GPS unit was used to measure the artifact locations even though many of the artifacts found on County property were under a tree hammock which would lead to large horizontal location errors (Daniel Sivilich 2007:64-72). Of the thirteen artifacts returned, eight were buckshot. Mapping of the data shows artifact 113-012 to be in the county park. It is unclear whether the artifact was found in the county park or if the locational data was recorded in error. One buckshot (113-006A) was stated in the catalog as having a “visible sprue”, however on close examination, I saw no evidence of a sprue. The buckshot was impacted and obviously the deformation of impact was erroneously interpreted as a sprue. All of the buck shot appeared to be produced from a shot tower. The first shot tower built in the US was constructed in 1808 in Philadelphia (Daniel Sivilich 2011, Spivak 1990). A fragment of a “donkey or mule shoe” was in fact a fragment of a mass produced horseshoe. One “brass-plated” tack head was a solid brass tack head. One “broken flat button” was actually a possible 18th - 19th-century white metal Tombac style button fragment. One of the more critical artifacts listed as a “decorative brass/copper rim” was an 18th-century shoe buckle rim fragment. None of the artifacts found could be identified as being from the 1782 skirmish.

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Copies of this report have been filed with: Cynthia L. Coritz, Superintendent Bass River State Forest 762 Stage Road Tuckerton, NJ 08087 brsfsupt@hughes.net

Thomas C. Keck, Jr., Regional Superintendent NJ State Park Service Southern Regional Office 31 Batsto Road Hammonton, NJ 08037 srorsupt@comcast.net

Daniel Saunders, Administrator Historic Preservation Office P.O. Box 404 Trenton, NJ 08625-0404 Dan.Saunders@dep.state.nj.us

Jessie Cohen, Registrar Bureau of Archaeology & Ethnology NJ State Museum P.O. Box 530 Trenton, NJ 08625-0530 Jessie.Cohen@sos.state.nj.us

Garry Wheeler Stone, Ph.D. Historian Monmouth Battlefield State Park 347 Freehold-Englishtown Road Manalapan, NJ 07726-8815 sroris@comcast.net

Richard Veit, Ph.D. Monmouth University Department of History and Anthropology 400 Cedar Ave. West Long Branch, NJ 07764 rveit@monmouth.edu

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Table of Contents Page Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4

Background Research ..................................................................................................... 4

Research Design ................................................................................................................ 4

Methods ........................................................................................................................... 5

Field Results ..................................................................................................................... 5

Artifact Analysis ................................................................................................................ 5

Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 8

References ………………………………………………………………………………… 9

Attachments:

1. Table 1 - Diggers Artifact Catalog - Cedar Bridge Tavern, Barnegat, NJ

2. Table 2 - Sivilich Analysis of "Diggers" Artifacts found at Bass River State Forest

3. Map 1 - All Artifacts Recorded as Found At Bass River State Forest

4. Map 2 - Buckshot Recorded as Found At Bass River State Forest

5. Resume of Daniel M. Sivilich.

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INTRODUCTION: On December 27, 1782 a minor skirmish took place at Cedar Bridge Tavern in Barnegat, NJ between Loyalists and local militia. This was more of a NJ "civil war" encounter rather than a Revolutionary War pitched battle. The actual location of the original tavern is unknown. The current structure and surrounding property is owned by Ocean County Park System. It has been professionally excavated by Dr. Richard Veit of Monmouth University, who concluded that the structure is early 19th-century (Veit 2013). Therefore it is not the tavern of the 1782 skirmish. The Ocean County Park site is adjacent to Bass River State Forest. Bass River State Forest is approximately 26,700 acres of pineland and recreation area in Burlington and Ocean counties. The state of New Jersey began acquiring the land in 1905. It became the first state forest shortly afterwards. In 1933 a Civilian Conservation Corps camp was built on site and was active until 1942. The CCC camp site was archaeologically surveyed by BRAVO (Daniel Sivilich 2004). In 2012 National Geographic TV (NatGeo TV owned by Ruppert Murdoch) obtained permission from the Ocean County Park System to metal detect the Cedar Bridge Tavern site and filmed a show called "Diggers" in the process. They also approached Bass River State Forest and were issued a special use permit to metal detect the state property north of the county park. The NJ State Historic Preservation Office was not consulted. NatGeo staff archeologist, Kate Culpepper, was present to map and record the finds. On October 9 - 10, 2012 two of the NatGeo "Diggers" detected Cedar Bridge Tavern and a section of the Bass River State Forest. This report is an evaluation of only the 13 “artifacts” returned to Bass River State Forest. No site report was provided by NatGeo, only a basic list of what was found. I was allowed to examine, measure and provide a proper analysis of the materials found. This report is the result of that analysis. Artifact locations were mapped using ArcView GIS (Global Information System) software by ESRI as shown in the attached Maps 1 and 2. It should be noted that the quality of the program that aired was not acceptable to archaeological standards. No systematic format for detecting was followed. No mention or visible presence of the archaeologist was shown. No archaeological procedures were shown. Artifacts were given monetary values, which is totally contrary to archaeological standards and promotes site looting. The two "diggers" concluded the show in Barnegat Bay with one dressed as General George Washington in a canoe and the other as General Cornwallis on a jet ski with Cornwallis "attacking" Washington and attempting to swamp the canoe. This is simply a mockery of history. BACKGROUND RESEARCH: None provided. RESEARCH DESIGN: None provided. No credentials for archaeologist Kate Culpepper were provided.

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METHODS: No details were provided except that the depth of artifact below surface was recorded and the artifact locations were measured using a hand-held GPS.. The brand of GPS, WAAS capability, level of accuracy, number of satellites acquired was not provided. This is important information to determine the accuracy of the readings. Typical accuracy of hand-held GPS with WAAS capability is a radius of approximately 3 meters (10 feet) under the best conditions. No control points were measured to correct the GPS values. Personal observation of the program showed a lack of control established for using metal detectors at battlefield sites. A great deal of work has been done in this area for decades (Scott, Fox, Connor, Harmon 1989; Sivilich 1996; Stone, Sivilich and Lender 1996; Connor and Scott 1998). It appears that two people with metal detectors randomly search a site looking only for "hot spots". There appears to be a total lack of systematic analysis. FIELD RESULTS: An Excel spread sheet (Table 1) was the only information provided along with 13 artifacts that were returned to Bass River State Forest. The Bass River artifacts were labeled "(st)" in the Location column. Note: The original title of the catalog provided was: "DiggersEP104 'Oregon Trail' Artifact Catalog; Hot Lava Springs, ID". This is obviously in error and was corrected as shown in the attachment. No shovel tests or soil analysis was provided to determine if the site was disturbed. Based on what I personally observed watching the program, the artifact depths shown in the spreadsheet were not measured, but probably taken from readings displayed by the metal detectors. These values should be considered estimates and not actual values. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS: On April 1-2, 2013 I had the opportunity to examine the 13 artifacts. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 2. New columns are highlighted in green. The artifacts appeared to be returned in polyethylene bags in an as-dug condition. It appears that no effort was made to wash, stabilize or conserve any of the objects. This may have caused some of the errors in properly identifying several of the artifacts. Buckshot: - eight pieces of buckshot were returned as belonging to the state, but mapping of the data (Maps 1 and 2) shows artifact 113-012 to be in the county park. It is unclear whether the artifact was found in the county park or if the locational data was recorded in error. One buckshot (113-006A) was stated in the catalog as having a “visible sprue”, however on close examination, I saw no evidence of a sprue. The buckshot was impacted and obviously the deformation of impact was erroneously interpreted as a sprue as shown in Figure 1. The NatGeo description indicates that it is round, but as shown in Figure 1 it is clearly deformed from impact. However, artifact 113-016 is not described as being round, but was round as if either dropped or impacted very softly. No mold seam or sprue mark was visible. This is an indication that the shot was not made in a mold, but was rather made using a shot tower. Careful examination of the remaining six buck shot showed no signs of mold seams or sprue cuts. It appears that all of the buck shot was from a shot tower. The first shot tower built in the US was constructed in 1808 in Philadelphia (Daniel Sivilich 2011, Spivak 1990). There was no indication that these were

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made using the Ruppert method which creates a small dimple in the lead shot (Daniel Sivilich 2011). Figure 1: Buckshot identified incorrectly as having a sprue. Artifact 113-011 was described as a "lead bullet fragment". Based on its weight and shape, it is a buckshot deformed by ricocheting off a solid object. The estimated original diameters of the impacted musket balls were calculated using the Sivilich Formula (Daniel Sivilich 1996:101-109). The results ranged from 0.290" - 0.318". Considering possible lead loss from impact and the accuracy of a shot tower, these were probably from the same shotgun. 113-016 was measured as being 0.371" suggesting it was for a different gun. The buckshot locations are shown in the attached Map 2. Due to the relatively close proximity of the shot and the accuracy of the GPS, a blast pattern is not obvious. Based on the locations found (near a water supply) and the minimum age of the shot, these were probably fired as a result of hunting. Button: A fragment of a "broken flat button" (113-020) shown in Figure 2was cleaned and found to be a fragment of a Tombac style white metal button. This type of button has been excavated by BRAVO at numerous 18th and 19th-century sites. Since it is broken and no soil strata evaluation was done, it is not known whether the button was originally discarded at this location or came from a manure pile and refuse dump used later to fertilize a plowed field. Figure 2: White metal Tombac style button fragment.

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Horseshoe: A fragment of a "Donkey or mule shoe" (113-017) was cleaned and found to actually be a fragment of a horseshoe with 2 nails still in place as shown in Figure 3. Although it is difficult to see in the right photograph, the dirt and iron encrustation obscured a channel for the nails, which is typical of a post-Civil War mass produced horseshoe as identified by Michelle Sivilich, historical archaeology doctoral candidate working at Monticello in Charlottesville, VA (Michelle Sivilich 2013). Figure 3: Horseshoe fragment incorrectly identified by NatGeo as being for a donkey or mule. Shoe Buckle: a fragment of an ornate brass shoe buckle frame fragment (113-021) was identified incorrectly as a "decorative brass/copper rim" by NatGeo. It is shown in Figure 4 after cleaning. The pin terminal for the chape and tongue is obvious in the left photograph. Shoe buckles were used from the mid 17th century, but fell out of fashion before the close of the 18th century (Abbitt 1973:25). This is probably the most significant artifact found, but as with the button, without a soil strata analysis, it cannot be determined if this is the original location of deposition or if it was from the result of manure and refuse spreading. Figure 4: Shoe buckle frame fragment incorrectly identified by NatGeo as being some sort of rim. Spike: artifact 113-022 was identified as a "broken iron spike or peg". It appears to possibly be a short spike with a very large hand-wrought head. Tack: artifact 113-010 was identified as a "brass-plate tack head". It is a solid brass tack head. Using my pocket knife, I made a small scraping of the edge to see that the object was solid brass.

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CONCLUSIONS: The work done by National Geographic "Diggers" staff does not represent an acceptable archaeological survey, but was instead a random metal detecting search of Ocean County and New Jersey State property with an attempt to determine artifact locations with a hand-held GPS. Spatial relationships cannot be accurately determined due to the relative close proximity of the artifacts and the error associated with GPS. None of the artifacts could be associated with the 1782 Cedar Bridge Tavern skirmish between Patriot militiamen and Loyalists. 19th or 20th-century buckshot represented 62% of the artifacts returned to the state. Errors were found in many of the artifact descriptions and in locational data. The artifacts did not appear to have been cleaned which may have resulted in incorrect identifications. As a result, the data cannot be considered reliable. No soil strata sampling was done to identify artifact context. Therefore, the original locations of the two potential 18th-century artifacts cannot be established.

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REFERENCES: Abbitt, Merry W., Edward Chappell, Isabel Davies, Audrey Noel Hume and Robert H. McNulty 1973 The Eighteenth-Century Shoe Buckle, Five Artifact Studies, The Colonial

Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA. Connor, Melissa and Douglas D. Scott 1998 Metal Detector Use in Archaeology: An Introduction. Historical Archaeology

32(4):76-85. Scott, Douglas D., Richard A. Fox Jr., Melissa A. Connor, And Dick Harmon. 1989 Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn. University of

Oklahoma Press, Norman. Sivilich, Daniel M. 1996 Analyzing Musket Balls to Interpret a Revolutionary War Site. Historical

Archaeology 30(2):101-109. Sivilich, Daniel M. 2004 Phase I Archaeological Survey Conducted at: Bass River State Forest; Civilian

Conservation Corp Camp Site. Cultural Resource Report, June 15, 2004 on file with the NJ Historic Preservation Office, Trenton, NJ.

Sivilich, Daniel M. 2007 Accuracy Testing of Hand-Held GPS Units and Other Methods of Measuring

Spatial Data. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, No.62 2007:64-72.

Sivilich, Daniel M. 2011 Analysis of Possible Military Artifacts Recovered from Partial Ship Remains

Discovered at the Base of the World Trade Center Reconstruction Site New York City, New York. Cultural resource report for AKRF, INC., Environmental, Planning, and Engineering Consultants New York, NY, January 1, 2011

Sivilich, Michelle D. (Doctoral candidate) 2013 Personal communication, April 1, 2013.

Stone, Garry Wheeler, Daniel M. Sivilich and Mark Edward Lender 1996 A Deadly Minuet: The Advance of the New England “Picked Men” against the

Royal Highlanders at The Battle of Monmouth. The Brigade Dispatch, Volume 26, No. 2, Brigade of the American Revolution, River Vale, NJ.

Spivak, Joel 1990 Sparks Shot Tower, 1808, 129-131 Carpenter Street, Philadelphia PA 1914, Work

Shop of the World, Internet article: http://www.workshopoftheworld.com/south_phila/sparks.html

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Veit, Richard 2013 Personal communication, March 6, 2013.

TABLE 1: DIGGERS ARTIFACT CATALOG - CEDAR BRIDGE TAVERN, BARNEGAT, NJOriginal Header Error: DiggersEP104 "Oregon Trail" Artifact Catalog; Hot Lava Springs, ID

PAGE 1 of 2

Ref. # Date Description Location Latitude Longitude ConditionDepth (cm) Weight (g) Size (mm) Notes

113-001 10/9/12 pieces of a toy gun Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.37" N 74° 21' 39.94" W fair--not intact 5.2 71.1 --- "sheriff"

113-002 10/9/12 lightweight brass rim or catch Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.33" N 74° 21' 40.01" W fair--not intact 5.8 3.445 x 44.21 x 0.86

113-003 10/9/12 steel/iron ring Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.68" N 74° 21' 39.56" W good/fair 6.7 ~230152 dia x 14.13 x 5.38

113-004 10/9/12fired lead round ball/buckshot

Cedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 0.42" N 74° 21' 37.51" W fair 9.7 2.9

12.02 x 11.29 x 5.21

113-005 10/9/12 hinged cover--steel or iron Cedar Bridge Tavern n/a n/a fair 7.8 34.595.1 x 58.49 x 1.89

diamond shaped, nail/screw hole at cross ends, hinge on top edge, bottom point flared up slightly.Apparently burned.

113-006 10/9/12 2x lead round shot / buckshotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.18" N 74° 21' 36.26" W fair 10.5

round: 2.8flat: 2.4

round: 8.13 diaflat: 11.03 dia x 4.1 round ball has visible sprue mark

113-007 10/9/12 metal tag--ear tag? Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.53" N 74° 21' 37.06" W fair 13.5 13.3

24.44 x 21.57 x 15.68 no visible writing or markings

113-008 10/9/12 smashed round shot Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.85" N 74° 21' 37.72" W fair 13.5 33.9

28.79 x 23.67 x 12.26

weight = ~.75 cal round ball. Right size for a Brown Bess.Renumbered from 113-01

113-009 10/9/12 square nail Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 47' 1.4" N 74° 21' 36.6" W poor 10 1045.16 x 5.35 x 5.28

tip brokencorrosion makes cut v hand-forged impossible at this time

113-010 10/9/12 brass-plated tack headCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.39" N 74° 21' 36.63" W

fair--some flaking 10.5 0.6

10.85 dia x 0.91

113-011 10/9/12 lead bullet fragmentCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.66" N 74° 21' 37.02" W fair 10.5 2.2

13.85 x 12.1 x 3.16

113-012 10/9/12 lead round shot/buck shotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 46' 59.61" N 74° 21' 39.68" W good 6.7 2.2

8 x 6.94 x 8.62

113-013 10/9/12lead round shot/buck shot--fired?

Cedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 0.78" N 74° 21' 36.94" W fair 11.5 3.1

10.49 x 8.73 x 6.8

113-014 10/9/12 Unidentified iron plate Cedar Bridge Tavern n/a n/a fair 15 235.8190 x 94.89 x 4.09 2x attachment points on back, valve control on front

113-015 10/9/12 brass harmonica reed Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 47' 0.38" N 74° 21' 38.73" Wgood--folded, broken in 2 10.5 18

121 x 26.06 x 0.96

113-016 10/9/12 lead round shot/buck shotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.24" N 74° 21' 37.85" W good 10.3 4.6 9.62 dia small visible sprue mark

113-017 10/9/12 Donkey or mule shoeCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.37" N 74° 21' 37.65" W

fair--broken in half 23.5 130.3

116.15 x 19.3 x 11

cleat on end, center worn paper thin (probably antique break)

113-018 10/10/12 spent lead round shot Cedar Bridge Tavern 74° 21' 39.68" W 74° 21' 39.68" Wfair--completely smashed 9.3 18.9

28.16 x 18.62 x 4.99

TABLE 1: DIGGERS ARTIFACT CATALOG - CEDAR BRIDGE TAVERN, BARNEGAT, NJOriginal Header Error: DiggersEP104 "Oregon Trail" Artifact Catalog; Hot Lava Springs, ID

PAGE 2 of 2

113-019 10/10/12 copper or brass spoon Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.76" N 74° 21' 36.15" Wgood--slightly twisted 17 23.8

149.72 x 32.08 x 1.45

113-020 10/10/12 broken flat buttonCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 2.38" N 74° 21' 36.92" W fair/poor 12.3 1.2

13.89 x 13.57 x 1.06 shank crushed but intact

113-021 10/10/12 decorative brass/copper rim Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 47' 1.87" N 74° 21' 36.22" W fair 16.2 7.152 x 8.88 x 2.45

113-022 10/10/12 broken iron spike/pegCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.69" N 74° 21' 37.23" W fair--v corroded 17.5 21

63.66 x 9.68 x 3.86

113-023 10/10/12pocket watch internal workings Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 47' 0" N 74° 21' 37.55" W fair 20.8 8

45.85 x 38.22 x 1.22 chromed

113-024 10/10/12 brass/copper spoon bowl Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 59.95" N 74° 21' 37.68" Wfair--somewhat crushed 7.3 4.3

47.65 x 26.5 x 0.98

113-025 10/10/12 square nail--"T"-head (?) Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 46' 58.56" N 74° 21' 38.16" W fair 8.8 4.146.08 x 5.75 x 3.5 could be hand-forged; poss spatulate tip

113-026 10/10/12 spent lead round shotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 0.77" N 74° 21' 36.96" W fair 17.9 2.6

10.18 x 8.73 x 6.55

TABLE 2 - SIVILICH ANALYSIS OF "DIGGERS" ARTIFACTS FOUND AT BASS RIVER STATE FOREST PAGE 1 of 1

Ref. # Date Description Location Latitude Longitude ConditionDepth (cm)

Weight (g)

Calculated Dia (in) - Sivilich Formula Size (mm) Notes Sivilich Examination Buckshot Size

113-004 10/9/12fired lead round ball/buckshot

Cedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 0.42" N 74° 21' 37.51" W fair 9.7 2.9 0.318

12.02 x 11.29 x 5.21 IMPACTED BUCKSHOT - FLATTENED 0

113-006A 10/9/12 lead round shot / buckshotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.18" N 74° 21' 36.26" W fair 10.5 2.8 0.314

round: 8.13 dia

round ball has visible sprue mark FIRED BUCKSHOT - FACETED NO SPRUE CUT OR MOLD SEAM 0

113-006B 10/9/12 lead round shot / buckshotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.18" N 74° 21' 36.26" W fair 10.5 2.4 0.299

flat: 11.03 dia x 4.1 IMPACTED BUCKSHOT - FLATTENED 1 EASTERN

113-010 10/9/12 brass-plated tack headCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.39" N 74° 21' 36.63" W

fair--some flaking 10.5 0.6

10.85 dia x 0.91 SOLID BRASS TACK HEAD

113-011 10/9/12 lead bullet fragmentCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.66" N 74° 21' 37.02" W fair 10.5 2.2 0.290

13.85 x 12.1 x 3.16 IMPACTED BUCKSHOT - RICOCHET 1 EASTERN

113-012 10/9/12 lead round shot/buck shotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 46' 59.61" N 74° 21' 39.68" W good 6.7 2.2 0.290

8 x 6.94 x 8.62 FIRED BUCKSHOT - FACETED NO SPRUE OR MOLD SEAM 1 EASTERN

113-013 10/9/12lead round shot/buck shot--fired?

Cedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 0.78" N 74° 21' 36.94" W fair 11.5 3.1 0.325

10.49 x 8.73 x 6.8 IMPACTED BUCKSHOT - FACETED 00

113-016 10/9/12 lead round shot/buck shotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.24" N 74° 21' 37.85" W good 10.3 4.6 0.371 9.62 dia small visible sprue mark 0.377" MEASURED ROUND BUCKSHOT - NO SPRUE CUT OR MOLD SEAM 0000

113-017 10/9/12 Donkey or mule shoeCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.37" N 74° 21' 37.65" W

fair--broken in half 23.5 130.3

116.15 x 19.3 x 11

cleat on end, center worn paper thin (probably antique break)

HORESESHOE FRAGMENT WITH 2 NAILS AND GROOVED UNDERSIDE - POST CIVIL WAR, MASS PRODUCED

113-020 10/10/12 broken flat buttonCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 2.38" N 74° 21' 36.92" W fair/poor 12.3 1.2

13.89 x 13.57 x 1.06 shank crushed but intact

FRAGMENT OF SMALL WHITE METAL TOMBAC STYLE BUTTON WITH FLATTEND LOOP - 18th-19th C

113-021 10/10/12 decorative brass/copper rim Cedar Bridge Tavern 39° 47' 1.87" N 74° 21' 36.22" W fair 16.2 7.152 x 8.88 x 2.45

DECORATIVE BRASS SHOE BUCKLE FRAME FRAGMENT - TANG PIN HOLE WORN THROUGH

113-022 10/10/12 broken iron spike/pegCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 1.69" N 74° 21' 37.23" W

fair--v corroded 17.5 21.0

63.66 x 9.68 x 3.86 SHORT LARGE HEAD SPIKE

113-026 10/10/12 spent lead round shotCedar Bridge Tavern (st) 39° 47' 0.77" N 74° 21' 36.96" W fair 17.9 2.6 0.307

10.18 x 8.73 x 6.55 IMPACTED BUCKSHOT - PARTIALLY FACETED 0

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113-006

113-004

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Map 1 - All Artifacts Recorded as Found At Bass River State Forest

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Map 2 - Buckshot Recorded as Found At Bass River State Forest

Curriculum Vitae Daniel M. Sivilich Battlefield Archaeologist4683 Manor Hill Drive Syracuse, NY 13215

Home: (315) 760-3041 Cell: (732) 995-9434 Email: digbattles@gmail.com Summary of Qualifications 30+ years field experience in prehistoric and historic archaeology. Conducted numerous Phase I and II surveys. One of the founders of the concept of electronic battlefield archaeology, and developed many new methods, both in field techniques and data analysis. Developed and published the formula for determining the diameter of a non-spherical musket ball. Conducted numerous surveys at battlefield sites. Extremely computer literate and has written archaeological database software (Artitrak). Strong working knowledge ArcView GIS software. Proficient in the use of total station surveying equipment. Excellent knowledge of prehistoric lithics. Education

New Jersey Institute of Technology, B.S., Chemical Engineering, 1971 New Jersey Institute of Technology, Post-graduate courses in Computer Science

Research Interest

Historic archaeology, battlefield archaeology, metal detector surveys, ballistic analysis, GIS data interpretation, land surveying.

Publications Sivilich, D.M.1996. Analyzing Musket Balls to Interpret a Revolutionary War Site. Historical

Archaeology 30(2):101-109 Sivilich, D.M. 2005. Evolution of MacroArchaeology at the Battle of Monmouth - 1778

American Revolutionary War, Battlefields Archaeological Review, Yorkshire, England, pp 72 - 85.

Sivilich, D.M., Stone, G.W., 2003. The Battle of Monmouth: the Archaeology of Molly Pitcher,

the Royal Highlanders, and Colonel Cilley’s Light Infantry. Self-published pamphlet available at Monmouth Battlefield State Park.

Sivilich, D.M. 2006 What the Musket Ball Can Tell You: Monmouth Battlefield State Park,

New Jersey. "Fields of Conflict" edited by Douglas Scott, Lawrence Babits and Charles Haecker, Praeger Security International Press, West Port, CT, Vol 1:84 - 101.

Sivilich, D.M., 2007. Accuracy Testing of Hand-Held GPS Units and Other Methods of

Measuring Spatial Data. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, No.62 2007:64-72.

Daniel M. Sivilich 2

Sivilich, D.M., Stone, G.W., 2009. The Archaeology of Molly Pitcher, American Revolution, Camden, South Carolina, Volume 1, October 2009, Issue 3:11-14.

Sivilich, D.M. 2012. Archaeology at an Iconic American Site: The 1777 Valley Forge

Encampment, American Digger, Acworth, GA, Volume 8, Issue 5:22 - 27. Stone, G.W., Sivilich, D.M. and Lender, M.W. 1996. A Deadly Minuet: The Advance of the

New England “Picked Men” against the Royal Highlanders at The Battle of Monmouth. The Brigade Dispatch, Volume 26, No. 2, Brigade of the American Revolution, River Vale, NJ.

Presentations/Papers Sivilich, D.M., 1995. The Archaeology of the Battle of Monmouth: Chapter 2 - The Repulse of

the British 3rd Brigade. Paper presented at the Conference on Underwater and Historical Archaeology, Society for Historical Archaeology, Washington, DC.

Sivilich, D.M., 1996. Interpreting the Site of General Anthony Wayne vs. the British Grenadiers

at the Battle of Monmouth Using Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software. Paper presented at the Conference on Underwater and Historical Archaeology, Society for Historical Archaeology, Washington, DC.

Sivilich, D.M., 1997. “The Ladies from Hell” - Archaeology of the Battle of Monmouth: The

Repulse of the British 3rd Brigade. Paper presented at the Conference on the Revolutionary War, sponsored by Council of American Revolutionary War Sites, Philadelphia, PA.

Sivilich, D.M., 1997. Conducting Effective Archaeological Projects with Limited Resources.

Paper presented at the Fourth National Conference on Battlefield Preservation, sponsored by The American Battlefield Protection Program, Charleston, SC.

Sivilich, D.M., 1997. Using Modern Electronic Technology to Excavate, Analyze and Interpret

Large Disturbed Battlefield Sites. Paper presented at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the Council for Northeast Archaeology, St. Mary's City, MD.

Sivilich, D.M., 2004. Revolutionary War Musket Ball Typology - An Analysis of Lead Artifacts

Excavated at Monmouth Battlefield State Park. Paper presented at the American Battlefield Protection Program 7th National Conference on Battlefield Preservation, Fields of Conflict III Session, Nashville, Tennessee.

Sivilich, D.M., 2005. Evolution of Macro-Archaeology of the Battle of Monmouth - 1778

American Revolutionary War. "Battlefields Annual Review", Pen and Sword Books LTD, South Yorkshire, Great Britain, pp. 72 - 85.

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Sivilich, D.M., 2006. Accuracy Testing of Hand-Held GPS Units and Other Methods of Measuring Spatial Data. Poster presented at the Fields of Conflict Project, 4th International Conference, Leeds, England.

Sivilich, D. M., 2006. What the Musket Ball Can Tell You: Monmouth Battlefield State Park,

New Jersey. "Fields of Conflict" edited by Douglas Scott, Lawrence Babits and Charles Haecker, Praeger Security International Press, West Port, CT, Vol 1:84 - 101.

Sivilich, D.M., 2008. The Battle of Monmouth: the Archaeology of Molly Pitcher, the Royal

Highlanders, and Colonel Cilley’s Light Infantry. Paper presented the Annual Middle Atlantic Archaeology Conference (MAAC), Ocean City, MD.

Sivilich, D.M., 2009. Following the Evidence From Valley Forge to the Battle of Monmouth: A

Study of Musket Balls and Their Uses by Soldiers in the Continental Army. Paper Presented at the Conference on Underwater and Historical Archaeology, Society for Historical Archaeology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Sivilich, D.M., 2010. HEAR THE CANNONS ROAR! 20 Years of Metal Detecting at a

Revolutionary War Site or Electronic Archaeology at Monmouth Battlefield State Park, Freehold/Manalapan, NJ. Paper Presented at the Conference on Underwater and Historical Archaeology, Society for Historical Archaeology, Amelia Island, Florida.

Sivilich, Daniel M., 2011. Analysis of Possible Military Artifacts Recovered from Partial Ship

Remains Discovered at the Base of the World Trade Center Reconstruction Site New York City, New York. Cultural resource report for AKRF, INC., Environmental, Planning, and Engineering Consultants New York, NY, January 1, 2011.

Sivilich, Daniel M., 2011. Determining the Age of the Mystery Ship Discovered at the Base of

the World Trade Center Reconstruction Site. Paper presented at the Annual CNEHA (Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology), Utica, NY.

Sivilich, D.M., Stone, G.W., 2001. Monmouth Battlefield Update: Interpreting a Disturbed Site.

Joint paper presented at the Annual CNEHA (Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology), Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.

Sivilich, D.M., Stone, G.W., 2009. The Archaeology of Molly Pitcher. "American Revolution",

American Revolution Association, Camden, SC, pp 11-14 and cover. Grants New Jersey Council for the Humanities - 2010

For a lecture at Monmouth University by Dr. Douglas Scott: $500 New Jersey Council for the Humanities - 2006

For the purchase of two Molly Pitcher wayside exhibits at Monmouth Battlefield State Park by BRAVO: $2,750

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New Jersey Historical Commission - 2003 For the acquisition of a total station laser transit by BRAVO: $9,000

New Jersey Historical Commission -1997

For the conservation of ferrous artifacts excavated by Deep Search Metal Detecting Club at Monmouth Battlefield State Park: $8,000

Field Experience Ongoing Monmouth Battlefield State Park, Freehold, NJ (Phase I surface collection and

metal detecting and Phase II). Ongoing Princeton Battlefield State Park, Princeton, NJ (Phase I metal detecting). Ongoing Valley Forge/Washington Chapel, Valley Forge, PA - Working with Dr. David Orr

of Temple University (Phase I metal detecting). Ongoing 1897 Lattimer Massacre, Lattimer, PA - Working with Mike Roller of University of

MD on his doctorate project. Ongoing East Pikeland, PA - Phase I metal detecting survey of Continental Arms Factory at

Pickering Creek for John Milner Associates, Inc./ East Pikeland Historical Commission.

Ongoing Battle of Cooch’s Bridge, Newark, DE, Phase I metal detecting project for John Milner Associates in and around Judge Cooch's property. Significant battle segments found.

2012 War of 1812 - Caulk's Field, Chestertown, MD. Phase I metal detecting project for the Maryland Department of Business and Economic Development, Maryland State Highway Administration and the University of as part of an American Battlefield Protection Program grant. Significant battle segments found.

2011 Jacob's Crossing, Ewing, NJ - segment of the December 25, 1776 attack on Trenton - Phase I metal detecting survey of Smith farm for David Bertrand Associates, (ABPP grant).

2011 Quaker Bridge Project, Princeton, NJ - Phase I metal detecting survey for Richard Grubb & Associates (NJDOT project).

2011 Picatawaytown Commons Edison, New Jersey: Archaeological investigation of the 10.3 acres of the colonial era. The project site has a possibility of containing artifacts associated with the American Revolution, specifically to the Battle of Short Hills. (Metuchen-Edison Historical Society)

2010 Battle of Short Hills, Edison, NJ - Phase I metal detecting survey of Smith farm for John Milner Associates, Inc./Edison Historical Society (ABPP grant).

2010 Fort Montgomery State Park, Ft Montgomery, NY - Working with Dana Linck (Phase I metal detecting).

2010 Paoli Battlefield, Malvern, PA - Working with Dr. David Orr of Temple University (Phase I metal detecting).

2010 Freehold, NJ - Phase I metal detecting survey of Wemrock LLC, for Freehold Township.

2010 Middletown, DE - Phase I metal detecting survey of farm for Richard Grubb & Associates (DELDOT project).

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2009 East Pikeland, PA - Phase I metal detecting survey of Continental Arms Factory at Pickering Creek for John Milner Associates, Inc./ East Pikeland Historical Commission.

2009 Battle of Connecticut Farms, Union, NJ - Phase I metal detecting survey for Richard Grubb & Associates (NJDOT project).

2008 Battle of Cooch’s Bridge, Newark, DE, Phase I metal detecting project for W.L. Gore, Inc. to determine if any battlefield segments are on the newly acquired property. There are plans to develop the site.

2008 Peekskill, NY - Working with Dana Linck in locating the site of American barracks that were burned by the British in 1777. There are plans to develop the site.

2008 Cornwall, NY - worked with Paul Ackermann of West Point and Dana Linck to survey a possible Revolutionary War artillery road between West Point and New Windsor in the Black Rock Forest.

2008 Brandywine Battlefield, Birmingham Township, PA. Survey for the Brandywine Conservancy.

2008 Battle of Blue Licks, Mt. Olivet, KY - Working with Dr. Adrian Mandzy of Moorhead State University and the Kentucky State Parks. Successfully located evidence of 1782 Revolutionary War battle.

2007 Crew Chief for John Milner Associates at the American Revolution Center at Valley Forge, Lower Providence Twp., PA (Phase I – all aspects)

2007 Battle of Two Bridges, Branchburg, NJ working with Richard Veit, Ph.D. on an ABPP grant (Phase I metal detecting)

2006 Fort Montgomery State Park, Ft Montgomery, NY (Phase I metal detecting) 2006 Redoubt #4, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY (Phase I metal

detecting) 2005 Redoubt #3, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY (Phase I metal

detecting) 2005 Battle of Cooch’s Bridge, Glasgow, DE (Phase I metal detecting) 2005 Aberdeen Burial Ground, Aberdeen, NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 2004 Tennent Church Cemetery, Tennent, NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 2004 Bass River State Park CCC camp site, New Gretna, NJ (Phase I surface collection

and metal detecting) 2004 Voorhees State Forest CCC camp site, Glen Gardner, NJ (Phase I surface collection

and metal detecting) 2004 American Revolutionary War artillery school and encampment, Pluckemin, NJ

(Phase I metal detecting) 2004 Battle of Short Hills/ Oak Tree Pond, Edison, NJ at Main Street Realty (Phase I

metal detecting) 2003 Saint Mary’s Abbey, Morristown, NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 2003 Battle of Short Hills/ Oak Tree Pond, Edison, NJ - ABPP grant by Save the Oak

Tree Pond (Phase I metal detecting) 2002-2003 Solitude House, High Bridge Township, NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 2002 Battle of Zboriv, Ukraine (Phase I metal detecting) 2002 Sandy Hollow section of the Battle of Brandywine, PA (Phase I surface collection

and metal detecting)

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2002 Wayne’s Brigade encampment site, Washington Valley Park, NJ (Phase I metal detecting)

2001 Battle of Springfield, Springfield, NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 2001 Old Scots Cemetery, Marlboro, NJ (Phase I metal detecting and Phase II) 2001 St. James A.M.E Zion Church Cemetery, Johnson Avenue, Matawan, NJ (Phase I

surface collection and metal detecting) 2000 Hubbarton Battlefield, VT (Phase I metal detecting) 2000 Lake Topanemus, Freehold Borough, NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 2000 Presbyterian Burial Ground, Hackettstown NJ (Phase I metal detecting) 1989 Discovered new segment of the Battle of Monmouth, Craig Road, Manalapan, NJ

(Phase I metal detecting) 1987 Discovered new segment of the Battle of Monmouth (Belle Terre farm) and began

developing methods of conducting battlefield archaeology, Freehold, NJ (Phase I metal detecting)

Work Experience 2010- Senior Engineer, Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY 2007- 2010 Engineering Lead, Trimline Medical Products Corp., Branchburg, NJ 1988-2007 Vice President of Operations, Humanicare International, Inc., East Brunswick, NJ 1984-1988 Director of Product Development, ConvaTec Division of Bristol-Myers Squibb,

Skillman, NJ 1974-1984 Group Leader, Disposable Products, International Playtex, Inc 1971-1974 Product Development Engineer, Personal Products Division of J&J, Milltown, NJ Professional Development

History Channel - Prominently featured in “Battlefield Detectives - the Battle of Monmouth”, a television series on battlefield archaeology.

Discovery Channel - Featured in “Moments in Time - Valley Forge the Crucible” demonstrating battlefield archaeology.

National Geographic TV - Advisor on metal detecting/archaeological programming. Minelab Metal Detectors - Advisor on new detector development.

Personal Interests

• President and founder of the Battlefield Restoration and Archaeological Volunteer Organization (BRAVO)

• Founder and past President of the Friends of Monmouth Battlefield • NJ Living History Advisory Council Vice Chairman: appointed by the

Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. • Mott's Artillery: Revolutionary War re-enactor

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Community Service Awards • Volunteer Recognition Award by the State of New Jersey, Department of Parks

and Forestry. • Recipient of the 1999 New Jersey State Historic Preservation Award in the field

of archaeology • Recipient of the 1999 American Association of State and Local History Award of

Merit in the field of archaeology • Recipient of a State of New Jersey General Assembly Resolution for work done

in archaeology at Monmouth Battlefield. • Commissioned as a member of the Honorable Society of Kentucky Colonels by

the Governor of Kentucky for the work at Blue Licks Battlefield State Resort Park. Professional Memberships:

• Archaeological Society of New Jersey • Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology • Past Vice Chairman - NJ Living History Advisory Council • Society of Historical Archaeology • Mid Atlantic Archeology Conference