Cultural Revolution in Cultural Revolution in ChinaChina

Adapted from Adapted from

http://www.olemiss.edu/http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/pol324/maoistch.pptcourses/pol324/maoistch.ppt

Anti-Japanese War (1937-Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)1945)

OutlineOutline

GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-

1957)1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-Recovery & growing elite division (1962-

5)5) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976)(1966-1976)

Civil War (1946 – 1949)Civil War (1946 – 1949)

GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)– Chiang Kai-shek (President)Chiang Kai-shek (President)

CCP: Chinese Communist PartyCCP: Chinese Communist Party– Mao ZedongMao Zedong

““War of Liberation”War of Liberation”

China under Mao China under Mao ZedongZedong

1949 - 19761949 - 1976

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

A revolution to remove “3 big A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”mountains”– imperialismimperialism– feudalismfeudalism– bureaucrat-capitalismbureaucrat-capitalism

A “United Front” of …A “United Front” of …– workersworkers– peasantspeasants– petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisiepetty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China

1949-1949-October 1, PRC, October 1, PRC, BeijingBeijing

Chairman: Mao Chairman: Mao ZedongZedong

5-Star Red Flag5-Star Red Flag

Republic of China Republic of China government government retreated to what is retreated to what is now Taiwannow Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction Economic Reconstruction 1950s1950s

Soviet Union model and assistanceSoviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class)land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned heavy industry (state-owned

enterprises)enterprises)

Great Leap Forward (1958-Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)1960)

abandon the Soviet model of abandon the Soviet model of economic developmenteconomic development

mass mobilizationmass mobilization people’s communespeople’s communes

ActivityActivity

Watch: Watch: YouTube - The Great Leap ForwardYouTube - The Great Leap Forward

Describe the reactions of the Chinese Describe the reactions of the Chinese to the Great Leap Forwardto the Great Leap Forward

Make a list of the examples of Make a list of the examples of propaganda usedpropaganda used

Make a list of the reasons why the Make a list of the reasons why the Great Leap Forward failed.Great Leap Forward failed.

Great Leap Forward (1958-Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)1960)

unrealistic output targetsunrealistic output targets– industryindustry– agricultural and human disasteragricultural and human disaster

What happened during Great What happened during Great Leap Forward?Leap Forward?

Great Chinese Famine of 1958-1961Great Chinese Famine of 1958-1961– 16.5-32 million die16.5-32 million die

Great Leap Forward also included Great Leap Forward also included destruction of religious idolsdestruction of religious idols– Replaced with political meetings and Replaced with political meetings and

propagandapropaganda Ended foot-binding, child marriage, Ended foot-binding, child marriage,

and opium addictionand opium addiction

““little red book”little red book”

19641964 ““The Quotations from Chairman Mao”The Quotations from Chairman Mao” National greatness and revolutionNational greatness and revolution PROPAGANDAPROPAGANDA

Quotations from Quotations from ChairmainChairmain Mao Mao Tse-tung/MaoTse-tung/Mao Zedong (The Little Red Book), Zedong (The Little Red Book), TerebessTerebess Asia Online (TAO) Asia Online (TAO)

Cultural Revolution (1966-Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)1976)

Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionGreat Proletarian Cultural Revolution– commitment to revolution and “class struggle”commitment to revolution and “class struggle”– Violent cleansing of society (aka those against Violent cleansing of society (aka those against

Mao & the revolution)Mao & the revolution) Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin BiaoPhase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of

Four”Four” Cultural Revolution (Part I) Cultural Revolution (Part I) YouTube - Cultural Revolution (Part II)YouTube - Cultural Revolution (Part II)

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)69)

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)69)

Purge of party Purge of party cadrescadres

Purge of intellectualsPurge of intellectuals

Phase I continuedPhase I continued

Wanted to channel China’s youthWanted to channel China’s youth Red guards attacked the “four olds”Red guards attacked the “four olds”

– Old culture, old customs, old habits, old ways Old culture, old customs, old habits, old ways of thinkingof thinking

Schools closedSchools closed ““struggle meetings”-announced enemies struggle meetings”-announced enemies

of revolutionof revolution Public humiliation as component of Public humiliation as component of

“thought reform”“thought reform” P. 247P. 247

Red Guards continuedRed Guards continued

1967- Red Guards arming 1967- Red Guards arming themselvesthemselves

Ambushed soldiers to steal weaponsAmbushed soldiers to steal weapons Different groups of red guards Different groups of red guards

attacked one anotherattacked one another By 1968- 18 million red guards By 1968- 18 million red guards

(military attempted to force them to (military attempted to force them to country) country)

Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)

the putative successor to Mao Zedongthe putative successor to Mao Zedong– the cult of personality around Maothe cult of personality around Mao

Defence minister under Mao- declared Defence minister under Mao- declared Marshall law (after problems w/Red Guard)Marshall law (after problems w/Red Guard)

In 1971 Lin allegedly In 1971 Lin allegedly

tried but failedtried but failed– to assassinate Maoto assassinate Mao– 1971-Killed “mysteriously” 1971-Killed “mysteriously”

in a plane crash in a plane crash

Phase III: the “Gang of Four”Phase III: the “Gang of Four”

1972 – 19761972 – 1976 power struggle betweenpower struggle between

– the radical “Gang of the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wifeMao’s wife

– Opposed Mao’s appointed Opposed Mao’s appointed successor Chousuccessor Chou

(Chou dies before Mao)(Chou dies before Mao)

Diplomatic BreakthroughDiplomatic Breakthrough

1971, 1971, PRC became the representative PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)of China in UN (replaced ROC)

Diplomatic BreakthroughDiplomatic Breakthrough

1972, President Nixon visited Beijing1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976Mao and Zhou Died in 1976

Turning point in China’s postwar eraTurning point in China’s postwar era ““Gang of Four” were arrestedGang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural RevolutionEnd of the Cultural Revolution

Mao’s legaciesMao’s legacies

Reforms and Opening upReforms and Opening up

19781978– economic modernization became focuseconomic modernization became focus

US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

What has happened sinceWhat has happened since

1989- Tiananmen Square1989- Tiananmen Square– Communism falling internationallyCommunism falling internationally– Gorbachev’s glasnost policy interests Gorbachev’s glasnost policy interests

ChinaChina– Communist leader of China died (Hu)Communist leader of China died (Hu)– 2600 deaths?2600 deaths?

YouTube - Tiananmen square part 1YouTube - Tiananmen square part 1