culture and management
TRANSCRIPT
Culture and Management
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Table of Contents
– What is culture?
– Why studying OB across culture?
– Level of Analysis Issues
– Why using cultural dimensions?
– Values across culture (Hofstede’s Studies)
– Emic and Etic Approches
– GLOBE Studies
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What is culture?
social pattern including shared beliefs, norms,
and values
a multi-layer phenomenon, and people’s
assumptions and values are at the centre of the
phenomenon.
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Why studying OB across cultures?
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Level of analysis issue
– comparing cultures
– Comparing individuals
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Why using cultural dimensions?
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Values across cultures:
Hofstede’s studies
– Quality of life/Quantity of life
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1. Individualism/Collectivism
the degree to which individuals are supposed to look after themselves or remain integrated into in-groups.
Hedonism, independence, and freedom
interdependence, self-sacrificing, and loyalty
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1. Individualism/Collectivism (con.)
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2. Power Distance
• Ideal boss is a well-
meaning autocrat or
a god father
• Subordinates
expect to be told
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3. Femininity/Masculinity
– the extent to which values such as assertiveness, toughness, and competition prevail.
– the degree to which employees value relations and show sensitivity and emotions for the welfare of others.
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4. Uncertainty avoidance
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4. Uncertainty avoidance (con.)
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5. Long term orientation
Value
, , and .
And Disvalue
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Etic and Emic approaches
– Studying behavior from a position outside the system; examining many cultures and comparing them,
– criteria are considered universal.
– Studying behavior from within the system; examining only one culture,
– criteria are relative to internal characteristics.
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GLOBE (Global Leadership and
Organizational Behavior Effectiveness project)
conducted in 61 countries
to investigate the existence of universally
acceptable and universally unacceptable
leadership attributes and to identify those
attributes that are culture specific
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Cultural dimensions in GLOBE
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Iranian sample in GLOBE
– 300 Iranian middle managers from three
industries of
banking,
telecommunications, and
food processing
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Iranian sample in GLOBE
– Fairly levels of (5.43)
Maximum score in GLOBE list: 5.80
Ranking: 14 out of 61
– Quite levels of (3.88)
Minimum score in GLOBE list: 3.25
Ranking: 13 lowest country
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Iranian sample in GLOBE
– Iranian managers reported
of the
of the
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Iranian sample in GLOBE
– strong to in
their culture.
The differences between ‘what was’ and ‘what
should be’ for power distance was the highest
difference of all the dimensions (5.43 ‘what
was’ versus 2.80 ‘what should be’)
– Iranian managers were also likely to
Given the difference between ‘what was’ and
‘what should be’ for societal collectivism (3.88
‘what was’ versus 5.44 ‘what should be’).
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General Conclusions