culture. culture/ what is culture? 4 stages in the development of early cultures what is a...
TRANSCRIPT
Culture
Culture/
What is Culture?
4 Stages in the development of early cultures
What is a civilization?
●a society that has shaped its own way of life to satisfy its needs.
●people have shaped their own cultural landscape.
●discovery of fire
●invention of tools
●growth of agriculture (where?)
●use of writing
●a group of people that has developed its culture and technology to include a writing system
How do we look at different cultures in a way that will help
us describe a culture?
ABC’s of CultureUA - Appearance
B - Beliefs C – communication, language, gestures
D – dates: history
E – entertainment: their arts, crafts, etc.
F - food G – government including social rules, kinship, etc.
H - housing
I–information:education, how knowledge is passed on
J – jobs: economic activities – what people do for a living K – kind of environment
X – extra information
Culture/
How do cultures change?
What is the most important component for culture change?
●Innovation is a newly developed way of doing things.
●diffusion – occurs when an innovation or other culture trait spreads through a society and perhaps into another culture region. (ex.)
●acculturation (cultural convergence) – process by which one culture changes through its meeting with another culture. (ex)
●cultural divergence – restriction of a culture from outside influences (ex).
●Language.
●Language differences slow the process for change (How?)
Culture/
What is ethnocentric?
How have cultures changed?
What are people’s basic needs? (4)
What are the three innovations having the greatest impact on Earth’s cultural geography?
●when people feel most comfortable with their own group and they believe that the ways and beliefs of their own culture are the best ones or the only right ones.
●Cultures have become more interdependent. They trade and interact with one another more than in the past.
●food
●water
●shelter
●clothing
●farming (development of agriculture)
●living in cities (urbanization)
●using machinery to make goods (technology)
Culture/
What represents the earliest form of acquiring food?
What is the importance of Agriculture?
●hunting and gathering
●practice continues today
●areas where hunting and gathering continues today are sparsely settled – simple technology – but the culture may be highly complex.
●The domestication of plants/animals had an enormous impact on the physical landscapes as well as on population growth.
●It enabled people to establish permanent settlements
- specialization and division of labor developed
-small villages developed eventually into large
civilizations
-complex social institutions also developed.
Culture/
What are different types of agriculture?
What is urbanization?
What is industrialization? What were production methods before and after the development of factories?
●subsistence – production of crops for the grower’s own use. Usually, surplus crops are few and used for barter.
●commercial – developed as farm technology and has improved output.
●The development of agriculture enabled settlements to grow.
●Urbanization is the growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
●The impact that the development of factories had on workers and machinery would eventually change cultures.
-specialization
-higher production levels
-lower prices
Culture/
Culture and World events
What are major sources of conflict?
●When people feel that their way is better than others this is called ethnocentrism and can lead to cultural conflict.
●Religion
●religion affects people’s daily behavior and customs.
●Modern examples:
●Nationalism (feelings of loyalty and pride in one’s country)
●Positive and negative results of nationalism –
positive – creates a source of purpose, pride, and unity.
negative – intolerance to other nationalities and justification of wars.
Culture/
●Traditional and modern values
- the acceptance of culture change in some groups and
resistance in others. (ex)
●Politics
- the difference in the ways people organize their
governments may also be a source of cultural conflict.
What are two major types of governments?
How does economics cause conflict?
●Totalitarian – a society governed by one person and few advisors.
●Democratic – a society in which everyone has a voice in the government.
●abundance of resources increases the standard of living (SOL) for some, but limited resources may produce poor areas
Culture/
●unequal distribution of wealth may be a source for cultural conflict.
●More developed (industrialized) countries have gained wealth by taking valuable resources from nearly poor countries.
●Countries with few resources have used military power to take resources from resource-rich countries nearby. (ex)
●The spread of culture traits today is greater that at any other time.
●The rapid diffusion of culture traits may also ignite resistance in some groups.
●anthropologists
What is the future for Cultural geography?
What is the name of the social scientists who study humans and human culture?
Culture/
World Cultures
What are “material” and “non-material” cultures?
How have anthropologists divided the world into 11 major culture areas?
●A culture’s objects, such as clothing and paintings are part of its “material” culture.
●A culture’s ideas, such as language and religion are part of its “non-material” culture.
●These culture areas are BASED on common cultural traits.
●Anglo America ●Africa S. of the Sahara
●Latin America (Sub-Saharan)
●Western Europe ●South Asia
●Central Europe and ●East Asia
Russia ●Southeast Asia
●N. Africa and SW Asia ●Australia and NZ
●Pacific Islands
Map of world
Anglo America
Latin America
Wes
tern
Euro
pe E. Europe/
Russia
NA/ME
Africa South of the Sahara
Australia/New Zealand
S.
Asia
East Asia
SE Asia
Pacific
Islands
Pacific
Islands