current technology caps
TRANSCRIPT
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CaPSCaPS
Catastrophic Protection SystemCatastrophic Protection System
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KEY IDEASKEY IDEAS
♦ Beware – UL 1449 has changed !!!!!!♦ MOV’s & Temp Over Voltages !!!!!!♦ TVSS Inside the Switchgear ??♦ Build a TOV resistant SPD ♦ Catastrophic Protection Systems Catastrophic Protection Systems
Damage Increases with TIME!TIME!
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It’s About Time!It’s About Time!
Nano Micro Milli Seconds Minutes
Voltage
Destructive Energy
Transients TOV Swells Overvoltage
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Surge IndustrySurge IndustryRegulating BodiesRegulating Bodies
♦ UL 1449 – 2nd Edition Defines safety criteria – Abnormal Overvoltages
♦ ANSI/IEEE 1100-2005Identifies TOV & Overvoltages
♦ ANSI/IEEE C62.41-1991Identifies transient surges
♦ NEMA LS 1Defines product performance
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Transient Surge ComparedTransient Surge Comparedto Power Waveformto Power Waveform
0° 90° 180° 270° 360°
~100 µSec
One Cycle (16667 µSec)
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Lightning strikes conductors directly.
Lightning strikes the ground directly. Ground potential rise creates voltage differential in a radial direction from the strike.
Cloud-to-cloud lightning electro-magnetically couples with conductors on the ground.
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SPD Shunt SurgesSPD Shunt SurgesAway From LoadAway From Load
Source Load
CLAMPING VOLTAGE
CLAMPING VOLTAGE
SPD
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It’s all about Ohm’s LawIt’s all about Ohm’s Law
With SPD V = I X R
Without SPD V = I X R
V = Voltage on the LineI = Current on the LineR = Impedance of the building
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It’s About Time!It’s About Time!
Nano Micro Milli Seconds Minutes
Voltage
Destructive Energy
Transients TOV Overvoltage Abnormal OV
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UL 1449 ChangesUL 1449 ChangesFebruary 9, 2007February 9, 2007
♦ Expanded OVERVOLTAGE Testing(2 x nominal voltage)
♦ Added 7 hour intermediate fault current levels– 10 amps– 100 amps– 500 amps– 1000 ampsTo the original 5 amp & 200kA test
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What indicates a failure?What indicates a failure?
Units can not exhibit any of the following during testing♦ Emissions of flame, molten metal, glowing or flaming
particles through any opening in the product.♦ Charring, glowing, or flaming of the supporting surface,
tissue paper or cheesecloth.♦ Ignition of the enclosure.♦ Creation of any openings in the enclosure resulting in the
accessibility of live parts in Section 13.♦ Loss of structural integrity to a degree that the equipment
collapses or experiences such displacement of parts that there is a risk of short-circuiting or grounding of current carrying parts.
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What does this meanWhat does this meanto a customer?to a customer?
♦ Manufacturers can not build product to the old standard after February 8th 2007.
♦ Products produced before February 9th 2007 can continue to be sold.
♦ There is no special markings for the newly certified products.
♦ Have to check the date of manufacture on the product.♦ Spec’s should state “must be manufactured after
February 9th 2007 to the latest UL 1449 directive”♦ Ask for a copy of the product’s new listing from a NRTL
(UL, ETL, Metlabs, CSA,TUV etc)
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It’s About Time!It’s About Time!
Nano Micro Milli Seconds Minutes
Voltage
Destructive Energy
Transients TOV Swells Abnormal OV
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IEEE Std 1100, 2005IEEE Std 1100, 2005Power Quality DisturbancesPower Quality Disturbances
Power Quality Event Time Range Above Nominal Voltage Range
Over Voltage > 1 min 1.1 – 1.2
Swell 8 ms – 1 min 1.1 – 1.8
Temporary Over Voltage (TOV)
100 usec – 8 ms 1.8 – 2.0
Transient Surge 1nsec – 100 usec >1.2
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…low MCOV selected by a wish to providesurge protection with low limiting voltagefor loads perceived as needing such limiting voltage, but at a greater risk of destruction underTOV’s (Martzloff and Leedy 1989 [B219]
TOV’s difficult to prevent in a power system, if not impossible !!!!
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Reliability Chart for MOV’sReliability Chart for MOV’s
1
10
100
1000
10000
10 100 1000 10000
Sur
ge C
urre
nt
Impulse Duration (Microseconds)
1
2
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
Indef.
20 microseconds 5000 microseconds
Surge Current Rating Curves-20 mm MOVSurge Current Rating Curves-20 mm MOV
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Test 1Test 1 – – ApplyApply2 x Nominal 2 x Nominal Voltage toVoltage to120 / 150V120 / 150VMOVMOV
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MOV TestMOV Test
♦ Voltage is applied in 30 cycle bursts.♦ Capture current waveforms (Initially zero until the MOVs conduct.♦ Voltage increased in 25 volt increments ♦ Eventually MOVs will destruct and voltage is noted.
Variable Voltage Source
Voltage Probe
Current
Probe
4 Channel
Oscilloscope
4 MOVArray
30 Cycle Burst
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Voltage Exceeds MCOVVoltage Exceeds MCOV
MCOV
MCOV
16.67 ms 16.67 ms
5.083 ms(5083µs)
5.083 ms(5083µs)
5.083 ms(5083µs)
5.083 ms(5083µs)
16.67 ms 16.67 ms
Time Applied destroys MOVTime Applied destroys MOV
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Now that know how a simple SPD Now that know how a simple SPD reacts to a TOV… reacts to a TOV…
--- --- should we install it inside our should we install it inside our switch gear ??switch gear ??
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NO WAY!!!NO WAY!!!
♦ Makes a NASTY mess of your switchgear
♦ Everything has to be cleaned or replaced
♦ The Emerald Book tells us it is a BAD IDEA
♦ May require extensive service shut-down
♦ May require HOT repairs♦ HOT repairs require compliance to
OSHA and NFPA 70E
WHY…
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Integrated SPD is NOT SafeIntegrated SPD is NOT Safe
♦ Integrated SPD NOT RECOMMENDED by IEEE Emerald Book (IEEE Std 1100 – 2005 Section 8.4.2.5 )
Due to Switch Gear and Panel board contamination
– Product failure can contaminate the panel internally with ionized gases
– Carbon particles can cause a secondary and more serious failure, such as a Arc flashover
♦ Integrated Panels Must take an outage to repair/replace or operator MUST suit up
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Arc Flash and TVSS SafetyArc Flash and TVSS Safety
……. In the United States, between five and ten times a day, an arc flash explosion occurs in electric equipment and the event sends a victim to a special burn center…..
…. Of these burn victims, at Of these burn victims, at least 1 will die as a result of the least 1 will die as a result of the injuries received !!!!injuries received !!!!These statistics were compiled by CapSchell, Inc., a research and consulting firm specializing in preventing workplace injuries and deaths
ARC FLASH IS A REAL DANGERARC FLASH IS A REAL DANGER
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Suit Up for ServicingSuit Up for ServicingIntegral SPD’sIntegral SPD’s
Every time you go into the Gear – Danger!Every time you go into the Gear – Danger!
Anytime a surge protection module, test board, alarm sensors or even a surge counter battery has to be replaced inside live equipment of an integrated Transient Voltage Surge Suppression (TVSS) device, it puts your people at risk unnecessarily.
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How do you over come How do you over come TOV and Swell impact TOV and Swell impact on Service Entrance on Service Entrance
SPD’s SPD’s ??????
QuestionQuestion
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Combine SPD Combine SPD Technologies for a Technologies for a “BEST IN CLASS” “BEST IN CLASS”
SolutionSolution!!!!!!
AnswerAnswer
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Catastrophic Protectors ShuntCatastrophic Protectors ShuntTOV, Swells and TransientsTOV, Swells and Transients
From LoadFrom Load
Source Load
CLAMPING VOLTAGE
CLAMPING VOLTAGE
CaP
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V
I
MOVsSelenium
Routine Extreme
Response CurvesResponse Curves
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HYBRID TestingHYBRID Testing
♦ Selenium cell connected in parallel with the MOVs. ♦ Start at the last voltage where the MOVs failed. ♦ A 30 cycle burst is applied. ♦ Current sharing occurs in favor of the Selenium. ♦ MOVs of not exposed to damaging heat.♦ The voltage is increased.
Variable Voltage Source
Voltage Probe
Current
Probes
4 Channel Oscilloscope
MOVArray
30 Cycle Burst
Selenium
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The PreferredThe PreferredService Entrance SPDService Entrance SPD
♦ Must survive against transient surges, TOV & swell conditions.
♦ Must be able to not only save itself but also downstream equipment.
♦ Strong enough design to be placed in many different types of installations for an extended service life.
♦ Provide a quality AC filter against EMI noise.♦ Easy safe access for testing and servicing.
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It’s About Time!It’s About Time!
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Current TechnologiesCurrent TechnologiesSelect2 is a CaPS ProtectorSelect2 is a CaPS Protector
♦ It Survives Against Transient Surges, TOV & Swell Conditions using Selenium Hybrid Technology.
♦ Versatile design is listed as both Surge Arrestor and Surge Suppression device.
♦ Provides a quality AC filter.♦ “Best in Class” Clamping Voltages.♦ “Best in Class” Warranty (15 years).
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Safe Access &Safe Access &ServiceabilityServiceability
♦ External to the Service Entrance Switchgear♦ Survives TOV & Swell events♦ Can be isolated for safe servicing♦ Not an Arc Flash potential hazard♦ Routine performance checks in the field
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Survive Transients &Survive Transients &TOV SwellsTOV Swells
MCOV
MCOV
16.67 ms 16.67 ms 16.67 ms 16.67 ms
POOF!
PFFT!
POP!%
$#!
With apologies to Batman!
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Save Itself &Save Itself &Downstream LoadsDownstream Loads
A = Pearson Current XFMR (301 X)B = Pearson Current XFMR (101)C = Pearson Current XFMR (1423)
Applied Voltage: 213V (1.78 pu swell)Test Currents: 100APower Factor: ≤ .1%SL2-150-120/208-3GY + TG150-120/208-3GY + Computer
Selenium unit is situated closely to the swell source, the MOV is 200’ away Computer is 50 feet from MOV based SPD.
* Ask for white paper Test 4408-N to be sent to you on your survey page
PC SL2-150 TG150
200’ 50’
SOURCE
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Test Results with Test Results with TIME LINETIME LINE
Test 4408-N: 9/30/2006, 120/208V System, 100A available current Voltage = 1.8 x Nominal
♦ 0-8.11 sec: Selenium absorbing swell; computer
operating♦ 60 sec: Milestone met for Swell conditions♦ 102.51 sec:Selenium and MOV absorbing swell &
computer operating♦ 102.52 sec: MOV unit fails, Selenium absorbing swell;
computer operating♦ 197.27 sec:Selenium absorbing swell; computer
operating♦ 197.28 sec: Selenium fails♦ 197.28 sec: Computer fails Computer fails immediately
when Selenium fails
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ClosingClosing
♦ Specify new UL1449 & manufacture date after 2/9/07
♦ Know that MOV only based SPD will fail on the first TOV event
♦ TVSS inside switchgear – BAD IDEA ♦ New class of service entrance SPD -Catastrophic
Protection Systems ♦ Specify 200% voltage for 3600 cycles at service
entrance ♦ Specify Field test capability in your SPD