curriculum-physics (2005) hec
TRANSCRIPT
CURRICULUM
OF
PHYSICS
(Revised 2005)
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HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD
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CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC
Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Adviser (Acad/R&D)
Malik Ghulam Abbas Deputy Director
Miss Ghayyur Fatima Deputy Director (Curri)
Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Assistant Director
Mrs. Noshaba Awais Assistant Director
Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad
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CONTENTS 1. Introduction 7 2. Curriculum for BS level 10 i) Scheme of Studies 10 ii) Details of Courses 12 3. Curriculum for MS level 53 i) Scheme of Studies 54 ii) Details of Courses 56 4. General Recommendations 75
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PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Federal Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act 1976, the Federal Government vide notification no. D773/76-JEA (Cur.), dated December 4, 1976, appointed University Grants Commission as the competent authority to look after the curriculum revision work beyond class XII at bachelor level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and diplomas awarded by degree colleges, universities and other institutions of higher education. In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration with universities. According to the decision of the special meeting of Vice-Chancellors’ Committee, curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after every 3 years. For the purpose, various committees are constituted at the national level comprising senior teachers nominated by universities. Teachers from local degree colleges and experts from user organizations, where required, are also included in these committees. The National Curriculum Revision Committee for Physics in its meeting held in May 19-21, 2005 at the HEC Regional Centre, Karachi revised the curriculum after due consideration of the comments and suggestions received from universities and colleges where the subject under consideration is taught. The final draft prepared by the National Curriculum Revision Committee duly approved by the Competent Authority is being circulated for implementation by architectural institutions.
(PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH)
Adviser (Acad/R&D)
August 2005
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV
CURRI. UNDER CONSIDERATION
CURRI. IN DRAFT STAGE
FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP STUDY
COLLECTION OF REC
APPRAISAL OF 1ST DRAFT BY EXP. OF
COL./UNIV
PREP. OF FINAL CURRI.
QUESTIONNAIRE
CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF DRAFT BY CRC
INCORPORATION OF REC. OF V.C.C.
COMMENTS
PREP. OF DRAFT BY CRC
APPROVAL OF CURRI. BY V.C.C.
PRINTING OF CURRI.
REVIEW
IMPLE. OF CURRI.
BACK TO STAGE-I
ORIENTATION COURSES
Abbreviations Used: CRC. Curriculum Revision Committee
VCC. Vice-Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations
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INTRODUCTION
A meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee was held at HEC, Regional Centre, Karachi from 19-21 May, 2005 to finalize the revised draft curriculum of Physics. The following attended:
1. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqsood, Convener Professor, Deptt. of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
2. Prof. Muhammad Maroof Khushk, Member Chairman, Deptt. of Physics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
3. Dr. Sohail Aziz Khan, Member Professor, NED University of Engg. & Technology, Karachi
4. Dr. Syed Iftikhar Ali, Member Senior Fellow (Professor), Institute of Business Management, Korangi Creek Karachi
5. Dr. Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, Member Professor, Deptt. of Physics, Islamia University, Bahwalpur
6. Shaikh Aftab Ahmed, Member Professor, Deptt. of Physics, GC University, Katchery Road, Lahore
7. Dr. M. Ayub Khan Yousafzai, Member Chairman, Deptt. of Applied Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi
8. Dr. Muhammad Shahid Rafiq, Member Deptt. of Physics University of Engg. & Technology, Lahore.
9. Dr. Jameel-un-Nabi, Member Associate Professor & Dean Student Affairs, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, GIK Institute of Engg.Science& Technology Topi, Distt. Swabi, NWFP
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10. Prof. Dr. Qurban Ali Bhatti, Member Chairman, Deptt. of Physics, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur
11. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Member Associate Professor, Deptt. of Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore
12. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Riaz Khan, Member Director, Centralized Resource Laboratory, Deptt. of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar
13. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Member Chairman, Deptt. of Physics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
14. Dr. Arshad Saleem Bhatti, Member Associate Professor/Chairman, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sector H-8/1, Islamabad
15. Dr. Shujjat Mehmood Khalid, Member Principal, University College of Education, Lower Mall, Lahore.
16. Prof. Dr. Ansar A. Qidwai, Member
Chairman, Deptt. of Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi
17. Dr. Shaukat Ali Shahid, Member Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
18. Dr. Mushtaq Yousaf, Member Deptt. of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad
19. Prof. Dr. M. Younus Nadeem, Member Chairman, Deptt. of Physics, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan
20. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayub, Member Professor, Deptt. of Physics, Gomal University, D.I.Khan
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21. Dr. Aamer Wali Rauf, Member Foreign Faculty Member, CASP, GC University, Lahore
22. Dr. Fazal Ghafoor, Member Deptt. of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara
23. Mr. Muhammad Ikram, Member Lecturer, Deptt. of Physics, Hazara University, Mansehra
24. Ms. Gulnaz Altaf, Member/Secretary Assistant Professor, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi
Meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran by Prof. Dr. Shaikh Aftab Ahmad. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqssod chaired the final NCRC meeting in Physics. The draft curriculum of BS (4 years) programme were discussed at length and finalized as Annexed-A.
The committee decided that MS programme should be 2 years programme. First year consists of two semesters and there will be four courses and 3 credit hours. Hence in each semester and second year will be devoted for research and if any university wants to give number of credit hour to thesis. They can do so. Due to academic requirements and shortage of time, it was felt that there should be a complete list of courses and detail of courses. Therefore it is recommended that another meeting of subcommittee be organized by the HEC which was held on July 30, 2005 as Annexure-B.
The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the convener.
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CURRICULUM FOR BS (4 years) IN PHYSICS SCHEME OF STUDIES
1st Year Semester-1
Cr.h
Phy-101 Mechanics-I 3 Phy-103 Waves and Oscillations 3 Phy-105 Lab-I
Mathematics-I English-I Pak. Studies * Minor-I
1 3 3 2 3
Total 18 Semester-II Cr.h
Phy-102 Mechanics-II 3 Phy-104 Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics 3 Phy-106 Lab-II
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mathematics-II English-II Islamic Studies * Minor-II
3 1 3 3 3
Total 18 2nd Year Semester-III
Cr.h
Phy-201 Electricity & Magnetism-I 3 Phy-203 Electronics & Modern Physics 3 Phy-105 Lab-III
Mathematics-III English-III Civilization * Minor-I
3 1 3 3 3
Total 18 Semester-IV Cr.h
Phy-202 Electricity & Magnetism-II 3 Phy-204 Modern Physics 3 Phy-206 Lab-IV
Mathematics-IV English(Communication Skills) Computer Applications * Minor-IV
1 3 3 2 3
Total 18
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Semester-V Cr.h
Phy-301 Mathematical Methods-I 3 Phy-303 Quantum Mechanics-I 3 Phy-305 Classical Mechanics 3 Phy-307 Electronics 3 Phy-309 Lab-V 3
Total 15 Semester-VI
Cr.h
Phy-302 Mathematical Methods-II 3 Phy-304 Quantum Mechanics-II 3 Phy-306 Electrodynamics 3 Phy-308 Thermal & Statistical Physics 3 Phy-310 Lab-VI 3 Total 15
4th Year Semester-VII
Cr.h
Phy-401 Nuclear Physics 3 Phy-403 Solid Stat Physics-I 3 Phy-405 Atomic & Molecular Physics 3 Phy-407 Lab-VII
** Optional 3 3
Total 15 Semester-VIII Cr.h Phy-402 Computational Physics 3 Phy-404 Solid Stat Physics-II 3 Phy-406 Project
** Optional ** Optional
3 3 3
Total 15 Total: 132 Credit Hours * Chemistry/Geology/Geography/Statistics etc.
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DETAILS OF COURSES FOR BS LEVEL
BS Part-I
MECHANICS-I 3 Cr.h
Vector Analysis: Review of Vector in 3 dimensions and fundamental Operations, Direction, Cosines, Spherical polar coordinates, Cylindrical Coordinaties. Vector and scalar triple products, gradient of a scalar, Divergence and curl of a vector, Physical significance of each type, Divergence of a vector, flux, curl and line integral (mutual relation). Vector identities, Divergence Theorem, Stoke’s Theorem, their derivation, physical importance and applications to specific cases, Converting from differential to integral forms. Particle Dynamics: Dynamics of uniform, circular motion, the banked curve, Equations of motion, Deriving kinetic equations x(t), v(t) via integration, Constant and variable forces, normal forces and contact forces, special examples, Time dependent forces, Obtaining x(t), v(t) for this case using integration method, Effect of drag forces on motion, Applying Newton’s Laws to obtain v(t) for the case of motion with time dependent (Integration approach) drag (viscous) forces, terminal velocity, Projectile motion with and without air resistance, Non inertial frames and Pseudo forces, Qualitative discussion to develop understanding, Calculation of pseudo forces for simple cases (linearly accelerated reference frames), Centrifugal force as an example of pseudo force, Coriolis force. Work, Power and Energy: Work done by a constant force, work done by a variable force (1-2 dimension), (Essentially a review of grade-XII concepts via integration technique to calculate work done (e.g. in vibration of a spring obeying Hooke’s Law), Obtaining general expression for work done (2-dimensional case) and applying to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the end of a fixed string against gravity, Work energy theorem, General proof of work energy theorem: Qualitative review of work energy theorem, Derivation using integral calculus, Basic formulae and applications, Power, Energy changes with respect to observers in different inertial frames, Conservation of Energy in 1, 2, and 3 dimensional conservative systems, Conservative and non conservative forces: Conservation of energy in a system of particles, Law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system. Systems Of Particles: Two particle systems and generalization to many particle systems, Centre of mass, Position, velocity and equation of motion, Centre of mass of solid objects, Calculation of Centre of Mass of solid objects using integral calculus, Calculating C.M. of Uniform Rod, Cylinder and Sphere, Momentum Changes in a system of variable mass, Derivation
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of basic equation, application to motion of a rocket (determination of its mass as a function of time). Collisions: Elastic Collisions, Conservation of momentum during collision in one and two dimensions, Inelastic collision, Collisions in centre of Mass reference frame (One and two dimensions), Simple applications, obtaining velocities in C.M. frame. MECHANICS-II 3 Cr.h Rotational Dynamics: Relationships between linear & angular variables, scalar and vector form. Kinetic energy of rotation, Moment of Inertia, Parallel axis and Perpendicular axis theorems, Proof and Illustration, application to simple cases, Determination of moment of inertia of various shapes i.e. for disc, bar and solid sphere, Rotational dynamics of rigid bodies, Equations of rotational motion and effects of application of torques, Combined rotational and translational motion, Rolling without slipping. Angular Momentum: Angular Velocity, Conservation of angular momentum, effects of Torque and its relation with angular momentum, Stability of spinning objects, Discussion with examples, The spinning Top, Effects of torque on the angular momentum, precessional motion. Gravitation: Gravitational effect of a spherical mass distribution, Its mathematical treatment, Gravitational Potential Energy (develop using integration techniques), calculation of escape velocity, Gravitational field & Potential, Universal Gravitational Law. Radial and transversal velocity and acceleration, Motion of Planets and Keplers' Laws (Derivation & explanation) Motion of Satellites, Energy considerations in planetary and satellite motion, Qualitative discussion on application of gravitational law to the Galaxy. Bulk Properties of Matters. Elastic Properties of Matter, Physical basis of elasticity, Tension, Compression & shearing, Elastic Modulus, Elastic limit. Poisson’s ratio, Relation between three types of elasticity, Fluid Statics, Variation of Pressure in fluid at rest and with height in the atmosphere, Surface Tension, Physical basis; role in formation of drops and bubbles, Viscosity, Physical basis, obtaining the Coefficient of viscosity, practical example of viscosity; fluid flow through a cylindrical pipe (Poiseulle's law). Special Theory of Relativity. Inertial and non inertial frame, Postulates of Relativity, The Lorentz Transformation, Derivation, Assumptions on which inverse transformation is derived, Consequences of Lorentz transformation, Relativity of time, Relativity of length, Relativity of mass, Transformation of velocity, variation of mass with velocity, mass energy relation and its
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importance, relativistic momentum and Relativistic energy, (Lorentz invariants) E2=c2 p2+m2
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WAVES & OSCILLATIONS 3 Cr.h Harmonic Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion (SHM), Obtaining and solving the basic equations of motion x(t), v(t), a(t), Longitudinal and transverse Oscillations, Energy considerations in SHM. Application of SHM, Torsional oscillator, Physical pendulum, simple agtrpendulum, SHM and uniform circular motion, Combinations of harmonic motions, Lissajous patterns, Damped harmonic motion, Equation of damped harmonic motion, Quality factor, discussion of its solution, Forced oscillations and resonances, Equation of forced oscillation, Discussion of its solution, Natural frequency, Resonance, Examples of resonance. Waves in Physical Media: Mechanical waves, Travelling waves, Phase velocity of traveling waves, Sinusoidal waves, Group speed and dispersion, Waves speed, Mechanical analysis, Wave equation, Discussion of solution, Power and intensity in wave motion, Derivation & discussion, Principle of superpositon (basic ideas), Interference of waves, Standing waves. Phase changes on reflection. Sound: Beats Phenomenon, Analytical treatment. Light: Nature of light Visible light (physical characteristics), Light as an electro-magnetic wave, Speed of light in matter, Physical aspects, Path difference, Phase difference etc. Interference: Coherence of sources, Double slit interference, Analytical treatment, Adding of electromagnetic waves using phasors, Interference from thin films, Newton's rings (analytical treatment), Febry-Perot Interferometer, Working and analytical treatment, Fresnels biprism and its use. Diffraction: Diffraction at single slit; Intensity in single slit diffraction using phasor treatment and analytical treatment using addition of waves, Double slit interference & diffraction combined, Diffraction at a circular aperture, Diffraction from multiple slits, Discussion to include width of the maxima. Diffraction grating: Discussion, Use in spectrographs. Dispersion and resolving power of gratings. Introduction to holography. Polarization: Basic definition, Production of polarization by polarizing sheets, by reflection, by double refraction and double scattering. Description of polarization states. Linear, Circular, elliptical polarization. Specific rotation of plane of polarization. Use of polarimeter.
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THERMODYNAMICS & STATISTICAL MECHANICS 3 Cr.h Statistical Mechanics: Statistical distribution and mean values, Mean free path and microscopic calculations of mean free path. Distribution of molecular speeds, Distribution of energies, Maxwell distribution, Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution, Internal energy of an ideal gas. Brownian motion, Qualitative description. Diffusion, Conduction and viscosity. Heat and Temperature: Temperature, Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, Work done on an ideal gas,Review of previous concepts. Internal energy of an ideal gas: Equipartition of energy. Intermolecular forces. Qualitative discussion. Van der Waals equation of state. Thermodynamics: Review of previous concepts. First law of thermo-dynamics and its applications to adiabatic, isothermal, cyclic and free expansion. Reversible and irreversible processes, Second Law of thermodynamics, Carnot theorem, Carnot engines. Heat engine. Refrigerators. Calculation of efficiency of heat engines. Thermodynamic temperature scale: Absolute zero: Entropy, Entropy in reversible process, Entropy in irreversible process. Entropy & second law. Entropy & probability. Thermodynamic functions: Thermodynamic functions (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Gibb’s functions, Entropy, Helmholtz functions) Maxwell’s relations, TdS equations, Energy equations and their applications. Low Temperature Physics, Liquification of gases, Joule-Thomson effect and its equations. Thermoelectricity,Thermocouple, Seabeck’s effect, Peltier’s effect, Thomson effect
BS Part-II
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-I 3 Cr.h Electric Field: Field due to a point charge: due to several point charges. Electric dipole. Electric field of continuous charge distribution e.g Ring of charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge. Point charge in an electric field. Dipole in an electric field, Torque and energy of a dipole in uniform field. Electric flux: Gauss's law; (Integral and differential forms) and its application. Charge in isolated conductors, conductor with a cavity, field near a charged conducting sheet. Field of infinite line of charge, field of infinite sheet of charge, field of spherical shell and field of spherical charge distribution. Electric Potential: Potential due to point charge, potential due to collection of point charges, potential due to dipole. Electric potential of continuous charge distribution. Poisson’s and Laplace equation without solution. Field as the gradient or derivative of potential. Potential and field inside and outside an isolated conductor.
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Capacitors and dielectrics: Capacitance, calculating the electric field in a capacitor. Capacitors of various shapes, cylindrical, spherical etc. and calculation of their capacitance. Energy stored in an electric field. Energy per unit volume. Capacitor with dielectric, Electric field of dielectric. An atomic view. Application of Gauss's Law to capacitor with dielectric. D C Circuits: Electric Current, current density J, resistance, resistivity, ρ, and conductivity, σ, Ohm’s Law, energy transfer in an electric circuit. Equation of continuity. Calculating the current in a single loop, multiple loops, voltages at various elements of a loop. Use of Kirchhoff's Ist & 2nd law, Thevenin theorem, Norton theorem and Superposition theorem, Growth and Decay of current in an RC circuit and their analytical treatment. Magnetic Field Effects and Magnetic Properties of Matter: Magnetic force on a charged particle, magnetic force on a current, Recall the previous results. Do not derive. Torque on a current loop. Magnetic dipole: Energy of magnetic dipole in field. Discuss quantitatively, Lorentz Force with its applications in CRO. Biot-Savart Law: Analytical treatment and applications to a current loop, force on two parallel current changing conductors. Ampere's Law, Integral and differential forms, applications to solenoids and toroids. (Integral form), Gauss's Law for Magnetism: Discuss and develop the concepts of conservation of magnetic flux, Differential form of Gauss’s Law. Origin of Atomic and Nuclear magnetism, Basic ideas.Bohr Magneton. Magnetization, Defining M, B, μ. Magnetic Materials, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism - Discussion. Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic materials. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM-II 3Cr.h Inductance: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, Review of emf, Faraday Law and Lenz’s Law, Induced electric fields, Calculation and application using differential and integral form, Inductance, “Basic definition”. Inductance of a Solenoid; Toroid. LR Circuits, Growth and Decay of current, analytical treatment. Energy stored in a magnetic field, Derive. Energy density and the magnetic field. Electromagnetic Oscillation, Qualitative discussion. Quantitative analysis using differential equatins. Forced electromagnetic oscillations and resonance. Alternating Current Circuits: Alternating current, AC current in resistive, inductive and capacitative elements. Single loop RLC circuit, Series and parallel circuits i.e. acceptor and rejector, Analytical expression for time dependent solution. Graphical analysis, phase angles. Power in A.C circuits: phase angles, RMS values, power factor. Electro-Magnetic Waves (Maxwell's Equations): Summarizing the electro- magnetic equations, (Gauss's law for electromagnetism, Faraday
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Law, Ampere's Law). Induced magnetic fields & displacement current. Development of concepts, applications. Maxwell's equations, (Integral & Differential forms) Discussion and implications. Generating an electro- magnetic wave. Travelling waves and Maxwell's equations. Analytical treatment; obtaining differential form of Maxwell's equations, obtaining the velocity of light from Maxwell's equations. Energy transport and the Poynting Vector. Analytical treatment and discussion of physical concepts. ELECTRONICS & MODERN PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Electronics: Basic crystal structure, free electron model, energy band in solid and energy gaps, p-type, n-type semiconductor materials, p-n junction diode, its structure. characteristics and application as rectifiers. Transistor, its basic structure and operation, transistor biasing for amplifiers, characteristics of common base, common emitter, common collector, load line, operating point, hybrid parameters (common emitter), Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter mode), Positive & negative feed back R.C. Oscillators, Monostable multi- vibrator (basic), Logic gates OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR and their basic applications. Origin of Quantum Theory: Black body radiation, Stefan Boltzmann-, Wiens- and Planck’s law, consequences. The quantization of energy, Photoelectric and Compton effect, Line spectra, Explanation using quantum theory.
Wave Nature of Matter: Wave behaviour of particle (wave function etc.) its definition and relation to probability of particle, D’broglie hypothesis and its testing, Davisson- Germer Experiment and J.P. Thomson Experiment, Wave packets and particles, localizing a wave in space and time.
Atomic Physics: Bohr’s theory (review), Frank-Hertz experiment, energy levels of electron, Atomic spectrum, Angular momentum of electrons, Vector atom model, Orbital angular momentum. Spin quantization, Bohr’s Magnetron. X-ray spectrum (continuous and discrete) Moseley’s law, Pauli’s exclusion principle and its use in developing the periodic table. MODERN PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Quantum Mechanics: Postulates of Quantum Mechanics; Quantum operators, Linear operators & their properties e.g. momentum operator, energy operator, Eigen value equation, Eigen values and eigen functions, Schrodinger equation (time dependent and time independent without derivation) and its applications to step potential, free particle, barrier, tunneling (basic idea), particle in a well, probability density using wave functions of states.
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Nuclear Physics: Basic properties of a nucleus, Mass and Atomic Numbers, Isotopes, mass and size of a nucleus, Nuclear force (Basic Idea), Nuclear Radii, Nuclear Masses. Binding energy, mass defect. Nuclear Spin and Magnetism and nuclear force. Natural Radioactivity: Laws of radioactive decay, half life, mean life, chain disintegration; Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma decays (basic idea), Measuring ionizing radiation (units i.e. Curie, Rad etc.) Nuclear Reactions: Basic Nuclear reactions, Q-value, Exothermic, Endothermic Nuclear model, Nuclear Reactors (Basic), Nuclear Fusion; Thermonuclear Fusion, Stars. Introduction to Quantum Optics (Laser) and Plasma Physics: Basic concepts of plasma and its applications, controlled thermonuclear fusion, and its basic concept of plasma and its requirements for a T.N. reactor. Basic concepts and characteristics of LASER, different types of lasers, working of He-Ne Laser, semi-conductor diode laser. PRACTICALS FOR BS (I and II) The following practicals are recommended for both BS 1st and 2nd year. Minimum number of practicals to be performed is 6 from each lab. Teachers are requested to emphasize on graphical analysis, error calculation and on system of S.I. units in the beginning of session. 1 cr.h for lab means 3 contact hours. LAB-I 1 Cr.h 1. Modulus of Rigidity by Static & Dynamic method (Maxwell’s needle,
Barton’s Apparatus). 2. To study the damping features of an oscillating system using simple
pendulum of variable mass. 3. Measurement of viscosity of liquid by Stoke’s / Poiseulli’s method. 4. Surface tension of water by capillary tube method. 5. To determine the value of “g” by compound pendulum/Kater’s
Pendulum. 6. To study the dependence of Centripetal force on mass, radius, and
angular velocity of a body in circular motion. 7. Investigation of phase change with position in traveling wave and
measurement of the velocity of sound by C.R.O. 8. Determination of moment of inertia of a solid/hollow cylinder and a
sphere etc. 9. To study the conservation of energy (Hook’s law).
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LAB-II 1 Cr.h
1. To determine thermal Emf and plot temperature diagram. 2. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a given wire. 3. Determination of “J” by Callender – Barnis method. 4. The determination of Stefan’s constant. 5. Calibration of thermocouple by potentiometer. 6. To determine frequency of AC supply by CRO. 7. To determine Horizontal/Vertical distance by Sextant. 8. The determination of wavelength of Sodium –D lines by Newton’s
Ring. 9. The determination of wavelength of light/laser by Diffraction grating. 10. Determination of wavelength of sodium light by Fresnel’s bi-prism. 11. The determination of resolving power of a diffraction grating. 12. The measurement of specific rotation of sugar by Polarimeter and
determination of sugar concentration in a given solution. 13. To study the combinations of harmonic motion (Lissajous figures). 14. To study the parameters of waves (Beats phenomenon). 15. To determine the Thermal conductivity of good and bad conductors
using Lee’s and Searl’s apparatus. 16. To study the laws of vibration of stretched string using sonometer. 17. To determine the stopping potential by photo cell.
LAB-III 1 Cr.h 1. Measurement of resistance using a Neon flash bulb and condenser 2. Conversion of a galvanometer into Voltmeter & an Ammeter 3. To study the characteristics of Photo emission and determination of
Plank’s constant using a Photo cell 4. Calibration of an Ammeter and a Voltmeter by potentiometer 5. Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer 6. Comparison of capacities by ballistic galvanometer. 7. To study the B.H. curve & measure the magnetic parameters. 8. Measurement of low resistance coil by a Carey Foster Bridge. 9. Resonance frequency of an acceptor circuit 10. Resonance frequency of a Rejecter Circuit. 11. Study of the parameter of wave i.e. amplitude, phase and time period
of a complex signal by CRO. 12. Measurement of self/mutual inductance. 13. Study of electric circuits by black box. 14. To study the network theorems (Superposition, Thevinin, Norton). 15. To study the application of Lorentz force by CRO.
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LAB-IV 1 Cr.h 1. Determination of e/m of an electron. 2. Determination of ionization potential of mercury. 3. Characteristics of a semiconductor diode (Compare Si with Ge diode) 4. Setting up of half & full wave rectifier & study of following factors
i. Smoothing effect of a capacitor ii. Ripple factor & its variation with load. iii. Study of regulation of output voltage with load.
5. To set up a single stage amplifier & measure its voltage gain and bandwidth.
6. To set up transistor oscillator circuit and measure its frequency by an oscilloscope.
7. To set up and study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND etc) using diode and to develop their truth table.
8. To set up an electronic switching circuit using transistor LDR and demonstrate its use as a NOT Gate.
9. Characteristics of a transistor. 10. To study the characteristic curves of a G. M. counter and use it to
determine the absorption co-efficient of β-particle in Aluminum. 11. Determination of range of α particles. 12. Mass absorption coefficient of lead for γ-rays using G.M counter. 13. Use of computer in the learning of knowledge of GATE and other
experiments.
NOTE: Universities may follow their programmes. Text Book 1. Halliday, D. Resnick, Krane, Physics, Vol. I & II, John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999 Books Recommended 1. Giancoli, Douglas, C. Physics for Scientist and Engineers with
Modern Physics, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall Inc. 1988. 2. Spiegel, Murray, R. Outline of Theory and Problems of Vector
Analysis and Introduction to Tensor Analysis, McGraw Hill, 1959. 3. A. Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book
Co., 1987. 4. Grobe, Basic Electronics, 7th ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. 1993. 5. Corson and Loran. Introduction to Electromagnetic Field and Waves. 6. Reitz, John R. and Milford Fredrick, J. Foundations to
Electromagnetic Theory, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. 1970.
7. Lorrain Paul & Corsen. Dale, R., Waves, 2nd ed. Freeman and Co. 1970.
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8. Ritz and Milford, Introduction to Electromagnetic Field and waves 9. Marker, Zemausty, Heat and Thermodynamics, 5th ed. McGraw Hill
Inc. 10. Hugh & Young, University Physics, 5th ed. Addison, Wesley Pub. Co. 11. R.A.Hashimi, A Textbook of Engineering and Thermodynamics. 12. Halliday, D. Resnick and Walker, Fundamental of Physics, Extended
ed. John Wiley, 5th ed. 1999.
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DETAIL OF COMPULSORY COURSES FOR BS PART (III AND IV)
MATHEMATICAL METHODS-I 3 Cr.h Vector Analysis: Review of vectors Algebra, Vector differentiation and gradient, Divergence and Gauss’s theorem, Vector integration, Green’s theorem in the plane, Curl and Stoke's theorem. Curvilinear Coordinates and Tensors: Curvilinear coordinate system, Gradient, Divergence and Curl in the curvilinear coordinates system, Cartesian, Spherical and Cylinderical coordinate system, Covariant and contravariant tensors, Tensor algebra, Quotient rule. Matrices: Linear vector spaces, Determinants, Matrices, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, Orthogonal matrices, Hermitian matrices, Similarity transformations, Diagonalization of matrices.
Group Theory: Introduction to groups, Group representation, Invariant subgroups, Discret groups-Dihedral groups, Continuous groups-O groups, SU(2) groups, Lie groups Complex Variables: Functions of a complex variable, Cauchy Riemann conditions and analytic functions, Cauchy integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor and Laurent series, Calculus of residue, Complex integration. Text Book: Mathematical Methods for Physicist, George Arfken, Acad Press 5th ed. Books Recommended 1. E. Butkov, ‘Mathematical Physics Addison-Wesley London (1968) 2. M.R.Spiegel, ‘Vector and Tensor Analysis’ Schaum’s Outline Series,
McGraw Hill, New York. 3 M.R.Spiegel, ‘Complex Variables’ Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw
Hill, New York. 4. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', Jhon Wiley
& Sons, New York (1989). 5. C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Oxford University,
Press, New York (1991). 6. Hassani, 'Foundations of Mathematical Physics', Prentice Hall
International Inc., Singapore (1991). 7. Chattopadhyay, 'Mathematical Physics', Wiley Eastern Limited, New
Delhi, (1990)
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MATHEMATICAL METHODS-II 3 Cr.h Differential Equations in Physics: First and second order linear differential equations, Partial differential equations of theoretical physics, Separation of variables,Homogeneous differential equations, Frobenius series solution of differential equations, Second solution, Nonhomogenous differential equations. Special Functions: Bessel functions and Hankel functions, Spherical Bessel functions, Legendre polynomials, Associated Legendre polynomials, Spherical harmonics Laguerre polynomials, Hermite polynomials. Fourier Series: Definition and general properties, Fourier series of various physical functions, Uses and application of Fourier series. Integral Transforms: Integral transform, Fourier transform, Convolution theorem, Elementary Laplace transform and its application. Boundary Value Problems and Green's Functions: Boundary value problems in Physics, Non-homogeneous boundary value problems and Green's functions, Green's functions for one dimensional problems, Eigenfunction expansion of Green's function, Construction of Green's functions in higher dimensions. Text Book: Mathematical Methods for Physicist, George Arfken, Acad Press 5th ed. Books Recommended 1. R. Bronson, ‘Differential Equations’ Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw
Hill, New York. 2. Mathematical Physics. 3. E. Butkov, ‘Mathematical Physics Addison-Weseley London . 4. M.L. Boas, 'Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences', John Wiley
& Sons, New York (1989). 5 C.W. Wong, 'Introduction to Mathematical Physics', Oxford University,
Press, New York (1991). 6. Hassani, 'Foundations of Mathematical Physics', Prentice Hall
International Inc., Singapore (1991). 7. Chattopadhyay, 'Mathematical Physics', Wiley Eastern Limited, New
Delhi, (1990). 8. H. Cohen, 'Mathematics for Scientists & Engineers' Prentice Hall
International Inc., New Jersey (1992).
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QUANTUM MECHANICS-I 3 Cr.h Quantum Mechanics of One Dimensional Problems: Review of concepts of classical mechanics, State of a system, Properties of one dimensional potential functions, Functions and expectation values, Dirac notation, Hermitian operators, Solutions of Schrodinger equation for free particles, The potential barrier problems, The linear harmonic oscillator, Particle in a box. Formalism of Quantum Mechanics: The state of a system, Dynamical variables and operators, Commuting and non commuting operators, Heisenberg uncertainty relations, Time evolution of a system, Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures, Symmetry principles and conservation laws. Angular Momentum: Orbital angular momentum, Spin, The eigenvalues and eigen functions of L2 and Lz, Matrix representation of angular momentum operators, Addition of angular momenta. Schrodinger Equation in Three Dimensions: Separation of Schrodinger equation in cartesian coordinates, Central potentials, The free particle, Three dimensional square well potential, The hydrogenic atom, Three dimensional square well potential, The hydrogenic atom, Three dimensional isotopic oscillator. Books Recommended 1. B.H. Bransden & C.J. Joachain, 'Introduction to Quantum Mechanics'
Longman Scientific & Technical London (1990). 2. J.S. Townsend, 'A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics',
McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore (1992). 3. W. Greiner, 'Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction', Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Reading Mass. (1980). 4. R.L. Liboff, 'Introductory Quantum mechanics', Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Reading Mass. (1980). 5. Bialynicki-Birula, M. Cieplak & J. Kaminski, 'Theory of Quantua',
Oxford University Press, New York (1992). 6. W. Greiner, 'Relativistic Quantum Mechanics', Springer Verlag, Berlin
(1990). 7. F. Schwable, 'Quantum Mechanics', Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi (1992). 8 David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, PRENTICE
Hall, Int., Inc. 9. .Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Singapore.
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QUANTUM MECHANICS-II 3 Cr.h Approximate Methods: Time independent perturbation theory for non degenerate and degenerate levels, the variational method, The WKB approximation, Time dependent perturbation theory. Identical Particles and Second Quantization: Indistinguishability of identical particles, Systems of identical particles, Quantum dynamics of identical particle systems, statistics, Symmetry of states, Fermions, Bosons. Theory of Scattering: Scattering experiments and cross sections, Potential scattering, The method of partial waves, The Born’s approximation. The Interaction of Quantum Systems with Radiation: Electromagnetic field and its interaction with one electron system, Transition rates, Spontaneous emission, Selection rules for electric dipole transitions, The spin of photon and its helicity. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Schrodinger relativistic equation, Probability and current densities, Klein-Gordon equation and hydrogen atom, Dirac relativistic equation. Books Recommended 1. B.H. Bransden & C.J. Joachain, 'Introduction to Quantum Mechanics'
Longman Scientific & Technical London (1990). 2. J.S. Townsend, 'A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics',
McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore (1992). 3. W. Greiner, 'Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction', Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Reading Mass. (1980). 4. R.L. Liboff, 'Introductory Quantum mechanics', Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Reading Mass. (1980). 5. Bialynicki-Birula, M. Cieplak & J. Kaminski, 'Theory of Quantua',
Oxford University Press, New York (1992). 6. W. Greiner, 'Relativistic Quantum Mechanics', Springer Verlag, Berlin
(1990). 7. F. Schwable, 'Quantum Mechanics', Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi (1992). 8 David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, PRENTICE
Hall, Int., Inc. 9. S.Gasiorowicz, Quantum Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Singapore.
26
CLASSICAL MECHANICS 3 Cr.h Elementary Principles: Brief Survey of Newtonian mechanics of a system of particles, constraints, Alembert's principle, Lagrange's equation and its applications. Virtual work. Variational Principles: Calculus of variation and Hamilton's principle, Derivation of Lagrange's equation from Hamilton's principle. Two Body Central Force Problem: Low and least action, two body problem and its reduction to one body problem. Equation of motion and solution for one body problem, Kepler's Laws Laboratory and centre of mass systems, Rutherford scattering. Kinematics of Rigid Body Motion: Orthogonal transformations, Eulerian angles, Euler's theorem, The coriolis force. Rigid Body Equation of Motion: Angular momentum, Tensors and dyadics, Moment of inertia, Rigid body problems and Euler's equations. Hamilton Equation of Motion: Legendre transformation and Hamilton equations of motion, Conservation theorems. Canonical Transformations: Examples of canoical transformations, Lagrange and Poison brackets, Liouville's theorem. Books Recommended 1. H. Goldstein, 'Classical Mechanics', 2nd. Edn., Addison Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts (1980). 2. V.I. Arnold, Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics Springer
verlag, New York (1980). 3. S.N. Rasband, 'Dynamics', John Wiley & Sons, New York (1983). 4. R.A. Matzner & L.C. Shepley, 'Classical Mechanics', Prentice Hall
Inc., London (1991). 5. N.M.J. Woodhouse, 'Introduction to Analytical Dynamics', Oxford
Science Publications, Oxford (1987). ELECTRODYNAMICS 3 Cr.h Fundamental Concepts: Recapitulation of the fundamental concepts, Induction B, Addition of Laplace equation and methods of images. Magnetic intensity H, Maxwell's equations in differential and integral forms, Poynting theorem and energy conservation.
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Static Electromagnetic Fields: Electrostatic fields in several dielectric media, Magneto static fields of magnetized matter, Magnetostatic field of stationary current, Magnetization current. Time Dependent Electromagnetic Fields: Maxwell's equations for quasi stationery fields, Potentials of a rapidly varying field, Fields of uniformly moving and accelerated charges, Radiation from an accelerated charge, Field of oscillating expansion of electro magnetic field, Multiple fields. Expansion of emf. Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves: Laws of reflection and refraction, Fresnel's formula, Total reflection, Refraction in conducting media, Reflection from a conducting surface. Propagation of Plane Electromagnetic Waves: monochromatic waves and plane waves, Forced oscillation of an electronic oscillator, Scattering by a bound electron, Dispersion in dilute medium and dense media, Dispersion in metallic conductor, Group velocity. Loren z, grange and Coloumb grange. Skin Effect and Wave Guides: High frequency current in a semi infinite conductor, Internal impedance at high frequencies, Waves guided by parallel plane conductor, Transmission by a rectangular. Wave Guidance, Power transfer and attenuation, Wave guides as cavity resonators, Q of a cavity resonator, Waves guided by dielectrics. Books Recommended 1. H.C. Ohanion, 'Classical Electrodynamics', Allyn & bacon Inc.,
Massachusetts (1988). 2. Y.K. Lim, 'Introduction to Classical Elecrodynamics, World Scientific
Publishing Co. Pt., Singapore (1986). 3. P.C. Lorrain & D.R. Corson, 'Electromagnetic Fields and Waves',
W.H. Freeman & Co., New York (1978). 4. C.R. Paul & S.A. Nasar, 'Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields,
McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore (1987). 5. A.M. Portis, 'Electromagnetic Fields', John Wiley & Sons, New York
(1978). 6. D. Grifftns, An introduction to Dynamics, Prentice Hall, 1984 Jackson,
Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley, 1975 7. Ritze Millfadad Chiristy, Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory
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ELECTRONICS 3 Cr.h Special Diodes: Zener diodes, Zener regulators, Varactor diodes, Schottky diodes, Light emitting diodes, Photodiodes, Tunnel diodes, Varistors and their applications. Transistor Circuits: Bipolar transistors; parameters and ratings, Ebers-Moll, Hybrid-p and h,z and y-parameter models, Switching circuits, Biasing and stability, Common emitter, Common base and common collector amplifiers, Frequency response, Power class A, B, and C amplifiers, Field Effect FET: Transistors; Junction FET, MOSFET, Operation and construction, Biasing, Common source and common drain amplifiers, Frequency response. Multistage Amplifiers; RC coupled and direct coupled stages, The differential amplifiers, Negative feedback, Tuned RF Voltage amplifiers, I-F Amplifiers and automatic gain control., Operational Amplifiers: Ideal op-amps, Simple op-amp arrangements, its data and sheet parameters, Non inverting and inverting circuits, Feedback and stability, Op-amp applications; Comparators, Summing, Active filters, Integrator and Differentiator, Instrumentation amplifier. Oscillators: Armstrong, Hartley, CMOSS, Colpit's Phase shift and 555 timer oscillators. Voltage Regulators: Series, Shunt and switching regulators. Power supply. Books Recommended 1. J. Millman & C.C. Halkias, 'Integrated Electronics', McGraw Hill Book
Company, Singapore (Latest Edition). 2. T.L. Floyd, 'Electronic Devices', Merril Publishing Company Columbus
(1988). 3. A.P. Malvino, 'Electronic Principles', Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
(1988). 4. D.B. Bell, 'Electronic devices & Circuits', Reston Publishing Company
Inc., Virginia (1980). 5. C.J. Savant Jr. M.S. Roden, G.L. Carpenter, 'Electronic Design Circuit
& Systems', The Bengamin/Cummings Publishing Co., California (1991).
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THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Basic postulates, fundamental equations and equations of state, response functions Maxwell's relation, reduction of derivatives. Elements of Probability Theory: Probabilities, distribution functions, statistical interpretation of entropy, Boltzmann H-theorem.
Formulation of Statistical Methods: Ensembles, counting of states (in classical and quantum mechanical systems, examples) partition function, Boltzmann distribution. Formation of Microcononical, canonical and grand canonical partion function.
Partition Function: Relations of partition function with thermodynamic variables, examples (collection of simple harmonic oscillators, Pauli and Van Vleck paramagnetics, Theorem of equipartition of energy.
Statistical Systems: Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac statistical systems. Examples of thermodynamics of these systems; Black body radiations, Gas of electrons in solids.
Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Systems: Lattice vibrations in solids; Van der Waals Gas: mean field calculation; Ferromagnets in Mean Field Approximation.
Advanced Topics: Fluctuations, Bose-Einstein Condensation, Introduction to density matrix approach.
Books Recommended 1. F. Mandl, Statistical Physics, ELBS/John Willey, 2nd Ed. 1988. 2. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw
Hill, 1965.
Lab-V & VI
• To study the characteristics of a Geiger-Muller counter and to examine the attenuations of beta particles in Al-and Pb foils.
• Measurement of the half life of a radio nuclide. To study the pulse-height as a function of the H.H.T. in a scintillation counter.
• Measurement of the spectrum of gama rays from a radioisotope. Shielding and attenuation of gamma rays.
• To study the characteristics of a solid-state detector and use it to measure the spectra of alpha and beta particles.
• Use of a Lithium-drifted Ge-counter for gamme spectroscopy and to compare its performance with that of a nal-detector.
• AC circuits and dielectric constants of water and ice. • Radio frequency measurement. Skin effect, etc.
30
• Experiments with transmission lines. • Measurement of characteristic impedance. Velocity. Standing wave
ratio, etc. • Study of random processes and fluctuations in random processes
(Poission distribution, etc.) Measurement of transistor hybrid parameters.
• To build and investigate the properties of hard value multivibrators. • Transistor pulse-circuitry (three types of flipflop and the Schmidt
trigger circuit). • Design of high or medium voltage dc power supply and measurement
of the voltage regulation. Ripple factor etc. • Design of an L.F.R.C. coupled amplifier and a study of its
characteristics. • Design of high or medium voltage dc power supply and measurement
of the voltage regulation. Ripple factor, etc. • Design of a medium wave T.R.F. or superheterdyne receiver and
measurement of its sensitivity. Power out-put selectivity, etc. the operational amplifier.
• To design and build a linear integrator to enable digitization of photo-multiplier pulses, or to design and build a height-to-width converter.
• To design and build a lotic circuit (using AND/OR/NOR gates) for performing a given function.
• Study of leaser parameters. Gain characteristics and spectral response of a photo-multiplier tube.
N.B. At least 5 experiments in each semester is the required minimum. Books Recommended:
1. H.Mark and H.T. Olsono. Experiments in Modern Physics (McGraw-Hill).
2. A.C. Melissinos. Experiments in Modern Physics (Academic). 3. R.J. Higgings. Experimental Electronics (McGraw-Hill). NUCLEAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h History: Starting from Bacqurel’s discovery of radioactivity to Chedwick’s neutron. Basic Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear size, mass, binding energy, nuclear spin,magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moment, parity and statistics. Nuclear Forces: Yukawa's theory of nuclear forces. Nucleon scattering, charge independence and spin dependence of nuclear force, isotopic spin.
31
Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model; Fermi gas model, Shell model; Collective model. Theories of Radioactive Decay: Theory of Alpha decay and explanation of observed phenomena, measurement of Beta ray energies, the magnetic lens spectrometer, Fermi theory of Beta decay, Neutrino hypothesis, theory of Gamma decay, multipolarity of Gamma rays, Nuclear isomerism. Nuclear Reactions: Conservation laws of nuclear reactions, Q-value and threshold energy of nuclear reaction, energy level and level width, cross sections for nuclear reactions, compound nucleolus theory of nuclear reaction and its limitations, direct reaction, resonance reactions, Breit-Wigner one level formula including the effect of angular momentum. Books Recommended: 1. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977. 2. Kaplan, Nuclear Physics, Addison-Wisely, 1980. 3. Green, Nuclear Physics, McGraw Hill, 1995. 4. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995. 5. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999. COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Computer Languages: A brief introduction of the computer languages like Basic, C. Pascal etc and known software packages of computation. Numerical Methods: Numerical Solutions of equations, Regression and interpolation, Numerical integration and differentiation. Error analysis and technique for elimination of systematic and random errors. Modeling & Simulations: Conceptual models, The mathematical models, Random numbers and random walk, Doing Physics with random numbers, Computer simulation, Relationship of modeling and simulation. Some systems of interest for physicists such as Motion of Falling objects, Kepler's problems, Oscillatory motion, Many particle systems, Dynamic systems, Wave phenomena, Field of static charges and current, Diffusion, Populations genetics etc. Books Recommended 1. M. L. De Jong, 'Introduction to Computational Physics', Addison
Wesley Publishing Company Inc., Massachusetts (1991). 2. S.T. Koonini, Computational Physics', The Benjamin/Coming
Publishing Inc., California (1986).
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3. P.K. Macheown & D.J. Merman, Computational Techniques in Physics' Adm Hilger, Bristol (1987).
4. H. Gould & J. Tobochnik, 'An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods', Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Rading Massachusetts(1988).
5. S.C. Chapra & R.P. Chanle, 'Numerical Methods for Engineers with Personal Computer Applications, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York (1965).
SOLID STATE PHYSICS-I 3Cr.h Simple crystal structure. Principles of X-ray diffraction with the concept of reciprocal lattice. Interatomic forces and type of bonding. Lattice vibrations: thermal, acoustic and optical properties. Free electron theory of metals. Introductory band theory of solids. Simple Fermi surfaces. Books Recommended 1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John
Wiley. 2. M.A. Omer, Elementary Solid State Physics, Addison-Wesley Pub.
Co.1974. 3. S.O.Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub. 2003. SOLID STATE PHYSICS-II 3Cr.h
Transport properties of solids. Boltzmann equation. Point defects and dislocations in solids. Dielectrics. Dia, Para and Ferro-magnetism. Magnetic relaxation and resonance phenomena. Superconductivity and devices. Introduction to superconductivity with applications. Books Recommended
1. C. Kittle, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th edition 1996, John Wiley.
2. S.O.Pillai, Solid State Physics, New Age International Pub. 2003. 3. W.T. Read Jr. Dislocations in crystals, McGraw Hill, 1991. 4. C.M. Kachaava, Solid State Physics, Tata McGraw Hill. Co. New
Delhi, 1989. 5. J.R. Christman, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1988. 6. H.E. Hall, Solid State Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982. 7. A. Guinier & R. Jullien, The Solid State, Oxford University Press,
Oxford, 1989.
33
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Review of Bohr’s theory, Sommerfeld model, Frank Hertz Experiment, Stern Gerlack Experiment, Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom, quantum numbers, radiative transitions, selection rules, normal Zeeman effect Many body atom, Pauli exclusion principle, Spin orbit coupling LS coupling, Hartree method, X-ray spectra. Molecular spectra: Ionic and covalent bonding, diatomic molecula-rotational, vibrational, and electronic spectra, Polyatomic molecules. Blackbody radiation, Einstein c-efficient and stimulated emission, pumping schemes, characteristic of laser beam, resonators, different types of lasers. Books Recommended 1. Anne, P. Thorn, Spectrophysics, 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, 1988. 2. B.H. Bransden and C.J.Joachain, Physics of atoms and molecules,
Longmans, London, 1983. 3. Robert Eisberg, and Robert Resnick, Quantum Physics of atoms,
molecules, solids, nuclei and particles, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, 1985.
4. B.B. Laud, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, 2nd ed. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, 1991.
5. Koichi Shimoda, Introduction to Laser Physics, Springer Verlag, 1983. PROJECT 3 Cr.h Lab-VII
• Measurement of the total neutron cross-section. • To prove the Rutherford law of scattering of charged particles. • Measurement of the spectrum of gamma rays from a radioisotope
(e.g.Cs) and study of their photoelectric and Compton absorption. • Source strength of Co60 by gamma coincidence methods. • Determination of the constituents of substance by activation analysis. • To examine the characteristics of a Solid-State detector and to use it
for alpha and beta Spectroscopy and compare the results with those obtained by a scintillation counter.
• Use of an analogue computer for solving differential equations. • To examine the stopping-power of various substances for thermal
neutrons. • Determination of Planck’s constant (h) by using the photoelectric
effect. • Determination of the charge on an electron (e) by Millikan’s method.
34
• The Frank-hertz experiment (Measurement of excitation potential of Hg).
• Determination of the Rydberg constant from the spectrum of hydrogen.
• Fabry-Perot interferometer used as a gas refractometer. • To study the Zeeman effect for a line in the spectrum of helium. • Experiments with microwaves. Study of their optical properties. • Electron spin resonance (E.S.R.) by microwave absorption. • Nuclear magnetic resonance (N.M.R.) of protons in water. • The study of the Mossbauer effect. • The measurement of the Hall effect in germanium and silicon. • To build a medium or short-wave transmitter. • Measurement of the conductivity of Si and Ge as a functions of
temperature. • To determine the energy gap in silicon and Germanium. • Drift mobility. (Shockley-Haynes experiments for Germanium,
demonstrating transistor action). • Simple diode manufacture and point-contact transistor.
N.B. At least 5 experiments in each semester in the required minimum. Books Recommended: 1. H.Mark and N.T. Olson, Experiments in Modern Physics (McGraw-Hill). 2. A.C. Melissionos, Experiments in Modern Physics (Academic). 3. T.S. Gray, Applied Electronics (John-Wiley and Sons).
NOTE: 1. Universities should follow their own programmes of Lab-V
to VII.
2. Prof. Asghar will also provide the details of labs Lab-V to VII Phy-309, Phy-310, Phy-407.
35
DETAIL OF OPTIONAL COURSES FOR BS PART (IV)
PLASMA PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Introduction, Occurrance of plasma. Concept of temperature. Debye shielding. The plasma parameter. Criteria for plasma. Applications of plasma physics. Single-particle motion in electromegnatic field. Uniform and nonuniform E and B fields. Time-variant E and B fields. Fluid description of plasma. Wave propagation in plasma. Derivation of dispersion relations for simple electrostatic and electromagnetic modes. Introduction to Controlled Fusion: Basic nuclear fusion reactions. Reaction rates and power density, radiation losses from plasma, operational conditions. Books Recommended: 1. F.F.Chen, Introduction to plasma Physics, 2nd ed. (Plenum). 2. N.A.Krall and A.W.Trivelpiece, Principles of Plasma Physics, 1973
(McGraw Hill). 3. S.Glasstone and R.H.Lovberg, Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions,
1960 (D.Van Nestrand). SURFACE PHYSICS 3 Cr.h An Introduction to Surfaces: What is a surface? The energetics and thermodynmics of creating a surface. An introduction to surface Physics. Surface energies and the Wulff Theorem. Studying Surfaces: What is UHV? Do we need UHV to study surfaces? The kinetic theory of gases, concept of vacuum and standard vacuum hardware components. Comparison of different types of pumps with measurement of vacuum pressure. Preparing a clean surface. Surface Structures and Reconstructions: Lattice concept. 3 D crystal structures, 2D surface structures. Specific types of surface, fcc, hcp, bcc and stepped surfaces and a discussion of their relative energies. More complex ceconstruction, stability, growth mechanisms, adsorption. Desorption and experimental probes of surface structure such a LEED and RHEED. The structure of semi-conductor surfaces. The surface structures of very small metal particles. Adsorption, Desorption Bonding , Catalysis and Growth Processes: Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics chemisorption vs. physiorption, the kinetics of adsorption, potential energy curves and adsorption energetics.
36
Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics for low coverages Langmuir Isotherms, derivation, adsorbate phase diagrams and phase transitions. The Structure of Adsorbate Layers: Experimental probes of surface structure such as LEED and RHEED. Growth processes, vibrational spectroscopy, catalysis, Desorption. The Electronics and Magnetic Structure of Surfaces: Band theory, Free electron theories and the work function. The electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces, Electron emission processes. Magnetic processes at surfaces. Electron-Surface Interactions: Electron diffraction and quasi – elastic scattering, comparison of particle scattering techniques. Electron spectroscopes, Discussion of the merits of different types of electron energy analysers and electron deterctors. Signal processing and spectral analysis. Theory and practice of Auger electron spectroscopy, Quantification of Auger spectra, Auger depth. Profiling. Atom/ion surface interactions: Comparison of particle scattering techniques, An Introduciton to the theory and practice of SIMS, SIMS imaging and depth profiling, Auger depth profiling, theory and practice of Rutherford. Back scattering. Surface Microscopy: Classification of microscopy techniques, Basic concepts in surface imaging and localized spectroscopy, Imaging XPS, Optical microscopy, STEM. SEM. SPM. An introduction to the theory and practice of scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Scanning probe microscopy techniques, Atomic Force Microscopy. Books Recommended 1. John A. Venables, Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes
Cambridge University Press (2000). FLUID DYNAMICS 3 Cr.h Basic Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals of Continuum mechanics, Kinematics of the flow field, The continuity equation, governing equations of fluid motion, Incompressible flows, Compressible flows, Thin aerofoil. Boundary Layer Theory: Laminar Boundary layer, Turbulent Boundary layer. Reynold’s number. Computational Fluid dynamics-I: Introduction to numerical computation, Introduction to numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equation’s using
37
multi-step methods, Boundary value problems, Introduction to solution of Partial Differential Equiation’s using finite difference methods Advanced Techniques. Computational Fluid Dynamics-II: Governing equations in integral and differential form, Reduced forms of governing equations, The finite volume method, Incompressible and compressible flow & their methods, Discrete methods for the steady state and time dependent advection diffusion equation, The pressure correction method on staggered and unstaggered grids, Time marching schemes, Incorporation of turbulence models, Schemes for solving large algebraic systems, Use of a commercial code for the predication off complex flows. Experimental Methods: Introduction to laboratory techniques, Laboratory sessions (preceded by lectures): water waves, air flow past a cylinder aero foils, hydraulic jumps, vortex shedding and vibrations, turbulent jets and plumes. Books Recommended
1. H.Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Doer, 6th edition 1993. 2. White, F.M. Viscous flud flow (second Edition), Mcgraw Hill, 1991. 3. P.J. Roache, “Computational Fluid Dynamics”, Albuquerque, N.M.,
Hemosa Publishers. 4. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere,
1980. 5. K.A. Hoffmann and S.T. Chiang. Computational Fluid Dynamics for
Engineers, Vol.1 & 11, 1993. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h
Vacuum Techniques: Gas Transport: Throughout, Pumping Speed, Pump down Time Ultimate pressure. Fore-Vacuum Pumps: Rotary Oil pumps; sorption pumps. Diffusion pumps, sorption pumps (High Vacuum). Production of ultrahigh vacuum; Fundamental concepts; guttering pumps; Ion pumps; Cryogenic pumps; Turbo molecular pumps. Measurement of total pressure in Vacuums Systems; Units pressure ranges; Manometers; Perini gauges; The McLoad gauges; Mass spectrometer for partial measurement of pressure. Design of high Vacuum system; Surface to Volume ratio; Pump Choice; pumping system design. Vacuum Components; Vacuum valves; vacuum Flanges; Liquid Nitrogen trap; Mechanical feed throughs & Electrical feed throughs Leak detection: Basic consideration; leak detection equipment; Special Techniques and problems; Repair Techniques.
38
Radiation Detection and Measurement: GM tubes, scintillation detector, channeltron, photo multipliers, neutron detectors, alpha/beta detectors, x-rays/gamma detectors, cosmic rays detectors, Spectrographs and Interferometers.
Sensor Technology: Sensors for temperature, pressure displacement, rotation, flow, level, speed, rotation position, phase, current voltage, power magnetic field, tilt, metal, explosive and heat.
Electronics and Electronic Instruments: Operational amplifiers, summing amplifiers, difference amplifiers, Differentiators, Integrators, Logarithmic amplifiers, current to voltage converter, Spectroscopy amplifiers, charge sensitive pre-amplifiers, Coincidence circuits, Isolators, Ramp Generators, and single channel analyzer. Power supplies, Signal Generators, Counters, Multichannel analyzer, Lock in Amplifiers, Boxcar averages.
Computer Introduction: Introduction to computers, GPIB Interface, RS 232. Interfacing, DA/AD conversion, Visual c/visual Basic.
Data Analysis: Evaluation of measurement: Systematic Errors, Accuracy; Accidental Errors, Precision, Statistical Methods; Mean Value and Variance; Statistical Control of Measurements; Errors of Direct measurements, Rejection of data; Significance of results; Propagation of errors; preliminary Estimation; Errors of Computation. Least squares fit to a polynomial. Nonlinear functions. Data manipulation, smoothing, interpolation and extrapolation, linear and parabolic interpolation.
Books Recommended
1. H.D.Young, Statistical Treatment of Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic Press, Inc. New York & London Vol.1.
2. J. Yarwood, High Vacuum Techniques, Chapman Hall. 3. P. Bevington, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for Physical
Science, McGraw Hill. 4. J.B.Toping, Errors of Observations, IOP, 1962. ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Introduction to the Essentials of Environmental Physics: The economic system, living in green house, enjoying the sun, Transport of matter, Energy and momentum, the social and political context. Basic Environmental Spectroscopy: Black body radiation, The emission spectrum of sun, The transition electric dipole moment, The Einstein Coefficients, Lambert – Beer’s law, The spectroscopy of bi-molecules, Solar UV and life, The ozone filter.
39
The Global Climate: The energy Balance, (Zero-dimensional Greenhouse Model), elements of weather and climate, climate variations and modeling. Transport of Pollutants: Diffusion, flow in reverse, ground water. Flow equations of fluid Dynamics, Turbulence, Turbulence Diffusion, Gaussian plumes in air, Turbulent jets and planes. Noise: Basic Acoustics, Human Perceptions and noise criteria, reducing the transmission of sound, active control of sound. Radiation: General laws of Radiation, Natural radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation and plants, utilization of photo synthetically active radiation. Atmosphere and Climate: Structure of the atmosphere, vertical profiles in the lower layers of the atmosphere, Lateral movement in the atmosphere, Atmospheric Circulation, cloud and Precipitation, The atmospheric greenhouse effect. Topo Climates and Micro Climates: Effects of surface elements in flat and widely unduling areas, Dynamic action of seliq. Thermal action of selief. Climatology and Measurements of Climate Factor: Data collection and organization, statistical analysis of climatic data, climatic indices, General characteristics of measuring equipments. Measurement of temperature, air humidity, surface wind velocity, Radiation balance, precipitation, Atmospheric Pressure, automatic weather stations. Books Recommended
1. Egbert Booker and Rienk Van Gron Belle, Environmental Physics, 2nd ed. John Wiley and sons. 1999.
2. Physics of Environmental and Climate, Guyot Praxis Publication. 1998.
INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING 3 Cr.h
Computer technology and historical background; Basic principles and postulates of quantum mechanics: Quantum states, evolution, quantum measurement, superposition, quantization from bits to qubits, operator function, density matrix, Schrodinger equation, Schmidt decomposition, EPR and Bell’s inequality; Quantum Computation: Quantum Circuits, Single qubit operation, Controlled operations, Measurement, Universal quantum gates, Single qubit and CNOT gates; Breaking unbreakable codes: Code making, Trapdoor function, One time pad, RSA cryptography, Code breaking on classical and quantum computers, Schor’s algorithm; Quantum Cryptography: Uncertainty principle, Polarization and Spin basis, BB84,
40
BB90, and Ekert protocols, Quantum cryptography with and without eavesdropping, Experimental realization; Quantum Search Algorithm. Books Recommended
1. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information by M. A. Nielson and I. L. Chuang, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000.
2. Exploration in Quantum Computation by C.P. Williams and S. H. Clearwater, Springer Verlag (1997).
3. The Physics of Quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation by P. Bouwmester, A. Ekert, and A. Zeilinger, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg (2000).
4. Mathematics of Quantum Computation by A.K.Brylinsky and G. Chen, Chapman & Hall/CRC (2002).
SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES 3 Cr.h Introduction and Fundamentals: Atoms and Electrons, Onset of Modern Physics, Quantum Mechanics and the Periodic Table, Crystals and Semiconductor Crystals; Bonds and Bands; Energy Bands of Semiconductors; Carriers in Semiconductors: Charge Carriers, Carrier Concentrations, Drift of Carriers in Electric and Magnetic fields; Excess Carriers in Semiconductors: Optical Properties, Carrier Lifetime, Diffusion of Carriers; Fabrication of PN Junction: Equilibrium Conditions, Forward and Reverse Biased Junctions, Steady State, Reverse Bias Breakdown, Transient and AC Conditions, Theory and Deviation from it; Metal Semiconductor Junctions: Schottky barriers and Rectifiers, Ohmic Contacts. Field Effect Transistors: Transistor Operation, FET’s, Junction FET, Metal – Semiconductor FET (MESFET), Metal Insulator FET (MISFET), MOSFET; Bipolar Junction Transistors: Fabrication, Theory and Characteristics; Optical Devices: LED’s, Laser Diodes, Photo-detectors; Integration of Discrete Components on a chip: Fabrication Processes and Technology
41
Text Book 1. Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banarjee, Solid State Electronic
Devices Printice Hall (5th Edition).
PARTICLE PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Particle Classification: Quantum numbers, leptons, hadrons, baryons, mesons, quarks. The Fundamental Interactions: The electromagnetic coupling, the strong coupling, the weak coupling. Symmetry Transformation and Conservation Laws: Translation in space, rotation in space, the group SU (2), systems of identical particles, parity, iso-spin charge conjugation, time reversal, G parity, CPT theorem. The Electromagnetic Field: Gauge invariance and Maxwell’s equations, polarization ad photon spin, angular momentum, parity and C parity of photon. Hadron Spectroscopy: Formation experiment, partial wave formalism and the optical theorem, the Breit-Wigner resonance formula, baryon resonances, phase space considerations, production experiments. The Quark Model: The group SU (3), quarks, hadrons baryons, mesons in quark model, heave meson spectroscopy, the quarkonium model. The Standard Model (qualitative treatment only): Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions Glashow-Salam-Weinberg Model. Books Recommended 1. Relatvistic Quantum Mechanics by Bjorken, J. D. and Drell, S.D.,
McGraw Hill, (1995). 2. Quarks and Leptons by Halzen, F. and Martin, A.D., John-Wiley and
Sons. (1984). 3. Quantum Mechanics by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin, World Scientific,
(1990). 4. Introduction to Elementary Particles by Griffiths, D., John-Wiley and
Sons, (1987).
42
SEMICONDUCTOR OPTOELECTRONICS DEVICES 3Cr.h Basic Concepts: Elemental and Compound Semiconductor Materials, Electronic Properties and their Importance to Optical properties of Semiconductors; Optical Processes in Semiconductors: Luminescence in Semiconductors, Absorption and Emission, Absorption in Quantum Wells, Exciton; The Semiconductor Diode Laser: Broad area laser diodes, threshold current density and quantum efficiency, light-current characteristic, longitudinal mode spectra, lateral waveguides; Quantum Well Heterostructure Lasers: Basics of quantum well lasers, state filling in quantum well lasers, performance characteristics of QW Lasers; Strained Quantum Well Lasers: Electronic structure and gain; High Speed Lasers: Rate equation analysis, laser dynamics, linewidth and chirp, relative intensity noise, high-seed laser design, large-signal modulation; Reduced Dimension Structures: Quantum wire lasers, quantum dot lasers; LD Structures: Single-mode and tunable laser diodes, high-power semiconductor lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs); Additional topics in Optoelectronics: Semiconductor Photodetectors; Photovoltaics; optical modulators; Introduction to Optical Fibers and optical waveguides. Recommended Books: 1. Jasprit Singh, Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Physics and
Technology, McGraw Hill, 1995. 2. Pallab Bhattacharya, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, Prentice
Hall (1998).
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES 3 Cr.h Energy Scenarios: Importance of energy, world primary energy sources, energy demand, supplies, reserves, growth in demand, life estimates, and consumption pattern of conventional energy sources: oil, gas, coal, hydro, nuclear etc. Energy & Environment: Emission of pollutants from fossil fuels and their damaging effects, and economics impact; Renewable energy and its sustainability.
43
Renewable Scenarios: Defining renewable, promising renewable energy sources, their potential, availability, present status, existing technologies and availability. Solar Energy: Sun-Earth relationship, geometry, sun path and solar irradiance, solar spectrum, solar constant, atmospheric effects, global distribution, daily and seasonal variations, effects of till angle, resource estimation, extraterrestrial, global, direct, diffused radiation, sun shine hours, air mass, hourly, monthly and annual mean, radiation on tilt surface, measuring instruments. Solar Thermal: Flat plate collectors, their designs, heat transfer, transmission through glass, absorption transmission of sun energy, selective surfaces, performance, and efficiency; low temperature applications: water heating, cooking, drying, desalination, their designs and performance; concentrators, their designs, power generation, performance and problems. Photovoltaic: PV effect, materials, solar cell working, efficiencies, different types of solar cells, characteristics, (dark, under illumination), efficiency limiting factors, power, spectral response, fill-factor, temperature effect; PV systems, components, packing fraction, modules, arrays, controllers, inverters, storage, PV system sizing, designing, performance and applications. Wind: Global distribution, resource assessment, wind speed, height and topographic effects, power extraction for wind energy conversion, wind mills, their types, capacity, properties, wind mills for water lifting and power generation, environmental effect. Hydropower: Global resources, and their assessment, classification, micro, mini, small and large resources, principles of energy conversion; turbines, types, their working and efficiency for micro to small power systems; environmental impact. Biogas: Biomass sources; residue, farms, forest. Solid wastes: agricultural, industrial and municipal wastes etc; applications, traditional and non-traditional uses: utilization process, gasification, digester, types, energy forming, Environment issues. Resources availability; digester, their types, sizes, and working, gas production, efficiency; environmental effects; Geothermal: Temperature variation in the earth, sites, potentials, availability, extraction techniques, applications; water and space heating, power generations, problems, environmental effects. Waves and Tides: Wave motion, energy, potentials, sites, power extraction, and transmission, generation of tides, their power, global sites,
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power generation, resource assessment, problems, current status and future prospects. Hydrogen Fuel: Importance of H2 as energy carrier, Properties of H2, production, hydrolysis, fuel cells, types, applications, current status and future prospects. Nuclear: Global generations of reserves through reprocessing and breeder reactors, growth rate, prospects of nuclear fusion, safety and hazards issue. Energy Storage: Importance of energy storage, storage systems, mechanical, chemical, biological, heat, electrical, fuel cells etc. Books Recommended 1. World Energy Supply: Resources, Technologies, Prospectives:
Manfred Grathwohl; Walter deGruyter – Berlin, 1982. 2. Renewable Energy Resources; John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir;
E & F.N. Spon Ltd. London. 1986. 3. An Introduction to Solar Radiation: Muhammad Iqbal; Academic
Press, Canada. 1983. 4. A Practical Guide to Solar Electricity, Simon Roberts: Prentice Hall
Inc. USA, 1991. 5. Solar Cells, Operating Principles, Technology, and system
Application: Martin A. Green; Printice Hall, Inc. USA, 1982. 6. Solar Engineering Technology; Ted. J. Jansen, Prentice Hall Inc.
USA, 1985. 7. Wind Power, A. and Book on Wind Energy Conversion System; V.
Daniel Hunt, Litton Educational Publishing Inc. 1981. 8. Biogas, Production and Utilization; Elizabeth C. Price, Paul N.
Cheremisinoff; Ann Arbor Science, USA, 1981. 9. Biomass, Catalysts and liquid fuels; Ian Campbell; Technonic
Publishing Co. Inc. USA, 1983. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 3 Cr.h Theory of Signal: Signal and system, Classification of signals, Classification of system, The exponential Fourier series. The trigonometric Fourier series representation, Parseval’s theorem, The spectral density function (Power and energy), The Fourier transform and its properties. Filter characteristics of linear system, Time response of Filters. Correlation function, Auto correlation function (periodic and non periodic), Cross-Correlation function, Wiener-Khintchine theorem. Noise in Communication system: Definition, types shot noise, Johnson noise, calculation, noise, in bipolar, MOSFET, and IC’s signal to noise ratio,
45
figure of merit, noise temperature of a linear network and of cascaded networks. Amplitude Modulation: Introduction, different types of Modulation. Mathematical representation of AM, frequency spectrum and power relation in the AM wave. Modulation and Demodulation of AM (Suppressed carrier and large carrier). Frequency Division Multiplexing, vestigial side-Band modulation, Noise, in AM (Supressed carrier, SSB, DSB) the respective S/N ratio and its comparison. Frequency Modulation: Introduction, Mathematical representation, frequency spectrum, Generation of FM single tone FM, Narrow Band FM, wide Band FM, Demodulation of FM Preemphasis and De-emphasis. Pulse Modulation: Pulse-amplitude Modulation (PAM), other types of pulse Modulation (PWM, PPM). Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), comparison between FDM and TDM, ratio in pulse Modulation. Information Theory and Digital Data System: Definition, measure of information, average information, entropy information rate. Capacity of a Gaussian Channel, coding, algebraic codes with examples, error detection and correction, convolutional codes, and its decoding, Redundancy, Amplitude shift keying, phase shift keying, frequency shift keying, pulse code modulation, delta, modulation, comparison of Digital Modulation System. Mobile Communications: Introduction to Personal Communication Services (PCS); Generations of mobile communications; Cellular Telephony: AMPS, GSM, CDMA/TDMA; Mobility management; Detection and Assignment; Radio link transfer; Networking. Books Recommended 1. Communication systems by Lathi. 2. Principles of Communication Systems by Taub Schilling. 3. Information, Transmission, Modulation and Noise by Schawarts. 4. Communication System by Hayking. 5. Electronics Communication by Kennedy. 6. Kennedy, J., Electronic Communication, 1999. 7. Hakies, M., Communication System, 1990, McGraw Hill. 8. Scherletz, R., Principles of communication, 1992, Prentice Hall. 9. Yi-Bing Lin, Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and Mobile Network
Architecture, Wiley (2001).
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COMPUTER SIMULATION 3 Cr.h Introduction: Importance of computers in physics, nature of computer simulation, computer graphics and programming languages, Techniques and class of computer simulation, Accuracy and stability of numerical techniques, External points and strings, principles of vector computing in Cartesian, spherical and cylindrical coordinates. Numerical Approaches: Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, initial (boundary) and eigen value problems, numerical integrations, special functions and Guassian quadrarure, matrix operation, partial differential equations (elliptic and parabolic types) Simulation in Classical Physics: Motion of Falling Objects, One Dimensional Dynamics (Accelerating cars and objects on springs), Two-Dimensional Trajectories (Kepler’s Laws, Oscillatory Motions), Energy and Center of Mass, Electric Fields and Potentials, LRC Circuits, Driven LRC Circuits (Time varying), Wave phenomena (Fourier analysis, Coupled oscillator), Interference, Diffraction and Polarization, Geometrical Optics (Ray Tracing an Principle of Least Time), Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Waves. Random Process and Quantum Physics: Random Number and their uses, Random-walk problem, percolation theory, radio- activity and radioactive decay series, Noise in Signal, Guassian Distribution, Distribution Functions in Statistical Physics, Molecular Dynamics in Solids, Approaches to Equilibrium, Monte- Carlo Simulation, Canonical and Micro-Canonical Ensembles, Numerical Solution of time-independent (and dependent), Schrodinger Wave Equation, Particle in Bound and Free States. Computational Methods for Continuous Medium: Fluid equations, Governing equation in integral and differential forms, Reduce forms of the governing equation, finite volume method, compressible and incompressible flow and their methods, Discrete methods for the steady state and time dependent diffusion equation. The pressure-corection method on staggered and unstaggered grids. Time marching schems, incorporation of furbulence model, schemes for solving large algebric system, use of commercial code for prediction of off complex flow, Raynold averaging and its applications to Navier stokes equations. Mean and Turbulant kinetic energy equation, Magnetohydrodynamics, Modelling ideal (MHD), resistive and viseus flow of plasmas, thermal conduction and heat transport. Books Recommended 1. Hillar, Johnston and Styer, Quantum Mechanics Simulation. (A Series
of the Consortium for upper level Physics software), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.1995.
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2. P.J. Roache, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Albuquerque, N.M. Hemosa Publishers. 1993.
3. Marvin L. De Jong, Introduction to Computational Physics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. New York, 1991.
5. D. Stauffer, F.W. Hehl, W. Winkelman and J.G. Zabolitzky, Computer Simultation and Computer Algebra (Lectures for Beginers), Springer-Verlage Berlin, New York, 1988.
6. Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochink, An Introduction to “Computer Simulation Methods” Part-I & II, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., New York. 1988.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 3 Cr.h Review of Number Systems: Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number system, their inter-conversion, concepts of logic, truth table, basic logic gates. Boolean Algebra: DeMorgan’s theorem, simplification of Boolean expression by Boolean Postulates and theorem, K-maps and their uses. Don’t care condition, Different codes. (BCD, ASCII, Gray etc.). Parity in Codes IC logic families: Basic characteristics of a logic family. (Fan in/out, Propagation delay time, dissipation, noise margins etc. Different logic based IC families (DTL, RTL, ECL, TTL, CMOS). Combinational logic circuit: Logic circuits based on AND – OR, OR-AND, NAND, NOR Logic, gate design, addition, subtraction (2’s compliments, half adder, full adder, half subtractor, full subtractor encoder, decoder, PLA. Exclusive OR gate. Sequential Logic Circuit: Flip-flops clocked RS-FF, D-FF, T-FF, JK-FF, Shift Register, Counters (Ring, Ripple, up-down, Synchronous) A/D and D/A Converters. Memory Devices: ROM, PROM, EAPROM, EE PROM, RAM, (Static and dynamic) Memory mapping techniques. Micro Computers: Computers and its types, all generation of computers, basic architecture of computer, micro processor (ALU, UP Registers, Control and Time Section). Addressing modes, Instruction set and their types, Discussion on 8085/8088, 8086 processor family, Intel Microprocessor Hierarchy;
48
Micro-controller/ Embedded System: Introduction to Embedded and microcontroller based systems; The Microprocessor and microcontroller applications and environment; microcontroller characteristics; features of a general purpose microcontroller; Microchip Inc and PIC microcontroller; Typical Microcontroller examples:, Philips 80C51 & 80C552 and Motorola 68Hc05/08; Interfacing with peripherals. Books Recommended 1. Larry D. Jones, Principles and applications of digital electronics,
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993. 2. Digital System Design and Micro possessor J.C. BORTIE (NBF). 3. McMillan, Micro Electron, McGraw Hill. 4. Digital Logic and Computer Design Morris Mono 1995 Prentic Hall 5. Tocheim, Digital Electronics, (1999). 6. Barrey B. Brey, Intel UPS Architecture, programming and interfacing,
Prentic Hall (1998). 7. T.L.Floyd, Digital Fundamental, 8th edition. 8. Tim Wilmshurst, The Design of Small-Scale Embedded Systems,
Palgrave (2003). EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Nuclear Radiation Detection and Measurements: Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter; photographic emulsions; Gas-filled detectors; Scintillation counters and solid-state detectors; Cloud chambers; Bubble chambers. Charged Particle Accelerators: linear and orbital accelerators Van de Graaff, Cyclotron; Betatron; Synchrocyclotron; Electron-Synchrotrons; Proton-synchrotron; Alternating-gradient Synchrotron. Neutron Physics: Neutron Sources, Radioactive sources, Photo neutron sources Charged particle sources, Reactor as a neutron source, slow neutron detectors, fast neutron detectors, Measurement of neutron cross-sections as a function of energy, slowing down of neutrons, Nuclear fission, Description of fission reaction, Mass distribution of fission energy. Average number of neutrons released, Theory of fission and spontaneous fission, Nuclear chain reaction and applications. Elementary Reactor Physics: Controlled fission reactions, Types of nuclear reactors (Power and Research), Detailed study of PWR and CANDU type reactors.
49
Books Recommended
1. Glenn, F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley, 1989.
2. William, R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics, Spinger, 1994.
3. Philips Berington and D. Keith, Data Detection and Error analysis for physical sciences, 2002.
4. Segre, Nuclei and Practicles, Bejamin, 1977. 5. Kenneth S. Krane, Introducing Nuclear Physics, 1995.
6. B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholtz, F. Zetsche, Particle and Nuclei, 1999. LASERS 3 Cr.h Introductory Concepts: Spontaneous Emission, Absorption, Stimulated Emission, Pumping Schemes, Absorption and Stimulated Emission Rates, Absorption and Gain Coefficients, Resonance Energy Transfers. Properties of Laser Beam: Monochromaticity, Coherence, Directionality, Brightness. Spectroscopy of Molecule and Semiconductors: Electronic Energy Levels, Molecular Eenergy Levels, Level Occupation at Thermal Equilibrium, Stimulated Transition, Selection Rules, Radiative and Nonradiative Decay, Semiconductor Quantum Wells, Strained Quantum Wells Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots. Optical Resonators: Plane Parallel (Fabry-Perot) Resonator, Concentric (Spherical) Resonator, Confocal, Resonator, Generalized Spherical Resonator, Ring Resonator, Stable Resonators, Unstable Resonators. , Matrix Formulation of Geometrical Optics, Wave Reflection and Transmission at a Dielectric Interface, Stability Condition Standing and Traveling Waves in a two Mirror Resonator, Longitudinal and Transverse Modes in a Cavity, Multilayer Dielectric Coatings, Fabry-Perot Interferometer. Small Signal Gain and Loop Gain. Pumping Processes: Optical pumping: Flash lamp and Laser, Threshold Pump Power, pumping efficiency, Electrical Pumping: Longitudinal Configuration and Transverse Configuration, Gas Dynamics Pumping, Chemical Pumping. Continuous Wave (CW) and pulsed lasers Rate Equations, Threshold Condition and Output Power, Optimum Output Coupling, Laser Tuning, Oscillation and Pulsations in Lasers, Q-Switching and Mode-Locking Methods, Phase Velocity, Group Velocity, and Group-Delay Dispersion, Line broadening.
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Lasers Systems : Solid State Lasers: Ruby Laser, Nd: YAG & Nd: Glass Lasers and Semiconductor Lasers: Homojunction Lasers Double-Heterostructure lasers, Gas lasers: Helium Neon laser, CO2 laser, Nitrogen Laser and Excimer Lasers, Free-Electron and X-Ray Lasers Laser applications: Material Processing: Surface Hardening, Cutting, Drilling, Welding etc. Holography, Laser Communication, Medicine, Defense Industry, Atmosphereic Physics Books Recommended 1. O. Svelto, Principles of Lasers, Plenum Press New York & London
(1992). 2. J. Eberly and P. Milonni, Lasers, Wiley, New York. (Latest Edition).
Scully and Zubairy, Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press (1997).
3. A.E. Siegman, Laser, University, Science Books Mill Valley, C.A. (1986).
4. H. Haken, Laser Theory, Springer, Berlin (Latest Edition). 5. W. T. Silfvast, Laser Fundamentals, latest edition.
MEDICAL PHYSICS 3 Cr.h Medical Imaging: Diagnostic X-rays, Production of X-rays, absorption of X-ray to other planes, partial volume effect, Artifacts, Contrast agents in conventional radiography and CT, Diagnostic Ultrasound, Doppler effect, Radionuclide imaging, Camera position emission tomography (PET), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Contrast agents for MRI. Radiation Dosimetry: History of Absorbed Dose, Stochastic and Non-Stochastic qualities, Units for Absorbed Dose, Absorbed Dose Calorimeters, Exposure and its measurements. The free-air chamber, Exposure measurement with calibrated cavity chamber. The concept of Kerma, absorbed Dose in air, Absorbed dose in other materials. Factors converting exposure to absorbed Dose. Calibrations in terms of air Kerma, Calibrations in terms of Absorbed Dose. High energy calibrations, the Bragg-Gray Cavity theory. Methods of Dosimetry: Calorimeters, ionization chambers, chemical Dosimetry, Thermoluminescene Dosimetry (TLD), photographic Dosimetry, Scintillation Detectors, other Dosimetric Systems.
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Radiation Protection: Cardinal principles of radiation protection minimize time, maximizes distance, maximize shielding. Time, distance and shielding, maximum permissible dose. Whole-body occupational exposure, whole-body non-occupational exposure, partial body occupational exposure, X-rays and pregnancy, Basic radiation safety criteria, effective dose-equivalent, allowable limit on intake (ALI), inhaled radioactivity, derived air concentration, Gastrointestinal tract, Basic of radiation safety regulations. Nuclear radiation hazard. Attachment with same hospital where Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy is available and at the end student has submit a report.
Books Recommended: 1. Herman Cember, Introduction to health Physics, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill,
New York, 1996. 2. J.R.Williams, D.I.Thwaits, Radiotherapy Physics, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1993. 3. Peter Armstrong and Martin L.Wastie, Diagnostic Imaging, 4th ed.,
Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 1998. 4. Stewart C. Bushong, Radiologic Science of Technologies, 5th ed.,
Mosby, 1993. 5. J.R.Greening, Funadmentals of Radiation Dosimetry, 2nd ed., Adam
Hilger Ltd. Bristol 1985. 6. Knol, G.F., Radiation Detection and Measurement, 2nd ed., Willey,
New York, 1980. 7. Kathren, Health Physics, Pergamon Press. 8. Edwin, G.A. Arid, Physics of Medical Imaging, Heinemann, 1988. RELATIVITY AND COSMOLOGY 3 Cr.h Special Relativity: Galilen relativity, concept of ether, Michelson-Morley experiment, Eistein’s postulates of special relativity, Lorentz transformations, structure of spacetime, Minkowski spacetime tensors, the light-cone, line element, four-vectors, relativity of simultaneity, time dilation, proper time, length contraction, time paradox, velocity transformation and velocity addition. Relativistic Mechanics: Force equation in relativity, rest mass, kinetic and total energy, conservation of energy and momentum. Elements of Tensor Calculus: Manifolds and coordinates, curves and surfaces, tensor fields, Lie derivative, geodestics, Riemann tensor, metric tensor.
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General Relativity: Principles of general relativity, equation of geodesics deviation, Einstein’ s field equations.
Cosmology: Newtonian cosmology, cosmological redshift, Hubble’s law, microwave background, the Big Bang expansion rate, matter and radiation domination, history of the universe.
Books Recommended: 1. W.D.McComb, Dynamics and Relativity, Oxford University Press,
1999. 2. J.V.Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press,
1989. 3. R.D.D’Inverno, Introducing Einstein’s Relativity, Oxford University
Press, 1992. METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 3 Cr.h
Synoptic Meteorology: Composition & structure of a atmosphere, ICAO standard atmosphere, Weather elements, Air mass classification, Thermodynamic characteristics, General Circulation.
Atmospheric thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics and enthalpy; adiabatic processes and potential temperature. The second law of thermodynamics; entropy; thermodynamics of water vapor and moist air; Clausius-Clapeyron’s equation; Aerological diagrams, selection of coordinates; choice of diagram; analysis of tephigram.
Methods of Surface Observation & Codes: Reading of routine observations, barometric corrections & reduction, reading, setting & maintenance of thermometers, surface codes, Aeronautical cods (Speci & Metar). Books Recommended:
1. Hand Book Of Applied Meteorology Hougton (Publisher: Wiley), 1st Edition, 1985.
2. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens (Publisher: Prentice Hall), International Edition, 1998.
3. Atmospheric Physics by J.V. Irinarne (Publisher: D.Reidel Pub. Co.), 1st Edition, 1980.
4. Applied Climatology by Russell D. Thompson (Publisher: Routledge), 1st Edition, 1997.
5. Essentials of Meteorology by C. Donald Ahrens (Publisher: Brooks/Calc), 3rd Edition, 2001.
6. Atmosphertic Science by John M. Wallace (Publisher: Academic Press), 1st Edition, 1997.
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CURRICULUM IN MS-PHYSICS A sub-committee meeting to revise the curriculum for MS level was held on July 30, 2005 at HEC Regional Centre, Lahore, following experts attend the meeting:- 1. Prof. Dr. Asghari Maqsood, Convener Professor, Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. 2. Prof. Muhammad Maroof Khushk, Member Chairman, Department of Physics, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. 3. Dr. Mohammad Arshad Ch. Member Professor, Department of Physics, Islamia University, Bahawalpur. 4. Dr. Manzoor Hussain, Member Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore. 5. Dr. Muhammad Shahid Rafiq, Member Department of Physics, University of Engg. & Tech., Lahore. 6. Prof. Dr. M. Younus Nadeem, Member Chairman, Department of Physics, B.Z. University, Multan. 7. Dr. Shaukat Ali Shahid, Member Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 8. Prof. Dr. Qurban Ali Bhatti, Member Chairman, Department of Physics, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur.
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SCHEME OF STUDIES
M.S., Physics (two years/four semester) Course work (Ist & 2nd Semester) = 24 credit hours Research Thesis (3rd & 4th Semester) = 6 credit hours Total: = 30 credit hours COMPULSORY/CORE COURSES SR. NO.
COURSE CODE.
TITLE OF THE COURSE CRH.
1. Phy. 501 Methods of Mathematical Physics 3 2. Phy. 502 Methods and Techniques of Experimental Physics 3
OPTIONAL COURSES (six courses out of the following are to be taken)
3. Phy. 503 Electrodynamics 3 4. Phy. 504 Quantum Electrodynamics 3 5. Phy. 505 Solid State Physics 3 6. Phy. 506 Solid State Theory 3 7. Phy. 507 Material Science - I 3 8. Phy. 508 Material Science – II 3 9. Phy. 509 Atomic and Electron Physics - I 3 10 Phy. 510 Atomics and Electron Physics – II 3 11 Phy. 511 Advanced Nuclear Theory - I 3 12 Phy. 512 Advanced Nuclear Theory - II 3 13 Phy. 513 Quantum Field Theory – I 3 14 Phy. 514 Quantum Field Theory - II 3 15 Phy. 515 Laser Physics - I 3 16 Phy. 516 Laser Physics - II 3 17 Phy. 517 Plasma Physics - I 3 18 Phy. 518 Plasma Physics - II 3 19 Phy. 519 Computational Physics - I 3 20 Phy. 520 Computational Physics - II 3 21 Phy. 521 Physics of Non-linear Systems 3 22 Phy. 522 Advanced Techniques of Experimental Physics. 3 23 Phy. 523 Micro-Electronics and Semi-Conductor Devices 3 24 Phy. 524 Images and Signal Processing 3 25 Phy. 525 Applied Nuclear Physics 3 26 Phy. 526 Group Theory 3 27 Phy. 527 Particle Physics 3 28 Phy. 528 Magnetic Materials 3 29 Phy. 529 Renewable Energy Resources 3 30 Phy. 530 Conduction in Solids 3
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31 Phy. 531 Advanced Medical Physics. 3 32 Phy. 532 Soil Physics 3 33 Phy. 533 Environmental and Atmospheric Physics 3
Note:
Universities can add more courses according to their resources. The contents of the courses given are the guidelines. Each
university may modify the code No. and contents under the same course title according to its needs.
More reference books can be added in each course as required. Universities may develop course details for the courses where it
is not provided.
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DETAILS OF COURSES
COMPULSORY COURSES METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS Linear differential equations and special functions. Separation of coordinates. Series solution. The Wronskian. Two regular singular points. Three regular singular points. The hypergeometric series. Asymptotic series. One regular and one irregular singular point. Integral representations. Green's functions. Types of boundary conditions. Differential equations and Green's functions. Source points and boundary points. Green's functions for steady waves. Wave equation. Diffusion equation. Books Recommended: 1. P.M.Morse and H.Feshbach, Methods of Theoretical Physics (McGraw-
Hill). 2. G.N. Watson. Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions (Cambridge
D.P.). 3. P.Dennerv and AKrzvwicki. Mathematics for Physicists (Harper and
Row).
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Numerical methods. Solutions of equations by the method of iteration (Newton-Raphron method). Solution of differential equations of higher order. Gaussian quadrature. Random numbers. Monte-Carlo methods. Resume of theory of errors and experimental statistics. Least-squares fit to a polynomial. Nonlinear functions. Data manipulation, smoothing, interpolation and extrapolation, linear and parabolic interpolation. High vaccum techniques. Physical principles of diffusion and rotary pumps. Ultra high vaccum by ionization. Sorption and cryogenics. Measurement of pressure. Leak detection. X-ray. electron and neutron diffraction techniques. Methods of recording diffraction patterns. Examples of structure determination. Analysis of results. Books Recommended: I. R.L.Horovitz and V.A.Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics
(Academic). 2. D.Williams, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic). 3. L.V.Azaroff, Elements of X-Ray Crystallography (McGraw-Hill). 4. J.Yarwood, High Vacuum Technique (Chapman Hall).
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5. P.Bevington, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences (McGraw-Hill).
OPTIONAL COURSES ELECTRODYNAMICS Maxwell's equations. Gauge transformation. Poynting vector. Conservation laws. Plane electromagnetic waves in a nonconducting and conducting medium. Polarization. Propagation in a dispersive medium. Reflection and refraction. Total internal reflection. Radiation by moving charges. Lienard-Wiechert potentials and fields. General angular and frequency distributions of radiation from accelerated charges. Thompson scattering. Cherenkov radiation. Fields and radiation of localized oscillating sources. Electric dipole fields and radiation. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole fields. Multipole fields. Multipole expansion of the electromagnetic fields. Angular distributions. Sources of multipole radiation. Spherical wave expansion of a vector plane wave. Scattering of electromagnetic wave by a conducting sphere. Books Recommended: 1. J.D.Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, General Edition (John-Wiley
and Sons), USA reprint 1993. 2. J.A.Stratton. Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill). SOLID STATE PHYSICS Bloch's theorem and Brillouin zones. electronic states. Electron-electron interaction. screening. Kohn effect. Dielectric constant. Plasma oscillations. Dynamics of electrons. Electrons and holes. Excitons. Zenner breakdown. Scattering of electrons by impurities. Electron-phonon interaction. Dynamics of electrons. Optical properties. Multi-phonon processes. Interband transitions. Interaction with conduction electrons. Anomalous skin effect. Ultrasonic attenuation. Magnetism including paramagnetism. diamagnetism. ferro-magnetism, antiferromagnetism and magnons. Superconductivity including the electron-electron inter-actions. BCS theory and Ginsburg-Landau theory. Books Recommended: I. R.E.Peierls. The Quantum Theory of Solids (Oxford V.P.). 2. J.M.Ziman. Principles of the Theory of Solids (Cambridge V.P.).
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3. P.T.Landsberg, Solid State Theory (John-Wiley and Sons). 4. C.Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids (Jolm-Wiley and Sons). 5. M.Jones and N.H.March. Theoretical Solid State Physics (Wiley
Interscience).
MATERIALS SCIENCES I Crystallography. Translational periodicity. Crystal classes. Crystal forms. Point and space groups. Crystal growth. Methods of purification. Zone refining. Zone levelling. Impurity control. Methods of perturbing the concertration of impurities in semiconductors. Formation of n-p and n-p-n junctions. Different techniques of growing single crystals. Structure of materials. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Metallic bond. Van der Waal’s bond. Polymer chains. Polymerization. Polymer processing. Ceramics. Oxide and silicate. structures. Phase transformations. Fabrication technology of semiconductor electronic devices Books Recommended:
I. C.S.Barrett, Structure of Metals (McGraw-Hill). 2. W.D.Kingery, Introduction to Cel1Unics (Jolm-Wiley). 3. H.E.Buckley, Crystal Growth (Jolm-Wiley and Sons). 4. A. V.Tobolsky, Properties and Structure of Polymers (Jolm-wiley and
Sons). 5. F.c.Phillips, An Introduction to Crystallography (Jolm-Wiley and Sons). 6. A.H.Cottrell, Theory of Dislocations in Crystals (Gordon and Breach). ATOMIC AND ELECTRON PHYSICS I Resume of concepts of collision phenomena in ionized gases and surfaces. Total collision cross-section, its analysis and measurement. Momentum transfer cross-section, diffusion swarm of electrons, mean energy and drift velocity. Theory and experimental methods for measurements. Elastic scattering in a central force field. 80m approximation. Ionization and excitation of atoms and molecules by electron impact. Inelastic collisions between heavy particles at low energies and at high energies, theory and experimental description. Books Recommended: I. E.M. McDanial, Collision Phenomena in Ionized gases (John-Wiley and
Sons). 2. 1.8. Hasted, Physics of Atomic Collisions (Butterworth). 3. H.S. W. Massey and E.H.S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon).
59
ADVANCED NUCLEAR THEORY I Vibrational states of nuclei, Rotational states of nuclei, Nilsson potential; Nuclear reaction cross-sections, Determination of cross-sections from the conditions at the nuclear surface. The Reciprocity theorem of nuclear reactions. The compound nucleus and the continum theory. Transmission of potential barriers, Resonance theory (Qualitative and quantitative treatments). Books Recommended: I. DeShalit A. and Feshback H., Theoretical Nuclear Physics Vol, 1, John
Wiley (1974). 2. Roy R.K and Nigam B.P. Nuclear Physics, John Wiley (1967). 3. Blatt J.M. and Weisskopf V.F., Theoretical Nuclear Physics, John Wiley
(1952). LASER PHYSICS I Review of quantum mechanics. Interaction of radiation and atomic systems. The density matrix. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of atomic transitions. Gain and saturation effects. Hole burning. Optical resonators. Gaussian beams. Laser oscillation. Rate equations for a laser oscillator. Amplitude fluctuations and spiking. Some specific laser systems. Q-switching and mode locking. Focusing of laser beams. . Books Recommended: 1. Amnon Variv, Quantum Electronics (John-Wiley and Sons). 2. M.Sargent III, M.O.Scully and W.E.Lamb Jr. Laser Physics (Addison-
Wesley). 3. A.Maitland and M.H.Dunn, Laser Physics (North-Holland). 4. A.E.Siegman, An Introduction to Lasers and Masers (McGraw-Hill). 5. William S.c.Chang, Principles of Quantum Electronics (Addison-
Wesley). GROUP THEORY
Linear vector spaces. Groups. Representations of groups. Characters. Schur’s Lemmas. Lie groups. Representation of lie groups. Rotation group and SV(J). Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Rotation matrices. Wigner-Eckart theorem. Kronecker product of irreducible representations. Spinor representations of Lorentz roup. Elementary theory of Wigner's unitary representations of Poincare group.
60
Books Recommended:
1. M.Hamermesh. Group Theory (Addison-Wesley). 2 E.P Wigner. Group Theory (Academic). QUANTUM ELECTRO DYNAMICS
Collisions between charged particles. Energy loss and scattering. Bremsstrahlung method of virtual quanta. Radiative beta process. Radiation damping. Self fields of a particle. Scattering and absorption of radiation by a bound system. Wave guides and guided waves and resonant cavities impediment and admittance. Scattering. Books Recommended: 1. J.D.Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (John-Wiley and Sons). 2. J.A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory (McGraw-Hill) SOLID STATE THEORY Band theory of solids. Hartree approximation. Nearly free electron model. Tight binding methods. Cellular methods. Augmented plane waves. Orthogonalised plane wave. Pseudopotential technique and model potentials. Fermi surface studies. High magnetic fields. Cyclotron resonance. High-field magneto-resistance. Open orbits. Magneto-acoustic oscillations. De-Haas Van Alphen effect. Books Recommended:
1. R.E.Peierls. The Quantum Theory of Solids (Oxford V.P.). 2. J.M.Ziman, Principles of the Theory of Solids Cambridge U.P.). 3. P.T. Landsberg, Solid State Theory (John-Wiley and Sons). 4. C.Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids (John-Wiley and Sons). 5. W.Jones and N.H.March, Theoretical Solid State Physics (Wiley-
Interscience). CONDUCTION IN SOLIDS
Band theory of crystalline solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors, impurity conductivity, Anderson localization, Band theory of non-crystalline solids, CFO model, Mott and Davis model. Metal-insulator interface, ohmic contacts, neutral contacts, blocking contacts, MIM contacts Electrical conduction in MIM systems, ohmic conduction, lonic conduction, space-change-limited conduction, tunneling conduction, hoping conduction, high
61
field conduction, Richardson-Schottky conduction, Poole-Franked effect, difference between Schottky and Poole-Frankel Conduction Books Recommended:
1. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Materials, 2nd Editions N.F. Motl & E.A. Dais Clarandon Press, Oxford.
2. D.C. Conduction in thin Insulating Films by D.R. Lamb. 3. Handbook of thin Film Technology Edited by L.I. Massel D.R. Glang Mc
Graw Hill Book Co. New York (1970). 4. Introduction to Solid State Physics Charles Kittel 7th Edition John Wiley
and Sons inc New York ( 1996). MATERIALS SCIENCE II
Imperfections in crystals. Impurities. Vacancies. Grain boundaries. Dislocations. Stacking faults. Frenkel and Schottky disorder. Electrons and holes. Color centres. Mechanical properties of metals. Polymers and ceramics. Elastic and plastic deformation. Fracture, creep and fatigue phenomena. Strengthening mechanism. Annealing. Effect of imperfections on the mechanical properties of materials. Modulation spectroscopy for optical properties in solids. Modulation teclmiques. Wavelength modulation. Temperature modulation. Stress modulation. piezo absorption and piezo-reflectance. Electric field modulation. Books Recommended:
I. C.S.Barrett. Structure of Metals (McGraw-Hill). 2. A.V.Tobolsky. Properties and Structure of Polymers (John-Wiley and
Sons). 3. F.C.Phillips. An Introduction to Crystallography (John-Wiley and Sons). 4. A.H.Cottrell. Theory of Dislocations in Crystals (Gordon and Breach). ADVANCED TECHNIQUES OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS
Thin film Physics. Methods of preparation of thin films. Methods of thickness measurement. Surface studies techniques. Preparation of samples. Low energy electron diffraction. AUGER ellipsometry. Particle detectors and techniques of charged particle and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Electron and ion sources. , Books Recommended:
1. R.L.Horovitz and V.A.Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic).
2. D.Williams, Methods of Experimental Physics (Academic). 3. J.Gibbons, Semi-conductor Electronics (McGraw-Hill).
62
ATOMIC AND ELECTRON PHYSICS II Negative ions. The structure and spectra. Mechanism for formation of negative ions. Experimental methods for the study of negative ion formation and electron detachment. Diffusion of electrons and ions. Diffusion for various geometries. Ambipolar diffusion and experimental results. Recombination, its mechanism and theory. Experimental methods of studying slow electrons gases. Photo-emission and absorption in gases. General features and theory of photo-ionization. Experimental results. Surface phenomena. Absorption of gases on the surfaces. The impact of electrons and heavy particles on surfaces. Surface ionization. Experimental investigations. Books Recommended: 1. E. W.McDanial. Collision Phenomena in Ionised Gases (John-Wiley
and Sons). 2. J. B.Hasted, Physics of Atomic collisions (Butterworth). 3. N.F.Mott and H.S.W.Massey. The Theory of Atomic Collisions (Oxford
U.P.). 4. LR.Loeb, Basic Processes of Gaseous Electronics (California V.P). 5. S.C.Brown, Introduction to Electrical Discharges in Gases (John-Wiley
and Sons). ADVANCED NUCLEAR THEORY II Hartee Fock self-consistent fields, Bethe-Goldstone equations, Multinucleon systems and method of second quantization, Hartree Fock potential, Random phase approximation, Coulomb and nuclear scattering. Polarization, Differential cross-section for polarized beams in double scattering experiments. Scattering of spin 1/2 particles. Books Recommended: 1. deShalit A. and Feshbach H., Theoretical Nuclear Physics Vol.1, John
Wiley (Latest Edition). 2. Roy R.R. and Nigam B.P. Nuclear Physics, John Wiley (Latest Edition). 3. Blatt J.M. and Weisskopf V.G., Theoretical Nuclear Physics, John Wiley
(Latest Edition).
63
PLASMA PHYSICS II Introduction To Inertial Confinement Fusion (Icl): Basic requirements of ICF. Laser plasma interaction. Ablation physics. Hydrodynamic compression. Energy transport. Nonlinear Plasma Theory: Introduction. Quasilinear theory. Conservation of particles, momentum and energy. Coherent three waves interaction. Three waves interaction with random phase. Nonlinear landau damping. Fluctuation, Correlations And Radiations: Shielding of a moving test charge. Electric field fluctuations in maxwellian and nonmaxwellian plasmas. Emission of electrostatic waves. Electromagnetic fluctuations and radiations. Scattering of incoherent radiation from plasma density fluctuations. Emission of radiation from a plasma. Blackbody radiation. Cyclotron radiation. The source theory of radiation from a plasma. Books Recommended: I. J.J.Duderstadt & G.A.Mosses. Inertial Confinement Fusion (John-Wiley
and Sons) 1982. 2. M.O.Hagler & M.Kristiansen. An Introduction to Controlled
Thermonuclear Fusion (Lexington) 1977. 3. Akira Hasegawa; Plasma Instabilities and Nonlinear Effects (Spring-
Verlag) 1975. 4. N.A.Krall and AW.Trivelpiece. Principles of Plasma Physics (McGraw-
Hill) 1967. COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -I • Introduction Computer Programming Using "C++":
i. Introduction to the C++ Language: Background, Identifiers, Data Types, Variables, Constants, Coding Constants, Reading and Writing data.
ii. Structures of C++ Language: Expression, Precedence and Associatively, Evaluating Expressions, Mixed Type expressions, Statements.
iii. Functions: Designing Structured Programs, Functions in c++, User defined Functions, Default parameter Arguments, Standard Library Functions, Scope.
iv. Selection Making Decisions:
Logical data and operators, To way selection, Multi-way Selection, More Standard library functions.
v. Repetition:
64
Concept of Loops, Pretest and Post-test Loops, Initialization and updating, Event Control and C()LlJ1ter Control, Loops in C++, Other statements related to loops.
vi. Pointers: Concepts, Pointer variables, accessing variables through pointers, pointer definition and declaration, Initialization of pointer variables, pointers and functions, pointers to pointers, Compatibility, Lvalue and Rvalue, Arrays and pointers, pointer arithmetic and arrays, passing array to a function, understanding complicated declarations, Memory Allocation functions, array of pointers.
vii. Arrays, Strings and structure: Concepts, using arrays in C++, arrays and functions, Two dimension arrays, Multi-dimension arrays, String concepts, C++ Strings, Strings 10, an-ays of Strings, String manipulation functions, Enumerated type structure, Accessing Structure, complex Structures, array of structures. .
viii. Text and Binary Files: Concept of a file, File and streams, Standard Library input/output functions, Formatting input/output. Character input/output functions, Detecting File errors, Using Binary Files, Standard Library function for Binary Files. Converting File Type.
• Errors: Introduction to Computer Errors; Typographical Errors; Logical
Errors; Round off Errors; Propagation of Errors from Initial Data; Truncation Errors.
• Basic Mathematical Operations: Numerical Differentiation; Numerical Quadrature; Finding Roots; Semiclassical Quantization of Molecular Vibration.
• Ordinary Differential Equations with Initial Conditions: Simple Methods; Multistep and Implicit Methods; Rungc-Kl1tta Methods; Stability; Order and Chaos in TwoDimcl1sional Motions.
Recommended Books: 1. Computer Science a structured Programming approach using C++ By
BehroLlz A. Forouzan and Richard F. Gilberg. 2. Fundamentals of C++ understanding progran1ming and problem
solving by Kenneth A Lambert, Douglas W. Nance. 3. Computational Physics (Fortran Version) by Steven E. Koonin & Bawn
C. Meredith, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990. 4. Computer Application of Numerical Methods by Shan S. Kuo, Addison-
Wesley Publishing Company, 1972.
65
COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS -II
• Boundary Value and Eigenvalue Problems: The Numerov Algorithm; Direct Integration of Boundary Value Problems; Green's Function, Solution of Boundary Value Problems; Eigenvalues of the Wave Equation; Stationary Solution of the One Dimension Schroedinger Equation.
• Special functions and gaussian quadrature: Special Function,
Gaussian Quadrature, Born and Eikonal Approximation to Quantum Scattering.
• Matrix Algebra and Simultaneous Equations: Elementary
Operations of Matrices, Matrix Inversion, Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method, Gauss-Seidel Iterative method, Eigenvalues of a Tri-Diagonal Matrix, Reduction to Tri-Diagonal Form, Determining Nuclear Charge Densities. .
• Elliptical Partial Differential Equation: Dissscretization and the Variational Principle, Iterative Methods for Boundary Value Problems, Elliptical Equations in Two Dimensions.
• Parabolic Partial Differential Equations: Naive Discretization and
Instabilities, Implicit Schemes and the Inversion of Tri-Diagonal Matrices, Diffusion and Boundary Value Problems in Two Dimensions, Iterative Methods for Eigenvalue Problems, The Time-:Dependent Schoedinger Equation.
• Monte Carlo Methods: The Basic Monte Carlo Strategy, Generating
Random Variables with a Specific Distribution, The Algorithm of Metropolis et. aI., The Ising Model in Two Dimensions.
Recommended Books: 1 Computer Science a structured Programming approach using C++ By
Behrouz A. Forouzan and Richard F. Gilberg. 2. Fundamentals of C++ understanding programming and problem solving
by Kelmeth A Lambert, Douglas W. Nance. 3. Computational Physics' (Fortran Version) by Steven E. Koonin & Dawn
C. Meredith" , Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990. 4. Computer Application of N_1I11erica1 Methods by Shan S. Kuo, Publishing Company, 1972.
66
NONLINEAR PHYSICS Chaos Qualitative description of the chaotic behavior of mechanical and Physical Systems; Oscillators (D.D. Pendulum) Duffing, Vander Pol, Rayleigh Bernard Convection, Lasers Forces Surface Waves, Josephson Junction. Quantitative Description of Chaos in Mechanical Systems: Phase Space, Poincare’ section, Spectral analysis of time series, Detailed analysis of the Driven Damped Pendulum, Sensitivity to initial conditions, Phase attractors, Diagrams and Poincare’ sections, time series and power spectra, Basins o(attraction, Bifurcation diagrams. Understanding of Chaos. The logistic map, period doubling, periodic windows, Lyapunov exponents, Entropy, Stretching and folding of the circle map, horseshoe map, Application to Pendulum, Universality. Fractals; dimension, Self similarity, Fractals in Nature, Coastline, Mountain & Clouds. Books Recommended: 1. Stable and Random Motions in Dynamical Systems, by Nachr Akad
Wiss Gottingen Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. 2. Chaos, Dynamics and Fractals- An Algorithmic Approach to
Deterministic Chaos by Joseph L. McCauley, CUP, 1993. 3. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, by R.C. Hilbon, Oxford University
Press, 1994. 4. Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics, by Martin C. Gutzwiller,
Springer-Verlag, 1990. FIELD THEORY
Classical field theory, lagrangian mechanics, variational principle, vibrating stings, classical field theory, Lorentz transformations, Lorentz group, representations of Lorentz group, classical scalar fields, Klein-Gordon equation, complex scalar fields, energy-momentum tensor, electromagnetic field, Maxwell's equations, spinor field, Dirac equation, symmetries and conservation laws, Noether's theorem, translation invariance. Quantization of fields, canonical quantization of fields, quantization of scalar fields, particle interpretation of quantum field theory, normal ordering, non-Hermitian fields.
67
Interacting Quantum Fields, interacting fields, perturbation theory, time ordering, S-matrix, cross-section, decay rate of an unstable particle, higher order perturbation theory, Wick's theorem, second order perturbation theory, Feynman rules and diagrams renormalization, .mass renormalization, coupling constant renormalization, field renormalization APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS Neutron Physics: The interaction of neutrons with matter in bulk, thermal neutrons, cross-section (measurement of total cross-section), diffusion theory, Fermi age equation. Nuclear Energy Sources: Nuclear fission as a source of energy, four factor formula, the chain reacting system, the neutron cycle, critical dimensions of a thermal nuclear reactor, the calculation of die multiplication constant for a homogeneous thermal reactor, the heterogeneous thermal reactor, energy production in stars, thermonuclear reactions, CNO and P-P cycle in detailed, controlled thermonuclear reactions and fusion reactor, age of galaxy. Radioactive Measurement and Tracer Techniques: Energy measurement, coincidence measurements, time resolution, measurement of nuclear life times, trace element analysis, mass spectrometry with accelerators.' Books Recommended: 1. Nuclear Physics by Kaplan, Addison-Wesley Pub Co; 2nd edition,
December 1962. 2. Nuclear Physics by Smith, 1966. 3. Source Book on Atomic Energy by Glasston, 1967. 4. Theoretical Nuclear Physics by Blatt and Weisskopt. 5. Introductory Nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane, 1988. 6. Nuclear Physics by Burcham Longman Higher Education Division (a
Pearson Education company). 7. Nuclear and Particles by Begre, 1980. ADVANCED FIELD THEORY Path Integral Quantization, Quantum field theory and functional integration, path integral quantization, scalar field theory, Green function, S-matrix, Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmereman reduction, perturbation theory, Wick's theorem, Feynman rules for phi"4 theory, spectral. representation. . Renormalization, regularization, BPH renormalization, renormalization group, Callan-Symanzik equation, asymptotic freedom.
68
Gauge theories, abelian and non-abelian theories, quantization of gauge theories, gauge fixing and Faddeev-Popov quantization, integration over _assman variables, Bereziri rules, Feynman rules for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), renormalization of QCD. Books Recommended: 1. Quantum Field Theory by C. Itzykson and J- B. Zuber, M_Graw-Hill,
(1980). 2. Quantum Field Theory by L. H. Ryder Cambridge University Press,
(1999). 3. Quantum Field Theory by M. Kaku, Oxford University Press, (1993).
4. The Quantum Theory of Fields Vol. L IL by S. Weinberg Cambridge University Press, (1995).
5. Field Theory:A Modern Primer by P. Ramond Addison-Wesley, Reading (1990).
6. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, by M. Peskin and D. Schroeqer Perseus Books, Reading, (1995).
STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, Electromagnetic waves and interaction, Dirac and Klein Gordon density and current, electromagnetic scattering, charge conjugation and parity invariance, gamma matrix algebra, Compton scattering, massless Dirac particles, charged and. neutral weak currents, weak scattering. Gauge Theory of Electroweak Interaction, Gauge symmetry, non-Abelian gauge symmetry, weak interactions, electroweak interactions, spontaneous symmetry breaking, discrete and continuous symmetries, global symmetries and Goldstone's theorem, local symmetries and Higg's mechanism, properties of the Higgs boson, ultraviolet divergences, renormalizability, dimensions of fields and couplings. Quantum Chromo dynamics Co.1our and properties of SU(3), (SU(3) gauge symmetry, strong interactions, effective charge and asymptotic freedom, grand unification. Books Recommended: 1. Quantum Field Theory by Ryder L H, 2nd Edition, CUP, (1996). 2. Gauge Theories in Particle Physics by Aitchison I J R and Hey A J G,
2nd Edition, Adam Hilger, (1989). 3. Quantum Field Theory by Mandl F and Shaw G, Revised Edition,
69
Wiley, (1993). 4. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory by Peskin M E and Schroeder
D V, Addison
SOIL PHYSICS 1. Physical Aspects of Soils: Soil composition, Clays: their nature &
properties. Classification of clays: their origin occurrence and significance in soils. Soil structure, Agriculture of soil and the meaning of soul consistence and soil structure.
2. Physical behaviour of soil-water system: Hydration of clays. Water
and Soil in equilibrium. Energy of Soil-moisture. Movements of water in soils. Soil moisture stress and plant growth. Effect of soil moisture on soil condition and development. Methods of measuring and expressing soil moisture.
3. Soil Air; Air capacity of soils, composition of soil air, Renewal of soil
air. Permeability of soil to air, measuring soil aeration. 4. Soil temperature. Sources and amount of heat, soil temperature
fluctuations, heat capacity of soils, heat conduction and flow in soils, soil temperature management.
5. Soil Mechanics: Definition and objectives of soil mechanics problems
and their importance. PRATICALS 1. Measurement of soil moisture by pressure membrane apparatus. 2. Measurement of Viscosity by Viscometer 3. Measurement of modulus of rupture 4. Method of clay identification by electron microscope 5. Measurement of aggregates 6. Determination of the resistance of soil to air flow by mano-meter 7. Soil temperature measurements at standard depths Books Recommended: 1. Baver, L.D. 1972, Soil Physics, Modern Asia Edition, 7th Printing,
Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, Japan. 2. Rose, C.W. 1966, Agricultural Physics, Pergamen Press Ltd. U.K. 3. Kirkhan I. & Power W.L., 1972. Advanced Soil physics, Wiley
Interscience John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A. 4. Buckman. H.O. & Brady N.C. 1972. The Nature and Properties of Soils
7th Edition. The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York, 10022 U.S.A.
70
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Introduction, Importance of Energy, World energy demand, Conventional energy sources, Renewable energy sources; potential, availability and present status of renewable energy sources, Solar Energy, Physical principle of the conversion of solar radiation into heat, Flat Plate Collectors, Concentrating Collectors, Basic Principles and components of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, Types and performance of Wind Machines, Biomass Conversion Technologies, Thermal Gasification of Biomass, Alternative Liquid Fuels, Biogas Generation, Classification of Biogas Plants, Geothermal Sources, Hydro-Thermal, Geo-Pressure, Petro-Thermal and Magma Resources, Advantages and Limitations of Geo-Thermal Energy, Introduction, Global Generation, Growth Rate, Prospects of Nuclear, Safely and Health Hazards Issues, Global Resources and their Assessment, Classification, Micro, Mini, Small and Large Resources, Principles of Energy Conversions, Turbines, Working and Efficiency of from Micro to Small Power Systems, Environmental Impact. Books Recommended:
1. Solar Energy Utilization by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers – Delhi (1991). 2. Renewable Energy Sources; John W. Twidell and Anthony D. Weir,
E&F.N Spon Ltd. London, 1986. 3. A Practical Guide to Solar Electricity, Simon Roberts; Prentice Hall Inc.
USA, 1991. 4. Solar Engineering Technology; Ted. J. Jansen, Radiation; Prentice Hall
Inc. USA, 1985. 5. Wind Power, V. Daniel Hunt, Litton Educational Publishing Inc, 1981. 6. Solar Hydrogen Energy Systems, Ed. T. Ohta, Pergamon Press, 1979. 7. Solar Energy Conversion, Eds., A,E. Dixon and J.D. Leslie, Pergamon
Press, 1979. 8. Biogas, Production and Utilisation, Elizabeth C. Price, Paul N.
Cheremisinoff; Ann Arbor Science, USA, 1981. 9. Biomass, Catalysts and Liquid Fuels; Ian Campbell, Technonic
Publishing Co. Inc, USA, 1983. MAGNETIC MATERIALS
1. Definitions and units
Introduction, Magnetic poles, Magnetic moments, Intensity of magnetization, Magnetic dipoles, Magnetic effects of currents, mks units.
2. Kinds of Magnetism
Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagetism, Ferrimagnetism
71
3. Magnetic Anisotropy
Introduction, Anisotropy in cubic crystals, Anisotropy in hexagonal crystals, Physical origin of crystal anisotropy, Anisotropy measurement, Anisotropy constants, polycrytalline materials, Anisotropy in antiferromagnetics, shape anisotroy, mixed anisotropies.
4. Magnetostriction and the Effects of Stress
Magnetostriction of single crystals, poly-crystals, origin of Magnetostriction, effect of stress on Magnetostriction, effect of stress on magnetization, Applications of magnetostriction, Magnetoresistance.
5. Domain and Magnetization Process
Introduction, Domain wall structure, Domainwall observation, Domain observation, Magnetostatic energy and domain structure, single domain particles, Micromagnetis, Domain wall motion, Hindrance to wall motion, Residual stress, Magnetization by rotation, magnetization in low and high fields, shapes of hysteresis loops.
6. Soft and Hard magnetic Materials
Eddy current Losses, special alloys of soft magnets, ferrites, applictions of soft magnetic materials, AlNiCo, Barium ferrites, specials alloys of hard magnets, Fe-Nd alloys.
Books Recommended:
1. Introduction to Magnetic Materials, B.D Cullity, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, (1972).
2. Magnetic Ceramics, Raul Valenzuela, Cambridge University Press (1994).
3. Physical Properties of Materials, M.C Lovel and AJ Avery and M.W Vernon, (1984).
4. The Physical Principles of Magnetism Allan H. Morrish, John wiley & Sons Inc (1965).
LASER - II ADY ANCED LASERS AND TECHNIQUES 1. DEVELOPMENT OF LASER SYSTEMS
Carbon dioxide Laser, Excimer Laser, Nitrogen Laser, Dye Laser, Ruby Laser, Nd- Y AG & Glass Lasers, Fibre Lasers, Semi-Conductor Lasers.
72
2. METROLOGICAL AND ATMOSPHERIC APPLICATIONS
Lidar, Types of Lidar, Laser Sources for Lidar, Non-linear Optics, Design Choices.
3. LASERS IN DEFENCE INDUSTRY
Range finders, Laser Target Marking and Designation. 4. LASER MATERIAL PROCESSING
Laser Cutting, Laser Welding, Laser Drilling, Laser Surface Treatment.
5. SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
Laser Spectroscopy, Interferrometery, Laser Uranium Enrichment, Laser Induced Plasma and Fusion.
6. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Medical Laser Systems, Light Interaction with Tissues, Dennatology & Aesthetic Surgery, General Surgical applications, Neuro-Surgery, Cancer detection.
7. COMMUNICATION AND FIBRE OPTICS
Introduction to Fibre Optics, Optical Information, Transmission & Storage Optical Communication, Laser Printing and Optical Disk Systems Thermal Imaging.
8. PUISED LASER DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE
Laser Ablation, sputtering processes, energy
Books Recommended: 1. Advances in Lasers and applications by D.M. Finlayson & D;B. Sinclair
2000. 2. Lasers Fundamentals by William T. Silfvast, Latest edition. 3. Lasers Principles & Applications by J. Wilson, J.F.B. Hankes, Latest
edition. 4. Introduction to Lasers and their Applications by Shean Callen &
Rhodes, Latest Edition. 5. Laser material processing by William M. Steen, Latest edition. 6. Pulsed Laser Deposition, W.Duglos, Latest edition.
73
ATOMIC, MOLECULAR LASER PHYSICS Atomic Physic Introduction:
• Introduction of structure of atom • Stern Gerach Experiment, Schrodinger equation, Approximate
methods . The Hydrogen Atom:
• Solution of Schrodinger Equation • Hydrogen Spectrum • Einstein's Co-efficients • Transition Probabilities I; The electric dipole Approximation selection-
rule for 1 and ml • Hydrogen find Structure
Two-electron system:
• Electrostatic interaction • Ground and Excited States of Helium • Pauli Exclusion Principle • Periodic system
Central Field Approximation:
• Central Field • Rartee F ock Method • Thomas Fermi Potential • Gross Structure of the Alkalies
Angular Problems in many Electron Atoms
• LS Coupling Approximation I' • Jj Coupling and other type of Coupling
Interaction with Static External Field:
• Zeeman Effect in LS Coupling • Quadratic & Stark Effect • Linear Stark Effect • Hyperfine Structure
Molecular Structure
• Introduction, Rotational Spectrum of Diatomic molecule, Rotational-Vibrational Spectra of diatomic molecule
• Franck-Condon Principle, • Born Oppenheimer Approximation
74
Lasers • Introduction, Planck's Law, Einstein Coefficients and Stimulated
Emission. Light Amplification
• Introduction, Pumping Schemes, Monochromaticity, coherence, Directionality,
• Brightness • Population Inversion • Gain Curve for Inhomogeneous Transitions • Line Narrowing and Amplified Spontaneous Emission • Three level and Four level Systems • Resonators • Time dependent Solutions and Q-switching • Mode Locking
Types of Lasers
• Gas Lasers • Solid State Lasers • Liquid Lasers • X-rays Lasers • Free Electron Laser
Geometrical Optics, Fibre Optics and Applications of Lasers.
• Matrix Formulation of Geometric Optics. • Gaussian Beam • Febry Perot Interferometer • Second harmonics Generation and Parametric Oscillation • Fibre Optic and its role m communication • Material Processing • Holography • Optical Data Storage • Medical Application
Recommended books are same as for one semester
75
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The committee proposed that short assignment and presentation
would be compulsory for each course. 2. The 4 years Bachelor Degree programme be implemented in all
universities and Post Graduate Colleges from the next academic year.
3. 50% evaluation should be external and an independent body be
assigned to develop an external evaluation test.
4. The colleges to run the 4 years Bachelor programme should be allowed to run with the following conditions:
a) They should have minimum 10 subjects faculty members (MS and
Ph.D. holders). b) BS Teaching lab should have capacity for doing at least 20
experiments. 5. Sufficient fund be provided to equip Library and Laboratory to run this
programme. 6. Annual recurring grant for this new programme be allocated.
7. Refresher courses in various specialized areas of Physics be
arranged for Universities and Post-Graduate College Teachers.
8. The teacher should be trained for semester system i.e. problem solving, quiz, assignment.
9. HEC should contact the provincial government to allocate fund for up-
gradation in terms of staff and laboratory to affiliated colleges.
10. Until the introduction of 4 year composite bachelor degree programme in colleges and universities. This programme be split in two parts. Part-I in colleges and Part-II in universities.