CURRICULUM FOR ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGY

The number of hours shall be as follows:Theory Practical

A) Anatomy1) General anatomy 35 52) Upper limb 30 153) Lower limb 30 154) Thorax 30 105) Abdomen 45 156) Head & Neck 45 157) Neuroanatomy 30 10

TOTAL (330 hours) 245 85

B) Histology & embryology1) General histology 25 252) Systemic histology 25 253) General embryology 10 104) Systemic embryology 15 15

TOTAL (150 hours) 75 75

Practical classes★ Are to be conducted corresponding to the theory classes★ There shall be at least 1 practical class per week for anatomy as well as histology★ Teaching methods in the practical class: cadaver dissection, specimens, models, etc

Examination★ There shall be 2 semester exams, both of which contributes 10 % marks towards the

final score. The final exam shall be conducted at the end of the year & accounts for 70 % of score. Remaining 10 % score shall be counted on the basis of daily class performance and attendance of the students

★ Eligibility for appearing the final exams1) Student must have completed their semester exams2) Class attendance of the student must be at least 80 %

Recommended booksTextbooks

1) Cunningham’s manual of practical anatomy2) Regional anatomy – R. J. Last3) Basic histology – Junquiera4) Langman’s embryology

References1) Gray’s & Snell’s anatomy2) Human anatomy – B. D. Chaurasia3) Embryology – Inderbir Singh4) Functional histology

After completion of the course, the students must have the knowledge of: General anatomy

IntroductionIntroduction to anatomy, subdivisions, historyAnatomical nomenclature & terminologies

General osteologyBone: definition, classification, distribution, functionsParts of long bone, types of epiphysis, periosteum & functionsBlood supply of long bones, ossification and developmentCartilage: definition, types, distribution, perichondrium

General arthrologyJoints: definition, classification, movements, morphologyStructure and classification of synovial joint, synovial fluidCompound and complex joints, blood and nerve supply

General myologyMuscle: definition, types, parts, nerve supply, actionsFunctional classification of muscle, muscle fasciculi, bursaTendons, ligaments and raphe, retinacula and aponeurosis

General neurologyParts of nervous system, neuron and its classificationNeuroglias and its functions, synapses, nerve fibers & typesParts of spinal nerve, sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

General angiologyVascular system: components, circulation & its typesTypes of vessels, arteries & veins, capillaries & sinusoidsAnastomosis & its types, end arteries, collateral circulationVasa vasorum, nerve supply of the blood vesselsLymphatic system: components, functions, circulating lymphocytesCentral & peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, RE system

Integumentary systemSkin: structure, functions, types, innervation, appendagesSuperficial fascia, deep fascia & its modifications, functions

GeneticsIntroduction, Mendelian laws & inheritance, mutationsCytogenetics: chromosome, genes, DNA, cell divisions

Radiologic anatomyIntroduction, principles of X-rays, CT scans & UltrasonographyIdentification of gross anatomical features in X-rays & CT scans

Upper limb

OsteologyBones of upper limb: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna – identification, anatomical position, parts, joint formed & their ossificationsCommon site of fractures, lines of weight transmission, carrying angle Identification of individual carpal bones in an articulated hand

ArthrologyShoulder girdle, shoulder joint, elbow joint, radioulnar joint, wrist joint, carpometacarpal joint of thumb – bones taking part, type of joint, movements & muscles producing themSupination and pronation movements and their axis, Opposition, Shoulder dislocations,Surgical neck & supracondlyar fractures of humerus, Colles’ & smith’s fractures

MyologyMuscles of different compartments of upper limb – attachments, nerve supply & actionsStructures under the cover of deltoid, rotator cuff, quadrangular & triangular spacesMuscles of the back, triangle of auscultation, lumbar triangle, lumbar hernia

AngiologyAxillary, brachial, radial, ulnar arteries, venous drainage, lymphatics – commencement, course & relations, branches, termination, their area of supply or drainageAnastomosis around scapula & elbow, superficial & deep palmar archesApplied aspects: Volkmann’s ischemic contracture, Raynaud’s disease, etc

NeurologyBrachial plexus – Erb’s palsy, Klumpke’s palsy, Winging of scapulaNerves: axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar & radial nerves – origin, root value, course & relations, distribution, applied – Carpal tunnel syndrome, crutch palsy, etcDermatomes of the upper limb, cutaneous nerve supply

Special regionsAxilla, mammary gland, cubital fossa, fascial spaces of hand – their boundaries, contents, relations and their clinical significanceClavipectoral fascia, flexor & extensor retinacula, palmar aponeurosis

Lower limb

OsteologyBones of lower limb: hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula – identification, anatomical position, parts, joints formed and their ossificationsFemoral torsion, neck shaft angle, blood supply of head of femur

Common sites of fractures, bipedal gait & walking, weight transmissionIdentification of individual tarsal bones in an articulated footArches of foot – formation, maintenance, ligaments, functions

ArthrologyHip, knee, tibiofibular, ankle, subtalar joints – bones taking part, ligaments, movementsLocking & unlocking of knee joint, cruciate ligaments, menisci, bursa around the kneeInversion & eversion movements – its axis, muscles producing it and participating jointsApplied – congenital hip dislocation, fracture neck of femur, knee injuries, ankle sprain

MyologyMuscles of the different compartment of the lower limb – attachment, nerve supply & actions, structure under the cover of gluteus maximus muscleGluteal muscles, Trendelenburg’s test, site of intramuscular injectionCalf pump, antigravity muscles, muscle of different layers of the sole

AngiologyFemoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, anterior, posterior tibial arteries – commencement, branches, termination, Anastomosis around knee, cruciate & trochanteric anastomosisVenous drainage of lower limb, long & short saphneous veins, valves, factors helping in venous return, peripheral heart, lymphatic drainage, inguinal lymph nodesApplied aspects: varicose vein, intermittent claudication, etc

NeurologyLumbar & sacral plexus – location, formation, branches, distributionNerves: sciatic, femoral, obturator, tibial, common peroneal – origin, root value, course, distribution, Sciatica, foot drop, Dermatomes of lower limb, cutaneous nerve supply

Special regionsFemoral triangle, adductor canal, gluteal region, popliteal fossa – boundaries, contents, relations, clinical significance, femoral hernia, gluteal IM injections, popliteal aneurysmsDeep fascia & its modifications: fascia lata, Holden’s line, iliotibial tract Tendo achillis, different retinacula around ankle, plantar aponeurosis

Thorax

Thoracic wallThoracic cage, thoracic inlet – boundaries & structures passing through itThoracic outlet – different openings & levels, Sternal angle & its importanceIntercostal space – boundaries & contents, typical & atypical spacesIntercostal muscles, their attachments, Respiratory movementsIntercostal nerves & vessels, Thoracic sympathetic trunk

Thoracic cavityPleura – pleural reflections, recesses & their importance, innervationMediastinum – divisions, their boundaries & contents, applied aspects

Thoracic organs

LungsGross features, lobes & fissures, relations, blood & nerve supplyBronchial tree, bronchopulmonary segment & its clinical importance

Pericardium & heartDivisions of pericardium, sinuses & their importance, innervationHeart – location, surface & borders, interior of all chambers, valvesConducting system, coronary vessels, nerve supply, cardiac plexusesGreat vessels – superior venacava, parts of aorta, pulmonary trunk

Trachea & oesophagus – gross features, relations, blood & nerve supply, applied aspects

Azygos vein & thoracic duct – formation, course & relations, tributaries

OsteologyVertebral column – introduction, length, curvatures, intervertebral discIdentification of typical & atypical vertebra & ribs, their parts & attachmentsSternum – parts, attachments, applied aspects, sternal puncture, costal cartilages

Abdomen

Abdominal wallQuadrants & regions, muscles of anterior abdominal wall, rectus sheathInguinal region, inguinal canal, spermatic cord & its contents, inguinal herniasMale external genital organs – testes, descent of testis, epididymis, scrotum, penisPeritoneum – greater and lesser omentum, omental bursa, epiploic foramenPeritoneal reflections, recesses, various pouches and their surgical importanceMuscles of posterior abdominal wall, thoracolumbar fascia, lumbar sympathetic chainLarge blood vessels: aorta, inferior venacava, aortic & iliac lymph nodes, cysterna chyliThe diaphragm – origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions & associated hernias

Abdominal organsMorphology, relations, blood & nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, applied aspects of – Stomach, small & large intestine, vermiform appendixSpleen, pancreas, liver & extrahepatic biliary apparatusPortal vein – formation, course, portacaval anastomosisKidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands, chromaffin tissues

Pelvic organsMorphology, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, applied aspects of – Urinary bladder, urethra, prostate, ductus deferens, seminal vesiclesUterus & its supports, broad ligament, ovaries & uterine tubesRectum & anal canal, anal sphincters, perianal space

Pelvic wallBoundaries, pelvic inlet & outlet, pelvic fascia, pelvis diaphragmSacrotuberous & sacrospinous ligaments, internal iliac vessels

PerineumIschiorectal fossa, pudendal canal, urogenital diaphragmPerineal membrane, perineal spaces & muscles, pudendum/vulva

OsteologyHip bone, lumbar vertebra, sacrum & coccyx, disc prolapse, nerve compressionBony pelvis – pelvimetry, diameters, types of pelvis, sex differencesJoints – lumbosacral, sacroiliac & sacrococcygeal joints, pubic symphysis

Head & Neck

Scalp & FaceLayers of scalp, muscles of facial expressionBlood supply, emissary veins, dangerous area of faceNerve supply, facial nerve palsy, lymphatic drainage

NeckDeep cervical fascia – layers, extensions, spaces & spread of infectionTriangles of neck – their boundaries, subdivisions & contentsMyology – suprahyoid, infrahyoid, prevertebral, suboccipital musclesSternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles – nerve supply and actionsAngiology: External carotid & subclavian arteries – course & branchesVenous drainage – External & internal jugular veins, Brachiocephalic veinsNeurology: Cervical sympathetic trunk, ganglias, cervical plexus, ansa cervicalisCranial nerves – nucleus, course & relations, branches & distribution, applied

Cranial cavityMeninges, folds of duramater, its blood supply and nerve supplyVenous sinuses of duramater, cavernous sinus, pituitary gland

Orbit & eyeballFormation of bony orbit, contents and fascias of the orbitEyeball – coats, parts, blood supply, optic pathway & lesionsExtraocular muscles – origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions

Temporal regionMuscles of mastication – origin, insertion & nerve supplyTM joint – ligaments, movements, TM joint dislocation

GlandsMorphology, capsule, relations, blood & nerve supply of – Salivary glands – parotid, submandibular & sublingual glands

Thyroid & parathyroid glands, lacrimal gland & apparatus

ENTEar – parts, tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, internal earAuditory tube, Auditory tube, Auditory & vestibular pathwaysNose – nasal cavity, septum, features in the lateral wallBlood supply, Little’s area, epistaxis, nerve supplyParanasal sinuses – location, drainage, applied aspects Throat – oral cavity, palate, tongue, pharynx, larynx – parts, muscles, relations, blood & nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, applied aspects, tonsils & waldeyers ring

OsteologyIdentification of the bones of skull from different viewsForamina and different structures passing through themMandible – parts, attachments & changes with the ageCervical vertebrae, atlanto-occipital & atlanto-axial joints

Neuroanatomy

Spinal cordGross features, extension, enlargements, conus medullarisMeninges, grey & white matter, ascending & descending tractsBlood supply, vertebral venous plexus, applied aspects, lumbar puncture

BrainIntroduction, subdivisions, coverings, CSF circulation, floor of 4th ventricleBrainstem – parts, external features, motor & sensory decussationTransverse sections at different levels of the brainstemCerebellum – divisions, external features, cerebellar pedunclesFunctions of cerebellum, cerebellar syndromesCerebrum – parts, sulci & gyri, lobes, poles, major functional areasThalamus, hypothalamus – nuclei & functions, parts of limbic systemBasal nuclei, pyramidal & extrapyramidal systems, applied aspectsWhite matter of cerebrum – corpus callosum, internal capsule, appliedBlood supply – Internal carotid & vertebral arteries, Circle of WillisAreas supplied by anterior, middle & posterior cerebral arteries

Histology

General Histology

Introduction – parts & use of light microscope, other types of microscopeCytology – cell, cell membranes, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles, cell division

Epithelium – definition, characteristics, classification, functionsIntercellular junctions, surface modifications, basal lamina, glands

Connective tissue – definition, classification, characters, functionsCells, fibers: collagen, elastic & reticular, ground substancesLoose areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

Bones – definition, composition, functions, bone cellsTypes: compact & cancellous, Haversian system, periosteum

Cartilage – types, distribution, structure, perichondrium

Muscles – skeletal, cardiac, smooth, structure, intercalated disc

Nervous tissue – neurons - parts, structure, typesNeuroglias – types, functions, nerve fibers, synapses

Vessels – large & medium sized arteries, veins, capillaries & sinusoids

Skin – types, epidermis & dermis, cells, cutaneous receptors, appendages

Systemic histology

Alimentary system – basic organization, tongue with papillae, taste budsLayers of oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine, appendix Oesophageal & gastric glands, Brunner’s gland, Solitary lymphoid follicle, Payers patchPancreas – acini & islets, liver – hepatic lobule, portal lobule & acinus, gall bladder

Lymphoid system – components, thymus, lymph node, spleen, splenic circulation

Respiratory system – olfactory mucosa, epiglottis, trachea, bronchial tree, lungsType I & II alveolar pneumocytes, hyaline membrane disease, heart failure cells

Urinary system – basic organization, nephron, its parts, podocytes, renal cortex and medulla, juxtaglomerular apparatus, renal circulation, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Male reproductive system – testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, spermatogenesisFemale reproductive system – ovary, stages of maturation of ovarian follicles, ovulation, corpus luteum, fallopian tube, uterus, phases of menstruation, placenta, mammary gland

Endocrine system – pituitary: adenohypophysis & neurohypophysis, thyroid: follicles & parafollicular cells, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortex & medulla, their hormones

Nervous system – structure of spinal cord, cerebrum & cerebellumSpecial senses – eye: cornea, lens, retina, ear: cochlea, organ of corti

Embryology

General embryology

Introduction, stages of human life, terminologies used, historyGametogenesis, germ cell transport & fertilization, sperm capacitationCleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation – normal and abnormal sites

Gastrulation, bilaminar & trilaminar germ disc, derivatives of germ layersNotochord, neural tube & its fate, neural tube defects, neural crest & its fateIntraembryonic mesoderm, development of somites, intraembryonic coelom

Fetal membranes: formation, functions & fate of chorion, amnion, yolk sacPlacenta – functions, fetomaternal circulation, placental barrier, twinningApplied aspects – amniocentesis, chorionic villus biopsy, Rh incompatibility

Systemic embryology

Cardiovascular system – development of heart chambers & septaFetal circulation, changes at birth, developmental abnormalities

Respiratory system – development of larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungsTracheoesophageal fistula, respiratory distress syndrome, premature birth

Alimentary system – foregut, midgut, hindgut – their derivatives, rotation, anomaliesMeckel’s diverticulum, Cloaca & its fate, development of rectum & anal canal

Urogenital system – development of kidneys & ureters: pro, meso & metanephrosDevelopment of urinary bladder & urethra, Genital system – testis & its descent, ovariesMesonephric & paramesonephric, ducts – development of uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Head & neck – pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts, development of face, palate, ear & eyeNervous system – neural tube, spinal cord, brain – forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, neural crest and their derivatives, adrenal medulla, development of hypophysis cerebri & thyroid