curs 2 civile (2)
TRANSCRIPT
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Curs nr 2
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5.Conceptul de sistem in constructii
Printre diferitele definiii propuse pentru notiunea
generala de sistem, urmatoarea se pare a fi cea maipotrivita :
Un sistem reprezint o colecie de obiecte,interacionndunul cu altul, care reacioneaz ntr-unmod specific ipredictibil la oricare schimbare ce are
loc n ambianalui. Caracteristica fundamentala a conceptu lu i desistem const n validitatea principiului de unitate iinterdependen intre priisi a intregului; ceea ceinseamna ca o entitate complex nu permite izolarea
niciunui element component i analizarea lui nabsenaaltor componente. O alta caracteristic importanta a teoriei de sistem
este reprezentata de caracterul eiuniversal, atat prinlimbaj cat si ca domeniu de activitate.
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5. The System Concept
Among different definitions proposed for the generalnotion of system, the following one seems the most
appropriate: A system represents a collection of objects,interacting to each other, which reacts in a specific and
predictable way to any change occurring in its
environment.
A fundamental characteristic of the system conceptconsists in the validity of the principle of uni ty and
interdependence of parts and o f the whole;this
means that a complex entity does not allow the isolation
of any component part and its investigation in theabsence of the other components.
Another important feature of the theory of systems isrepresented by its un iversal character , in terms of both
language and instruments used.
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Aplicarea conceptului de sistem in constructii
Complexitatea fizica a unei cldiriface obligatorie
aplicarea conceptulu i de sistem considerandu-se cldirea
ca un ansamblu de elemente interconectate unul cu celalalt
icu mediul ambiant si care coopereaza pentru a indeplini
diferite functiuni.
Aceasta structurare pe criterii functionale divide fiecaresistemin subsistemece vor avea o functiune proprie ce
trebuie indeplinita indiferent de rezolvarea constructiv
tehnologica concreta.
Fiecare subsistemal sistemului cladire este un sistemin raport cu propria lui structura, si poate fi descompus mai
departe in subansambluri constructive
subansamblurilese pot descompune la randul lor in
elemente constructive si elementele incomponente
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Applying the Concept to Buildings The extreme physical complexity of a building makes compulsory, the
application of system concept by considering the building as an ensemble of
elements interconnected to each other and to the environment, whichcooperate to fullfill certain functions.
The first step consists in the construction of an adequate model of
breaking up the building, corresponding to several hierarchic levels.
Such a model should achieve a functional break-up of the
bui ld ing systeminto severalsubsystems, each one being characterised by
a global specific function.
These subsystemscan be considered as a systemwith respect to its
own internal structure and functionality, made up of a number of
subensembles.
Each subensemble - considered to be organised as a system toois
composed of elements, interconnected in such a way that they form a
physical/functional entity. Many elements possess a physical/functional
structure of enough complexity that can justify their breaking up intocomponents .
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SISTEMUL CLADIRE
SUBSISTEME FUNCTIONALE
SUBANSAMBLURI CONSTRUCTIVEELEMENTE DE CONSTRUCTII
COMPONENTE
Daca se elimina subsistemele de instalatii si echipamente
un astfel de model are cinci subsisteme:
spatiul inchis=volumul separat de cladire din mediul
natural inchis si protejat in raport cu acesta
structura=portiunea din sistemul cladire care ii asigura
acestuia rezistenta si stabilitatea mecanica
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anvelopa=portiunea din sistemul cladire care ii asigurainchiderea in raport cu mediul natural
separatiile interioare= portiunile sistemului cladire neaflate incontact cu exteriorul si care compartimenteaza spatiul inchis
separatiile exterioare = portiunile adiacente anvelopei si
aflate in contact numai cu mediul exterior.
Exemple: structura tip cadru acoperisurile placile de planseu scarile
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BUILDING SYSTEM
SUBENSEMBLES
ELEMENTS
COMPONENTS
SUBSYSTEMS
For current-type civil buildings, at a first hierarchic level of
break-up, the building system includes the following
subsystems: indoo r space uni ts created by partitioning the wholebuilding indoor space in accordance with functionalrequirements;
structure, i.e. that part of the building ensuring its
mechanical strength and stability;
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enclosure, i.e. that part of the building separating it fromthe outdoor natural environment;
inter ior part i t ions , i.e. those parts of the building(without contact with the outdoor environment) dividing
its whole indoor space into indoor space units
exter ior part i t ions ,i.e. those parts of the buildingenclosure subsystem that is in continuous contact with
the outdoor environment
Here maybe also added the installation and equipmentssubsystems
EX: frame structure, floors or roofs structures
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6.Conceptul de performanta in constructii
Utilizatorul Constructia
Exigente Performante
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6.The performance concept
Users Building
Exigencies Performances
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Conceptul de abordare de performanta (performance
approach) a fost introdus in domeniul industrial inca din anii
50 de catre cercetatorii americani, pentru a ordona conceptia
si proiectarea, inovarea tehnica si tehnologica si procedurile
de control al calitatii conceptiei, proiectarii si executiei
Mai tarziu, s-a introdus si in constructii teoria conceptului
de performantaca fiind un instrument destinat sa rationalizezeactivitatile legate de producereaunei constructii, sa stimuleze
progresul tehnic, orientandu-le spre asigurarea conditiilor si
criteriilor de satisfacere a cerintelor utilizatorilor.
Prima etapa in aplicarea teoriei conceptului de performantain constructii este formularea exigentelor utilizatorilor, ceea ce
nu se poate face decat in termeni calitativi, fara a se referi la o
solutie concreta.
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From the viewpoint of its contents, working out and application, the
perform ance conc ept in bui ld ing construct ion represents a
systemat ic procedure to establ ish the characteris t ics o f bu i ld ings
and of their component parts in ord er to get satis factory response
to all exigenc ies exp ressed by those involv ed in their ut i l isat ion.
All definitions proposed for the performance concept emphasise
as a fundamental issue the fact that this kind of approach does not
start from whata product is and what it represents,but from whata
product must provide, no matter what the concrete solution would be.
This concept is defined as aninstrument aiming at rationalisingboth design and execution, stimulating promotion of technical progress
and innovative solutions oriented towards ensuring conditions and
specifying criteria able to satisfy as completely as possible users
requirements.
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The starting point in a building performance analysisconsists in the identification of its users exigencies(requirements).
Since the list of usersexigencies must be set up for aspeci f ied fun ct ional type of bui ld ing and not for a
part icular bui lding, it becomes compulsory that this
operation have a high degree of generalisation.
An exigency of building users represents thestatement of one of their necessities related to the
respective type of building. This statement isexpressed in qualitative terms only, without
reference to any particular solution.
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The second step in a performance analysis consists in the
conversion of usersexigencies (requirements) into
perform ance exigenciespresently called in Romanian
documents, techn ical condi t ions of performance-, which
are qualitativerequirements associated with different physical
and functional divisions of a building. The list thus worked out
should be addressed to a potential solution, with no definitespecification of means for its achievement.
The third step in a performance approach consists in
establishing perform ance cri ter ia, expressed quantitatively,
to be used for assessing the degree of fulfilment for each
performance exigency. More recently, an alternative term has
been introduced for this notion (which is also presently used in
Romanian documents), namely perform ance parameters.
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The perform ance parameters are measurable
characteristics associated with a building subsystem,
which makes possible to quantifythe degree of fulfilment
for a certain performance exigency (technical condition
of performance ) imposed to the respective subsystem.
Performance parameters are intended to exert a contro l of
achievement of the objective stated by the correspondingtechnical conditions of performance.
Any performance parameter must have:
- its own notation;
- a specified unit of measurement; - a physical significance, precise and non-equivocal;
- a computational model or an experimental procedurefor assessing quantitative values.
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The forth step consists in associating eachperformance parameter with a certain l imit value
(either maximum or minimum) or with a range of values,
considered as compulsory. This is presently known asperform ance leveland represents a reference value of
the respective performance parameter, taken as a basis
for evaluation its degree of fulfilment. The performance
level associated to any performance parameter isspecified by technical regulations.
Any solution provided by the design of a building must
comply with the levels of performance specified byappropriate technical regulations. The values
corresponding to the design solutions are termed design
performances.
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Listarea exigentelor nu se poate face decat pe tipuri
functionale de cladire, si nu pe fiecare tip de cladire in parte.
A doua etapa pe care o presupune abordarea de
performanta este convertirea exigentelor (cerintelor)
utilizatorilor in exigente tehnice asociate unor diviziuni
tehnice si functionale ale cladirii.
Exigente tehnice=exigente de performanta =conditii tehnicede performanta=enuntul calitativ al unei insusiri pe care trebuie
sa o aiba un subsistem al unei cladiri
A treia etapa este stabilirea criteriilor de apreciere a gradului
de satisfacere a fiecarei exigente de performanta (criterii deperformanta)=parametri de performanta=o caracteristica
masurabila a unui subsistem cu care se poate cuantifica gradul
de indeplinire a unei conditii tehnice de performanta impuse
acestuia
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Fiecare parametru de performanta are O notatie proprie O unitate de masura
O semnificatie fizica precisa si univoca Un model de evaluare prin calcul si/sau o metoda dedeterminare pe cale experimentala
Ultima etapa a abordarii de performanta este asociereafiecarui
parametru de performanta unei valori limita, minima saumaxima, numita nivel de performanta = valoarea de referinta
a unui parametru de performanta in raport cu care se
evalueaza indeplinirea acestuia.
Nivelul de performanta asociat unui parametru de
performanta este precizat si impus prin reglementarile tehnicede specialitate.
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Directiva Europeana 89/106 CEEsi Legea 10 referitoare
la Calitatea in Constructii
n cadrul activitilor desfasurate de Uniunea Europeana,
a fost elaborat un sistem de documente cuprinztor i bine
organizat privitor la activitatea in constructii.
Una dintre caracteristicile cele mai importante este
maniera exigentiala n care sunt concepute fiind n esendiferit de unul tradiional descriptiv.
Un document de baz n aceasta directie, Directiva
Europeana 89/106 EEC, a fost prezentata statelor membre
UEn decembrie 1988 i a fost pusa n aplicare exact treiani mai tarziu.
Premisele principale pentru publicare acest document au
fost:
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7.The Construc tion Products Direct ive (89/106/EEC)
Within the framework of European Unionactivities, a
comprehensive and well-organised system of documentsconcerning constructions has been developed over the last two
decades. One of the most important features of these
documents lies in the fact that they are conceived and written
in an exigentialmanner, thus being essentially different from
the traditional descriptive ones.
A basic document in this respect, the Construc t ion
Produ cts Direct ive (89/106/EEC)was notified to the EU
member states in December 1988 and implemented exactly
three years later. The main premises for issuing this document
were:
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all member countries wish to ensure that on theirterritories construction works are achieved so that,alongside with safety of humans, domestic animalsand property, all other exigencies of general interestwill be secured;
in all member countries, alongside with regulationsrelated to safety exigencies of buildings, there are also
provisions concerning users health, economy ofenergy, environmental protection, durability,economical aspects of building construction andexploitation etc;
all member countries do have national regulations forall kinds of exigencies, thus enabling the issuance ofcorresponding European harmonised regulations.
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The Directive describes a constructionproductas any productthat is created for incorporation in a permanent manner in construction
works.To fall within the scope of the Directive, a product must meet
four criteria: it must be produced; placed upon the market;
incorporated in a permanent manner in the works; relate to atleast one of the Essential Requirements.
The Construction Products Directive requires that constructionproducts are fit for the purpose for which they are intended and that
they may satisfy national regulations. A number of six Essential
Requirements are set out in the Directive; at least one of them must
apply to the product in use.
The list of Essential Requirements associated tobuildings includes:
1. Mechanical resistance and stability
2. Safety in case of fire
3. Hygiene, health and environment
4. Safety in use
5. Protection against noise
6. Energy economy and heat retention.
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All these requirements are stated in the form of objectives, asexemplified below for some of them:
Mechanical resistance and s tabi l i ty.
A construction must be conceived, designed and achieved so that,under the actions likely to occur during its service (life) period, none of
the following events occurs:
- total or partial failure (collapse);
- excessive deformations and deflections;
- damage of certain parts of the construction works, fitting or
equipment, due to significant deformations of structural elements;
- damage resulting from accidental events, excessively large with
respect to the magnitude of the event.
Safety in case of fire.A construction must be conceived, designed and achieved so that, if
fire breaks out:
- stability of structural elements, as well as their capacity to support
loads, be maintained for a specified period of time;
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- spread of fire and smoke within the construction or to neighbouring
works be limited;
- occupants be allowed to escape or to be rescued;
- emergency squads can operate quickly, efficiently and withoutexcessive risks
It is specified that, under the condition of normal maintenance, all
essential requirements associated to a building must be satisfied over
its entire life period economicallyreasonable. This last specification is
translated as thatperiod of time during which building performancescan be maintained at a level consistent with the fulfillment of essential
requirements,depending on:- costs associated to the situation when the building becomes
unusable;
- risks and consequences of construction failure, togheter with costsrelated to insurance against them;
- estimated partial refurbishment works;
- maintenance cost;
- demolition cost;
- environmental (ecological ) costs resulting from either maintaining the
building in use or demolishing it.
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The Romanian regulations presently in force that governthe application of performance concept to buildings aregenerated by the Law of Quality in Constructions(Law No.10/1995). The Essential Requirements specified by thislaw and by all connected regulations are consistent withthose included in the Construction Products Directive andits associated Interpretative Documents issued by theEuropean Economic Community (see 2.3.2.). They appearsas:
A. Resistance and stability; B. Safety in use; C. Safety against fire; D. Hygiene peoples, health, restoration and protection of
environment; E. Thermal insulation, waterproofing and economy ofenergy;
F. Protection against noise.
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toate rilemembre au dorit saiba garantia ca pe
teritoriul lor lucrarile de constructii sunt realizate astfel incat
pe langa securitatea persoanelor, animalelor si bunurilor
toate exigentele de interes general vor fi respectate.
n toate rilemembre, alturide dispoziiin legturcu
exigentele de siguranale cldirilor,existde asemenea
prevederi privitor la sntateautilizatorilor, economia deenergie, proteciampotriva influenelorexterioare
,durabilitate, aspecte economice de construciei
exploatare etc;
toate rilemembre au dispoziiinaionalepentru toatetipurile de exigente, astfel putandu-se redacta reglementari
armonizate la nivelul fiecarei tari
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Directiva stipuleaza ca un produs constructie" trebuie safie potrivit pentru scopul in care a fost creat si sa satisfaca
cererile impuse de reglementarile nationale; Exista 6 Exigente Esentiale asociate unei cladiri, care
acopera reglementarile nationale si care trebuie sa fie
indeplinite simultan:
1.Rezisten mecanic i stabilitatea
2. Siguran n caz de incendiu
3. Igien, sntate i mediu inconjurator
4. Siguran n utilizare 5. Protecie mpotriva zgomotului
6. Economia de energie i izolarea termica
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Legea 10/1995, lege in vigoare la ora actuala cu un numarde imbunatatiri si actualizari, instituie SISTEMUL CALITATII
IN CONSTRUCTII, acesta fiind definit ca :
ansamblulde structuri organizatorice, responsabilitati, regulamenteproceduri si mijloace care concura la realizarea calitatii constructiilorin etapele de concepere, realizare, exploatare si postutilizare a
acestora
Pentru obtinerea unor constructii de calitate legea 10 , modificatasi adaugita instituie obligativitatea realizarii si mentinerii pe toatadurata de existenta a constructiei a 6 cerinte esentiale,consecvente cu acele incluse n Directiva Comunitatii Europene.Ele sunt:
A. Rezistenistabilitatea;
B. Securitate la incendiu; C. Igiena, sanatate si mediu, D. Siguranta in exploatare E. Protectie impotriva zgomotului F. Economie de energie si izolarea termica