cursupdate center for urban and regional studies the

over land use. Local governments oftenapprove new subdivisions, for example,without consulting their school boards todetermine whether there is sufficientcapacity to handle the new students. At thesame time, school boards often select newschool sites without consulting local govern-ments. One institution controls choicesabout school location and design while theother controls choices about houses, neigh-borhoods, and capital improvements which

impact the number of newstudents. The lack of coor-dinated planning may resultin school boards and localgovernments working atcross purposes.

In May 2006, with majorsupport from the Z. SmithReynolds Foundation, theCenter for Urban andRegional Studies conveneda Summit on Intergovern-mental Collaboration andSchool Siting to explorehow coordination andcommunication between

school boards and local governments couldbe improved. The summit brought togetherrepresentatives from school boards, munici-palities, and county government in four fast-growing counties in North Carolina—Cabarrus, Guilford, Johnston, and Union.The four counties were selected for partici-pation based on factors such as enrollmentgrowth, the nature of relationships betweencounty, municipal, and school officials,whether processes for collaboration were in

place, and whether the district was under-going significant school construction. Alltogether, twenty-eight representativesattended the summit.

The goals of the summit were to: • Clarify the interdependence of school loca-

tion decisions, land-use planning, localgovernment finances, and the character ofcommunities;

• Raise awareness of strategies, tools, andtechniques that foster collaboration amongschool districts, counties, and municipali-ties when making decisions about land useand schools; and

Intergovernmental Collaboration on School Facility Siting

forinformation

A copy of the full report onthe summit, is availabe athttp://curs.unc.edu/curs-pdf-downloads/recentlyreleased.

For additional informationon this project contact Dr. David Salvesen at 919-962-7045 or [email protected].

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Nationally, school enrollment is projected to increase to record levels everyyear from 2006 until at least 2014, according to the National Center for

Education Statistics. In North Carolina, as in many other states, communities arestruggling to meet the demand for new schools. Planning for new schools ismade more challenging, however, since school boards have little or no control

Visit our website at www.unc.edu/depts/curs

CURSUpdate

continued on page 3

Volume XI1, Number 1 • March 2007

1 Intergovernmental Collaborationon School Facility Siting

2 From the Director

5 Preliminary Community ImpactAssessment: Fort Bragg and PopeAir Force Base Realignment andClosure (BRAC) and ModularForce Transformation

7 Neighborhood Evaluations in Norfolk, Virginia

9 Faculty Fellows Update

12 News from CURS

13 Carolina Transportation Program

14 Center Projects

16 About the Center

WHAT’S INSIDE

The idea of “engaged scholarship” is gaining attention at the University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) as it is in many other universities across thecountry. A recent report prepared by the UNC-CH Chancellor’s Task Force on

Engagement calls, among other things, for building “awareness and understanding ofengaged scholarship and service among the entire campus community” and for increasing“recognitions and rewards for engaged scholarship and service.” A new Vice Chancellor forEngagement also has been appointed to provide leadership in this increasingly importantmission of the university.

Of course engaged scholarship is not new at Carolina or CURS. For many years, membersof the UNC-CH faculty have been conducting research or undertaking other scholarly activi-ties that directly address the pressing problems facing our local communities, state, region,country, and world. CURS has been supporting engaged scholarship among the UNC-CHfaculty for 50 years now and the staff works hard to ensure that the research findings aredisseminated to those who can benefit from them.

To this end, this issue of the CURS Update contains descriptions of three recentlycompleted projects that provide good examples of engaged scholarship. The lead articlereports on a recent summit that CURS Senior Research Associate, David Salvesen, organizedas part of a larger body of work (see CURS Update 10:2) on fostering coordination betweenlocal school boards, who are responsible for planning new public schools, and countycommissioners and city planners, who are responsible for planning for growth and develop-ment. This lack of coordination has led to a variety of problems including inadequate class-room space for new students, urban sprawl, and the need for large, unanticipated investmentsin roads, water systems, and other public infrastructure to serve new schools. This summitoffers a national model for how those involved in school and urban development planningcan work together to accomplish mutually beneficial development outcomes.

The second article in this issue addresses a concern of communities throughout thecountry that are in close proximity to military bases. How will the increase or decrease inmilitary personnel resulting from the Defense Department’s Base Realignment and Closure(BRAC) process impact surrounding communities? CURS Senior Research Associate,Spencer Cowan, responded to a request from the Mid-Carolina Council of Governments toassess the impacts of personnel changes at both Fort Bragg and the adjacent Pope Air ForceBase on public school enrollment. This study involved the development of a multi-step fore-casting model that could be used to generate similar forecasts for other communities affectedby BRAC.

The final article reports on two neighborhood analyses conducted by Senior ResearchAssociates Spencer Cowan and David Salvesen, and a team of students for the Norfolk (VA)Redevelopment and Housing Authority. This project developed innovative measures ofneighborhood conditions and helped the Authority in developing revitalization strategies forthe neighborhoods studied.

All three projects are good examples of the type of engaged scholarship supported byCURS. Contact us if you would like to learn more about what we can offer.

C E N T E R F O R U R B A N A N D R E G I O N A L S T U D I E S 2

From the Director

W W W . U N C . E D U / D E P T S / C U R S3

• Identify steps foradvancing collaborationby summit attendees intheir respective commu-nities.An advisory group,

comprised of representa-tives from five statewideorganizations—the NCChapter of the AmericanPlanning Association, theNC Chapter of theCouncil for EducationalFacility Planners, the NCSchool Board Association,the NC League ofMunicipalities, and the NC Association of CountyCommissioners—helpedguide the developmentand planning of thesummit.

The summit wasdesigned to provide participants with sufficientresources (facilities, substantive experts,group facilitation, and staff support) toquickly acquire necessary background infor-mation, meet with peers to clarify commonconcerns and needs, and engage productivelyacross jurisdictional lines to set priorities forthe future.

The day began with a presentation byCURS Senior Research Associate Dr. DavidSalvesen, “Working Across Jurisdictions onSchool Facility Siting.” Following a briefquestion and answer period, the school,county, and municipal officials talked sepa-rately in facilitated break-out sessions aboutwhat is most important to them about schoolfacility siting, what resources they bring tothe table, what they need from the othergroups, and what constrains their ability tocollaborate with the other groups on schoolfacility siting. The three break-out groupsreported their findings in a plenary session,followed by a full group discussion.

The resulting presentations raised avariety of issues and challenges that fall intosix themes: neighborhood, respect and trust,vision, planning, money, and collaboration.For example, in discussing neighborhoodissues, the municipal group focused on items

such as the walkability of school sites andhow some schools can divide a community(for example, as a physical barrier, throughschool zones, and by creating dissensionover features or design elements). They alsoexpressed a desire to use school facilities ascommunity centers. A municipal representa-tive noted an interest in “flexibility in designso that schools can vary from standards onsize, number of stories, location of ballfields, etc.” The county group emphasizedthe impact a school can have on traffic in aneighborhood and the demand a schoolfacility places on local utilities and services.On the issue of respect, the school groupasked the counties and municipalities tounderstand that, although they design andconstruct facilities, they should not betreated like developers who are often askedto provide community amenities as a condi-tion of approval. School officials feel theyprovide an essential service to the localcommunities and do not appreciate “beingstrong-armed” to provide services that arethe responsibility of other governmentalagencies.

After lunch, the representatives of each ofthe four participating counties met sepa-rately to identify steps that their schools,county, and municipalities could take tofoster collaboration on school facilitiessiting. Later in the day the four groupspresented their findings during the after-noon plenary session.

From the group presentations, five keyissues stood out as primary components ofsuccessful intergovernmental collaboration:trust, politics, time, communication, andcommitment. Lack of trust emerged as oneof the main barriers to collaboration. Forexample, one county representative explainedhow municipalities do not always believe theaccuracy of the enrollment projections froma school board. As one participant stated,“We all have to buy into what data is, [and]get on a single message.” Another personmentioned how the relationship betweentheir school board and county commissionwas characterized by a “legacy of distrust,”which discouraged collaboration.

Next, Ron Bogle, CEO and president of

Intergovernmental Collaboration continued from page 1

continued on page 4

School site plan courtesy of Architectural Vision Group, Ltd., Cleveland, Ohio.


the American Architectural Foundationand a former school superintendent, sharedhis impressions of the possibilities forcollaboration in North Carolina based onwhat he had heard at the summit. Heemphasized how the current institutional-ized practices of locating and buildingschools do not serve towns, counties, andschool districts looking to create collabora-tive relationships. Bogle suggested taking acloser look at how schools are funded inthe state. Under the current system, henoted, it is difficult for school districts tokeep pace with the ever-increasing demandfor school facilities.

In closing, Charles Archer and RogerLentz, both members of the SummitSteering Committee, offered some finalremarks about the value of the day’sconversations and the need to continue acommitment to collaboration. They statedthat their professional organizations (NCLeague of Municipalities and the NCChapter of the American PlanningAssociation, respectively) are ready to aid communities in finding innovative solutions to school facility siting issues,identifying commonalities between coun-ties, municipalities, and school districts,and assisting in lobbying for legislativechange. They remarked that the summit

was a great start to increasing intergovern-mental collaboration and they arecommitted to seeing the collaborationcontinue.

Overall, the summit aided its attendeesin starting, renewing, or building uponcollaborative relationships while alsoemphasizing the importance of further

research on this topic. By the end of theday, each county had created an individual-ized list of tasks for advancing collabora-tion. Across all four counties, these varioustasks and challenges organized along fivethemes:• Institutionalizing collaborative processes;• Creating a common goal and vision;• Establishing a culture of trust;• Improving communication and

information; and• Changing policy.

The next steps are to follow-up with thefour counties to see if the summit helpedspur greater collaboration and to convene a second summit, one that will bringtogether representatives from other counties and include representatives fromorganizations such as the Department ofTransportation, Department of PublicInstruction, and school PTAs.

The Center would like to thank themany sponsors and volunteers who madethe summit possible.

See page 15 for a summary of a relatedproject.

Intergovernmental Collaboration continued from page 3


Carolina communities surrounding Ft. Braggand Pope Air Force Base, planned increases inpersonnel led to concerns about the impact ofthese changes on local public schools. As aresult, CURS was asked to prepare a prelimi-nary community impact assessment to predictthe effects of personnel changes on schoolsbrought on by BRAC and other recent trans-formations to military force structure.

Together, Fort Bragg and Pope Air ForceBase form one of the largest military installa-tions in the world. The bases occupy about 250square miles in North Carolina’s Cumberlandand Hoke counties. Over 45,000 militarypersonnel are stationed at the two bases, withover 30,000 living off base in the elevensurrounding counties—Bladen, Cumberland,

Harnett, Hoke, Lee, Montgomery, Moore,Richmond, Robeson, Sampson, and Scotland.With a combined military and civilian payroll ofover $2 billion, the estimated direct and indirecteconomic impact of the bases in the surroundingcounties is over $6.5 billion annually.

With that large a presence, any proposedchange in personnel at the bases becomes asource of concern for the surrounding counties.Two recent decisions, one made by the U.S.Army in 2004 and the other by the Departmentof Defense in 2005, herald significant personnelchanges at the bases. First, the Army is in theprocess of reorganizing its forces by shiftingfrom larger, specialized units to smaller, morediversified ones. The transformation resulted in

Preliminary Community ImpactAssessment: Fort Bragg and Pope Air ForceBase Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and Modular Force Transformation

Since 1988, over 500 military bases and facilities throughout the country have beenaffected by Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) activities. The latest round of

the Department of Defense BRAC process was approved in 2005 and resulted incommunities across the country bracing themselves for the impacts of closures ormajor changes in personnel that will occur over the next five years. For the North

forinformation

For more information on thisstudy contact Dr. SpencerCowan at 919-962-8847 orvia email at [email protected]. Dr. Rohe may bereached at 919-962-3077 orvia email at [email protected].

Created July 25, 2006 by Peter ZambitoCenter for Urban and Regional StudiesUNC-Chapel Hill

continued on page 6

the creation of ten new brigade combatteams, with three of the new brigades to bestationed at Fort Bragg. Second, as part ofthe 2005 BRAC process, two majorcommand centers are being transferred toFort Bragg, while 2,000 to 3,000 Air Forcepersonnel are being transferred from PopeAir Force Base to other locations. Together,these decisions will result in over 2,600 newmilitary and 1,700 new civilian personnel atFort Bragg by 2011.

In response to the impending personnelchanges, the counties formed a regionaltask force to study the impact of thosechanges on their communities. One majorconcern was how the increase in personnelwould affect public schools. Working withthe Mid-Carolina Council of Governmentsand with funding from the Department ofDefense’s Office of Economic Adjustment,CURS Senior Research Associate SpencerCowan and Center Director William Roheprepared a preliminary community impactassessment to predict the impact ofpersonnel changes on the public schools.

To assess the impacts on public schools,Cowan and Rohe had to consider changesto base housing and schools. There areover 4,500 family housing units on base inCumberland County. The Army isupgrading and expanding many of thoseunits to accommodate larger families, and itis building 1,500 additional four-bedroomunits on base in Harnett County. Thesechanges will allow many more soldiers withfamilies to live on base where their children

will be able to attend theDefense Departmentelementary and middleschools.

Cowan and Rohe useda five-stage process fortheir assessment. In thefirst stage, they deter-mined where military andcivilian personnel arecurrently living. Thisprovided a baseline fromwhich impacts could bemeasured. Next, theyestablished how manymilitary and civilianpersonnel will be coming

to or leaving the base each year throughthe end of September 2011. In the thirdstage, increases or decreases in personnelwere allocated to each of the surroundingcensus tracts based on existing residencypatterns. Given that allocation, in thefourth stage the change in the number ofschool-aged children in each tract wascalculated using Army figures on thenumber of school-aged children peremployee. In the final stage, the figureswere adjusted to account for new housingunits being built on base.

Cowan and Rohe found that the mostsignificant changes in personnel wouldresult from transformations to modularforces and occur in the first two years, FY2005–2006. During those years, they esti-mated substantial increases in the numbersof military personnel living off base, withmost of the impact occurring in Cumber-land, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, and Rich-mond counties. During FY 2008–2009,fewer new military personnel will becoming to the region, and in FY2010–2011 there will be a net loss of mili-tary personnel as units are transferred toother locations. However, there will be alarge influx of new civilian personnel withthe arrival of the command centers in FY2010, which will offset the departure of themilitary personnel. The net result over thelast four years of the study period is a lossof about 1,100 military personnel and again of just over 1,200 new civilianpersonnel.

The impact on the schools will also bemost noticeable in the first two years, withan estimated increase of almost 1,200elementary school students, 600 middleschool students, and 400 high schoolstudents. After that, with the opening ofnew housing opportunities and a newelementary school on base, the number ofelementary school students attendingcounty schools will decline by over 300. If asecond elementary school is built on base inHarnett County, the number of elementaryschool students will continue to declinethrough the end of FY 2011. After theinitial growth in the number of middleschool students in the first two years, theimpact will depend on whether a newmiddle school is built on base as proposed.If not, then Harnett County, the site of thenew base housing, will experience an influxof over one hundred new students a yearfor the period between FY 2008 and FY2011. There are no high schools on base somost new high school students will attendthe county’s public schools. After the firsttwo years, soldiers moving into the newbase housing will add between sixty andninety new high school students per year inHarnett County.


Preliminary Community Impact continued


neighborhoods. In order to better targetlimited revitalization funds, the NorfolkRedevelopment and Housing Authorityrecently asked the Center for Urban andRegional Studies to conduct neighborhoodevaluations in two areas in the city: Ward’sCorner and the Lafayette Boulevard Corridor.The purpose of the evaluations was to docu-ment conditions in these areas as part of thecity’s revitalization program. Drs. DavidSalvesen and Spencer Cowan, both SeniorResearch Associates at the Center, led an evalu-ation team consisting of LeeAnn Sell, ZacharyShahan, Bryan Steffen, Chris Warren, andPeter Zambito.

Ward’s Corner Ward’s Corner is a World War II-era

community located about five miles north ofdowntown on either side of East Little CreekRoad, a major east-west thoroughfare. The areaincludes the Denby Park neighborhood to thesouth of East Little Creek Road, and theMonticello Village and Oakdale Farms neigh-borhoods to the north. Within one or twoblocks on either side of East Little Creek Roadthere is a mix of multi-family housing, fromduplexes to large apartment buildings, somesingle-family units, and office and othercommercial-use structures. Beyond those blocks,the area is almost entirely single-family housing.There are approximately 2,165 housing units inthe area. Parts of the neighborhood are showingsigns of decline, including physical deteriorationand high vacancy and crime rates.

The evaluation consisted of two relatedparts: 1) a visual inspection of every property inthe three neighborhoods and 2) a review ofsecondary data, including property tax records,assessed value, land use, crime data, and popu-lation and housing data from the 1990 and2000 Censuses. The visual inspection was doneduring two separate visits, one in January andone in March. Working in three-person teams,

the inspectors rated the physical condition ofeach structure, as well as the layout of thestructure on the parcel and in relation to otherstructures on adjacent parcels. The layoutratings were based on the principles of defen-sible space—the theory that crime may bereduced by the way buildings are designed andsited.

The key findings from the evaluation werethat: 1) the vast majority of the single-familyhomes in all three neighborhoods are in rela-tively good condition; 2) the larger multi-familyunits in the northeast corner of Denby Park,within two blocks of East Little Creek Roadand I-64, rate very poorly with respect tolayout; 3) there is a clear correlation betweenthe poor layout ratings in those blocks and theincidence of both serious and moderate crime;and 4) those blocks also have other indicators ofdecline, including above average vacancy ratesand declining rates of owner-occupancy. Thereport also noted that the blocks with the worstlayout and crime ratings were those with easiestaccess from and to I-64. The highway rampsmake it easy for people to get to the area, thelayout of certain buildings makes it easy forpeople to engage in criminal activity, and theramps provide easy egress from the scene.

Lafayette BoulevardThe Lafayette Boulevard Corridor study

area lies about a mile and a half northeast ofdowntown between Tidewater Drive and LyonsAvenue, an eleven-block, heavily traffickedsegment of one of the major cross-town arte-rials. The study area extends one parcel deepon both sides of the boulevard and includes twoadditional parcels north of the boulevard on theeast side of Tidewater Drive. The area showssigns of decline, with some vacant stores andboarded-up buildings, low-value uses, andseventeen vacant parcels scattered along theentirety of the corridor, predominantly on the

Neighborhood Evaluations in Norfolk,Virginia

Norfolk, Virginia takes great pride in its 120 unique neighborhoods. But, likeNorfolk as a whole, many of these neighborhoods have not benefited from the

recent development and growth of the Hampton Roads region. In fact, Norfolk’spopulation has declined by over 11 percent since 1990. In an effort to reverse this trend the city is investing funds to restore and redevelop many of its older

forinformation

For more information on thesestudies and CURS neighbor-hood revitalization studies,contact Dr. Spencer Cowan at919-962-0211 or at [email protected]. Dr. DavidSalvesen may be reached at919-962-7045 or at [email protected]

continued on page 8


south side of the boulevard. The arearetains some of its dynamic nature,however, because of its mixture of buildingtypes and uses, including nineteen single-family structures, twenty small, multi-family buildings (mostly single-familystructure conversions), twenty-fourcommercial buildings, five mixed-use resi-

dential/commercial buildings, as well as sixreligious institutions.

As with the Ward’s Corner evaluation,the Lafayette Boulevard study included areview of existing data and visual inspec-tion of every property in the area. Thereis, however, a key difference between thetwo studies. During the course of the eval-

uation the Virginia legislature narrowedthe definition of blight in response to thedecision in Kelo v. New London. Thechange eliminated references to “faultyarrangement of design” and “obsoletelayout” and limited blight to a conditionthat “endangers the public health, safety orwelfare. . . .” The change reduced thesignificance of defensible space as a factor,and so the Lafayette Boulevard studyfocused on crime, negative externalities,and traffic hazards that would directlyendanger the public health, safety, orwelfare.

The evaluation team found that theLafayette Boulevard Corridor area showssigns of both renewal and distress. On thepositive side, there is a modern pharmacyand classic diner to attract business at thewestern end of the area and there are otherexisting buildings that could be adapted tomeet current needs. Ample parking isavailable. Land values in the eastern partof the corridor are appreciating rapidly,indicating relatively strong demand forthose locations.

The negatives, however, place obstaclesin the path toward reaching the area’spotential. With several exceptions, thecommercial properties at both ends of thecorridor are obsolete which may make itdifficult to bring in more desirable busi-ness. Many of the residential units aresmall, need some repair, and would bedifficult to upgrade substantially. Thislimits their attractiveness and will make itdifficult to attract residents who cansupport more commercial establishments.Vacancy rates in the blocks abutting thestudy area are high, which indicates thatthe area already has limited appeal topotential residents. More troubling thanthe circumstances of any single property,however, is the cluster of seriously deterio-rated and obsolescent properties near thecenter of the corridor. Those clusters willinhibit any efforts to generate interest inthe study area and could spread if theyinduce disinvestment.

Neighborhood Evaluations continued

Ward’s Corner community, Norfolk, VirginiaCreated May 15, 2006 by Bryan Steffen and Peter ZambitoCenter for Urban and Regional Studies, UNC-Chapel Hill

Michael Edward EmchAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Geography

Dr. Emch conducts medical geography/spatial epidemiology researchthat uses GIS, satellite remote sensing, and spatial modeling techniques.Most of his research has been on infectious diseases in the developingworld. He also researches neighborhood-level effects on health and

healthcare in the U.S., including violence and suicide. One of Dr. Emch’s ongoing researchprojects is a study that investigates local-level risk of cholera in rural Bangladesh using acomprehensive GIS database of health and population events. This work is unique to choleraresearch because it involves measuring neighborhood-level socio-environmental risk factorswith spatial analytical methods. The study uses an ecological approach and has identified envi-ronmental, socioeconomic, and biological risk factors for cholera. It also examines relation-ships between cholera and large flood control embankments and provides supporting evidenceconcerning the existence and importance of an aquatic cholera reservoir. A cholera predictionstudy seeks to develop a predictive model for cholera using satellite-derived biophysical vari-ables in Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Mozambique. The ultimate goal of the project is to developa cholera early-warning system. Another project is a geographical analysis in vaccine efficacytrials and investigates how spatial analysis and environmental modeling can be used to measurethe effectiveness of vaccines. The project illustrates how spatial information can be used tomeasure herd immunity in individually randomized vaccine trials.

Dr. Emch received his Ph.D. in geography from Michigan State University in 1998.

Melissa JacobyProfessorSchool of Law

Melissa Jacoby’s research interests include all aspects of business andpersonal bankruptcy and debtor-creditor relationships as well as medical-related financial distress. As a co-investigator in the 2007 ConsumerBankruptcy Project, a nationwide study of filers using written question-

naires, court records, and follow-up telephone surveys, she hopes to help enrich the picture ofhow bankruptcy and foreclosure intersect. Since bankruptcy is usually evaluated in a vacuum,Jacoby is interested in participating in and encouraging comparative analyses of bankruptcy—

The Center welcomes three new Faculty Fellows:

FACULTY FellowsUPDATEeventy-nine faculty members from twenty-one academic departments, schools, and curricula arecurrently affiliated with the Center as Faculty Fellows. Collectively, the Center's Fellows have an activeinterest in the issues that affect our cities and regions, and they conduct extensive basic and applied

research that is designed to better understand and improve communities across our state, nation, and aroundthe world. The Center provides this diverse and accomplished group with support services, as well as opportuni-ties for research, collaboration, and ongoing communication.

S


• Michael EdwardEmch

• Melissa Jacoby

• Jesse L. White, Jr.

continued on page 10


FACULTY FellowsUPDATE continued

particularly, but not limited to, Chapter 13 bankruptcy—as an anti-foreclosure inter-vention relative to state, federal regulatory, and private initiatives.

Jacoby is a member of the American Law Institute, a member of the NationalBankruptcy Conference, and the chair of the Association of American Law SchoolsSection on Financial Institutions and Consumer Financial Services. She recentlycompleted a consultancy to the Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules of theJudicial Conference of the United States. Jacoby's teaching career started in 2000 atTemple University where she won the law school’s Friel-Scanlan Award for facultyscholarship. Her prior work experience includes serving as senior staff attorney forthe National Bankruptcy Review Commission in Washington, D.C., clerking for theHonorable Robert E. Ginsberg of the United States Bankruptcy Court for theNorthern District of Illinois, and clerking for the Honorable Marjorie O. Rendell ofthe United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

Jacoby received her J.D. cum laude in 1994 from the University of Pennsylvania. Shereceived her B.A. in history cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania in 1991.

Jesse L. White, Jr.Director Economic and BusinessDevelopmentAdjunct ProfessorSchool of Government

Dr. White is a nationally recognized authority on regionaleconomic development. He is a Fellow of the National Academy

of Public Administration. He serves on the boards of Regional Technology Strategies,Triangle Tomorrow, and Equality North Carolina, and on the advisory boards ofRural LISC, the Appalachian College Association, the Institute for Rural Journalismand Community Issues, the Rural Poverty Research Center, and the William F.Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation. His research interests focus on the nexusbetween community economic development and post-secondary education. He isworking on a project funded by the Jesse Ball DuPont Foundation to work with foursmall, private colleges in distressed counties of Appalachia to help them structureeconomic development outreach programs. In addition, Dr. White has developed an“innovations matrix” that integrates traditional approaches to economic developmentwith more innovative strategies. A native of Mississippi, he was that state’s firstMarshall Scholar, receiving his master’s degree in international relations from theUniversity of Sussex. He was awarded a Ph.D. in political science from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology in 1979.

scholar-in-residence

MartinDoyleAssociate ProfessorGeography

Dr. Martin Doyle has been named theCenter’s Spring 2007 Scholar-in-Residence.As a restoration ecologist and hydrologist, Dr. Doyle has experience working in environ-mental restoration with federal agencies,private industry consulting, and academicresearch. He is uniquely suited to examine the efficacy and economic realities of market-based approaches to environmentalrestoration which will be the focus of hisresearch while at CURS.

Over the past fifteen years, the UnitedStates has increasingly adopted market-basedapproaches to environmental managementand restoration, a practice that has receivedstrong support from economists, but less sofrom ecologists. The foundation of the marketapproach to restoration is through mitigationand mitigation banks. The argument for thisapproach is that mitigation opens conserva-tion and restoration to private industry andcompetition which should, in turn, developbetter products at reduced prices. Lack of datais the primary limitation to past and presentresearch on this relatively new approach torestoration.

Using North Carolina as a test bed forresearch on land-use planning and mitigation-based restoration, Dr. Doyle will mine theN.C. Ecosystem Enhancement Program’s(EEP) meticulously maintained database ofmitigation projects and conduct interviewswith mitigation providers, to delve deeperinto his hypothesis that land acquisition costspresent a spatially variable component ofrestoration credit production costs. Thecombination of the industry-based economicdata and the economic information from EEPwill allow Dr. Doyle to determine whethermarket approaches lead to a better ecologicalsolution at a lesser cost.

Richard (Pete) Andrews, Thomas WillisLambeth Distinguished Professor of PublicPolicy, was appointed chair of the Depart-ment of Public Policy on July 1, 2006.

Maureen Berner, Associate Professor ofPublic Administration and Government,School of Government, will have “A Portraitof Hunger, the Social Safety Net, and theWorking Poor,” appear in a briefing paperseries published by the UNC Center forPoverty, Work and Opportunity.

David Godschalk, Stephen Baxter ProfessorEmeritus, City and Regional Planning,recently published “Turning Points inPlanning Education: The UNCExperience,” and “Top 10 Planning Eventsin North Carolina,” with Wes Hankins andMichelle E. Nance. Both articles appear inthe Summer 2006 issue of Carolina Planning.He has also coauthored an article, "Benefit-Cost Analysis of FEMA Hazard MitigationGrants," that has been accepted for publica-tion in an upcoming issue of the NaturalHazards Review.

Nichola Lowe, Assistant Professor, City andRegional Planning, with CURS SeniorResearch Associate, Brian Morton, will have“The High Road for the Big Box: A NewCommunity-Based Approach to ResponsibleRetail Development,” appear in a briefingpaper series published by the UNC Centerfor Poverty, Work and Opportunity.

Mai T. Nguyen, Assistant Professor, Cityand Regional Planning is a 2006-2007GlaxoSmithKline Faculty Fellow. TheGlaxoSmithKline Faculty Fellowshipprogram offers a unique opportunity forfaculty across North Carolina to participatein the Institute for Emerging Issues' publicpolicy programs that bring together leadersfrom business, government, and highereducation to address the state's most pressingeconomic, technological, and social issues.

Roberto Quercia, Professor, City andRegional Planning, was recently namedDirector of the Center for CommunityCapitalism. The Center works in threemajor areas: • Exploring ways to leverage electronic

banking technology to create new marketsfor financial services and savings accumula-tion opportunities for residents of under-served communities;

• Supporting community wealth buildingthrough home ownership; and

• Documenting the business potential ofAmerica's urban and rural emergingmarkets.

Deil S. Wright, Alumni DistinguishedProfessor of Political Science and PublicAdministration, was keynote speaker at arecent conference on the Future ofMetropolitan Governance in Seoul, Koreasponsored by the Seoul DevelopmentInstitute and the Korean Association ofLocal Government Studies. Dr. Wrightpresented the paper “Who’s Minding WhichStore? Institutional and Other Actors’Influence on Administrative Rule Making inthe American States, 1978-2004,” withCheryl M. Miller, at the annual meeting ofthe Southern Political Science Association,Atlanta, GA, in January. In addition, lastyear he received the Career AchievementAward, Section on State Politics and Policy,from the American Political ScienceAssociation. His most recent published arti-cles include: “Cracked Ceiling, FirmerFloors, and Weakening Walls: Trends andPatterns in Gender Representation AmongExecutives in American State Governments,1970-2000,” with Cynthia J. Bowling,Jennifer Jones, and Christine A. Kelleher,Public Administration Review 66 (September/October 2006) and “Women in StateGovernments: Trends and Issues,” withChristine Kelleher, Cynthia J. Bowling, andJennifer Jones, Book of the States (Lexington,Ky.: 2006).

Robin Visser, Assistant Professor, AsianStudies, gave a number of lectures in 2006based on her research on Chinese urbanplanning and culture. At UNC shepresented “Cities, the Countryside, and theCultural Effects of Post-Mao UrbanReforms” for the UNC Program in theHumanities seminar, China Rising: Globalism,Capitalism, and Culture. For UNC’s WorldView Forum she presented “East Asia:Tradition and Transformation.” In theNetherlands Dr. Visser was guest speaker atthe Symposium “Metropolis and Avant-Garde,” Beelden aan Zee Museum,Schevingen, and she gave a graduate seminarat Leiden University titled “Conceiving thePost-Socialist City: Urban Planning and ItsDiscontents.” She received the Grier/Woods Initiative in Chinese Studies Awardto complete a book on Chinese urbanaesthetics tentatively titled Cities Surroundthe Countryside: Urban Aesthetics in Post-Socialist China, forthcoming from DukeUniversity Press in 2007.

Wendy Wolford, Assistant Professor,Geography, was recently awarded an AndrewW. Mellon Foundation Sawyer Seminar,The Changing Nature(s) of Land: Property,Peasants and Agricultural Production in aGlobal World, for 2007-2008. The programprovides funding for a post-doc and twograduate students for the year as well as fourmini conferences and a regular workinggroup. Dr. Wolford’s areas of interestinclude social and economic geography,political economy of development, andagrarian societies.


The recent accomplishments, projects and publications of a number of Faculty Fellows


Spencer Cowan, Senior ResearchAssociate, authored “Anti-Snob Land UseLaws, Suburban Exclusion, and HousingOpportunity” (Journal of Urban Affairs 28:3). In collaboration with David Salvesen,LeeAnn Sell, Zachary Shahan, BryanSteffen, Chris Warren, and Peter Zambito,he completed an assessment of conditionsin the Ward’s Corner neighborhood andLafayette Boulevard Corridor in Norfolk,Virginia (see page 7). Dr. Cowan alsocompleted a preliminary community impactassessment for the Mid-Carolina Council ofGovernments. (See page 5 for details.)

Jim Fraser, Senior Research Associate, was interviewed for a segment on NationalPublic Radio, "To Build or Not," onflooding and disaster mitigation/recovery.He presented a related paper, "TheSignificance of Community Organizing forRural and Urban Floodplain Management"at the 2006 North Carolina EnvironmentalJustice Summit on October 20, 2006. He also had "Creating Effective FloodMitigation Policies" published in the July 4,2006 issue of the Geophysical Union'sjournal EOS.

Debra Hill, Executive Assistant, is aregular contributor to the In Print, Etc.media review column of Urban Land, themonthly journal of the Urban LandInstitute. Her most recent book reviewsinclude The Most Segregated City in America: City Planning and Civil Rights inBirmingham, 1920-1980 (University ofVirginia Press), Diamond: A Struggle forEnvironmental Justice in Louisiana’s ChemicalCorridor (MIT Press), and Mindful Politics:A Buddhist Guide to Making the World aBetter Place (Wisdom Publications).

Brian Morton, Senior Research Associate,taught Quantitative Analysis for Planners infall 2006 and is teaching UrbanTransportation Planning this spring. Withcolleagues at UCLA and the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley, he is conducting areview of impact assessments of super-centers, huge big-box stores that combine asupermarket and discount department storeunder one roof. This work will include adescription of the state of the practice offorecasting economic and communityimpacts and an evaluation of the effective-ness of current methodologies.

Todd Owen, Associate Director, continuesto focus on natural hazards. This includesworking on a FEMA-funded project todevelop a hazard mitigation plan for theUniversity of North Carolina at ChapelHill and consulting on David Salveson'sinvestigation of the financial impacts ofbuyout programs (see page 14).

Bill Rohe, Director, coauthored an article,“Sustaining Homeownership: The Promiseof Postpurchase Services” (Housing PolicyDebate 17: 2) with Roberto Quercia ofUNC-CH and Lucy Gorham from MDC,Inc. He also coauthored an article withShannon Van Zandt of Texas A&M entitled“Do First-Time Homebuyers ImproveTheir Neighborhood Quality?” (Journal ofUrban Affairs 28: 5). His coedited book(with Harry Watson), Chasing the AmericanDream: New Perspectives on AffordableHomeownership is scheduled to be publishedin April 2007 by Cornell University Press.

David Salvesen, Senior ResearchAssociate, gave a number of presentationsrecently: one on school funding issues at the Urban Issues Forum for the NorthCarolina Association of CountyCommissioners (August 2006); another onschool facility planning and governance atthe School Design Workshop for theCharlotte Chapter of the AmericanInstitute of Architects (September 2006);and a third on school funding and planningissues presented to the Winston-Salemoffice of the Local Initiatives SupportCorporation (September 2006). He wasalso a panelist at a session on integratingschool facility and land-use planning at theannual meeting of the Florida Chapter ofthe American Planning Association(September 2006). In addition, Dr. Salvesentaught a fall 2006 graduate course on land-use principles and practices at Duke'sNicholas School of the Environment.

Sonia Yeh, Research Director, CarolinaTransportation Program, was recentlyinvited to serve on the TransportationResearch Board Transportation EnergyCommittee. She has also coauthored arecently published article, “Impacts of theHydrogen Economy on Transportation,Energy Use, and Air Emissions: AnIntegrated Assessment" (Proceedings of theIEEE, 94(10): 1838-1851). She is also thecoauthor of articles in two forthcomingpublications: “Use of Experience Curves toEstimate the Future Cost of Power Plantswith CO2 Capture” (International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control) and “On the Use of Technology Experience Curvesin Integrated Assessment Models(International Journal of Energy Technologyand Policy).

NEWS FROMCURS


CAROLINA TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM The Carolina Transportation Program (CTP), a program of

the Center for Urban and Regional Studies, is an interdisciplinarytransportation research collaborative located on the campus of theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The program issupported by UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences, the ViceChancellor for Research and Economic Development, the Centerfor Urban and Regional Studies, and the Department of City andRegional Planning. For more information, please visithttp://ctp.unc.edu/

Dr. Daniel Rodriguez has been named the new Director ofthe Carolina Transportation Program. He replaces Dr. AsadKhattak who was recently named the Frank Batten EndowedChair Professor of Civil Engineering at Old DominionUniversity. Dr. Khattak was the driving force behind theCarolina Transportation Program and expansion of the trans-portation planning program in the Department of City andRegional Planning while at UNC-CH from 1995-2006.

Education

CTP has supported six doctoral students and eleven mastersstudents. Three transportation students won city and regionalplanning departmental awards: Emily Snyder was awarded theOutstanding Class Contributions Beale Award; Peter Ohlms wasawarded the Bruce and Chris Egan Information TechnologyAward; and Anna Leos-Urbel received the NCAPA OutstandingStudent Award. In addition, Michael Schwartz was asked to speakat a panel at the Transportation Research Board to discuss hisproject on transit agency emergency readiness. His presentationresulted in a paper currently under review for the Institute ofTransportation ITE Journal.

PublicationsStudents coauthored most of CTP’s publications reflecting

the emphasis the program places on developing a workforce that is exposed to cutting-edge research and a solid curriculum.A total of seven student/faculty publications appeared in peer-reviewed journals over the past year. In the last year, CTP faculty and staff have published over twenty peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and book chapters as first or second authors.

SeminarsCTP has hosted or co-hosted a number of seminars to

effectively facilitate research interaction and education with practitioners in the field and other institutions. Recent seminarspeakers have included Robert Cervero (Chair, Department ofCity and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley),John Pucher (Professor of Planning, Rutgers University), PaulWaddell (Professor of Policy, University of Washington), andWerner Brög (founder of Socialdata).

CTP and the SoutheasternTransportation Center

CTP is a member of the Southeastern Transportation Center(STC), a consortium of ten universities from five states selectedto receive grants from the University Transportation Center(UTC) Program administered by the U.S. Department ofTransportation. As a regional Center this consortium serves as afocal point within the region to help coordinate transportationresearch and education programs with regional needs and initia-tives. CTP will continue the close working relationship with theSTC to support students and research over the next three years.

Carolina Center for SustainableEnergy, Environment, andEconomic Development(CSEEED)

The Carolina Center for Sustainable Energy, Environment,and Economic Development (CSEEED) is a new campus-widepartnership between faculty, students, and the offices of campusinfrastructures (energy, housing, and grounds) to produce inter-disciplinary research, education, and outreach in all aspects ofenergy use, environmental quality, and economic development.CURS Faculty Fellows Phil Berke, Asad Khattak, and DanielRodriguez, and CTP Research Director, Sonia Yeh, have beeninvolved in shaping the collaborative directions in policy, planning, and economic development.


CENTERProjectsNew research

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Navigating a Changing Europe from Below: Activist Cartographiesby Social Movements in France and Spain

JOHN PICKLES and SEBASTIANCOBARRUBIAS—CO-PIs. Since the late1990s and the public emergence of globaljustice movements, dozens of innovativemapping projects have been undertaken byactivist groups in different countries. Thesecartographic explorations address a series ofmajor transformations around the restruc-turing of the global economy, including free-trade blocs and the redrawing of borders andthe rethinking of public intervention andsocial movement action. Two projects inparticular will be studied due to their influ-ence on other groups, the number of mapsproduced, and how referential they are asmap-producing groups: Hackitectura basedin Malaga, Spain and the Bureau d’Etudesbased in Strasbourg-France. Project fieldwork will be conducted in both Spain andFrance, and archival research workingthrough national and EU-level sources willbe conducted on the national and regionaleconomic transformations. Social movementarchives will be reviewed, in-depth inter-views conducted, and field notes generatedthrough participant observation at differentgatherings. Contact Sebastian Cobarrubias [email protected] for more information.

ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION

Technological Learning in the Coal Utility Environmental Cost(CUECost) Model: Estimating theFuture Cost Trends of SO2, NOx,and Mercury Control Technologies

SONIA YEH—PI. Reductions in the costof technologies as a result of learning bydoing, research and development invest-ments, and other factors have beenobserved systematically over many decades.Funded by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, this project will usehistorical experience curves for a range ofenergy technologies, especially flue gasdesulphurization (FGD) technology forSO2 control and selective catalytic reduc-tion (SCR) technology for NOx control, asthe basis for estimating future cost trends ofwet FGD, SCR, dry FGD, and mercurysorbent injection control technologiesapplicable to U.S. coal-fired utility plants.Scenario and sensitivity analyses will also beconducted. For more information on thiswork, contact Dr. Sonia Yeh at [email protected].

HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Housing Needs Study and Strategies for BrunswickCounty, North Carolina

BILL ROHE and SPENCERCOWAN—CO-PIs. Brunswick County,faces a gap between the kind of housing itspopulation needs and the housing availableto meet those needs. The population grewby over seventy-two percent between April1990 and July 2005. This growth puts enor-mous pressure on the housing market. Toassess housing needs and develop strategiesto address those needs, the Center forUrban and Regional Studies will conduct afour-part study for the North CarolinaAssociation of Community DevelopmentCorporations. The first part of the study

will be a housing needs assessment to deter-mine the extent of the gap between thedemand for housing and the supply ofhousing for working families in the county.The second part will be an assessment ofexisting housing resources, including boththe organizations and the financialresources that can help expand workforcehousing in the county. Next will be aninventory of tools and strategies that thecounty can use to promote housing to meetthe needs of working families. The finalpiece will be the development of specificrecommendations for expanding the supplyof workforce housing in Brunswick County.For more information on this researchcontact Dr. Bill Rohe at [email protected] or 919-962-3077. Dr. Cowan may be reachedat [email protected] or at 919-962-0122.

Reducing the Risk of ForeclosureAmong Low-Income HomeownersParticipating in Government Buyoutof Flood-Damaged Properties

DAVID SALVESEN—PI. Funded by Z.Smith Reynolds, this project examines thefinancial impacts of buyout programs onparticipating low-income homeowners,focusing in particular on whether buyoutsincrease the likelihood of foreclosure. Theimpact of local initiatives, such as pre-purchase counseling, to protect buyoutparticipants from losing their new homewill also be analyzed. As a result, the finan-cial risks of participating in a buyout andthe promising techniques that can beimplemented in future buyout programswill be identified. Finally, the extent towhich buyout programs lead to a displace-ment or dispersal of low-income residentsfrom one community to another will beexamined. The project will culminate in aset of guidelines and recommendations forimplementing buyout programs in a waythat protects the financial health and well-being of participants. For more informationon this study you can call Dr. Salvesen at919-962-7045 or contact him via email [email protected].


forinformation

The following research projects arenow complete. Please visit ourwebsite for reports that are avail-able as downloadable pdf files atwww.curs.unc.edu

You may also order our publicationsfrom The Center for Urban andRegional Studies, Campus Box 3410,University of North Carolina atChapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3410. The cost of the publicationincludes postage and handling. Pleasemake payment by check or moneyorder to the University of NorthCarolina Center for Urban andRegional Studies. For orders to bemailed outside the United Statesremittance must be in U.S. dollarspayable on a United States bank.

To place an order, please call 919-843-9708 or email [email protected].

HOUSING & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Neighborhood Triage as a PlanningStrategy: Evaluating ImpactsThroughout the Urban AreaROBERTO QUERCIA and LISABATES—CO-PIs. Neighborhood-basedrevitalization is a key component of urbanpolicy. Planners have a number of policytools at their disposal for neighborhood-based interventions. However, limitedresources may require planners to “triage,”targeting some neighborhoods for revitaliza-tion, providing only limited assistance toothers, and managing the depopulation anddemolition of still others. While triage advo-cates claim it is the most efficient and effec-tive use of limited resources, it is not clearthat the strategy maximizes positive resultsfor a city or is a strategy for stabilizing theoverall community. Triage ignores bothnegative interactions between neighbor-hoods—the possibility that in improving onearea, another declines—and negative rein-forcement between neighborhoods—whenone neighborhood deteriorates, it fomentsdecline in another. This research employed arevised housing submarket model that incor-porated neighborhood quality and spatialrelationships to investigate the impacts of thetriage method. Funded by HUD, theresearch examined the neighborhood revital-ization plan of Philadelphia by analyzing thehousing submarket structure of the city. Byobserving the level of congruence betweenpre-defined neighborhood and housingsubmarkets, and comparing cross-elasticitiesbetween submarkets, it was determined thatplanned neighborhood revitalization effortscan be confounded by housing market reac-tions to policy. For more information on thisresearch contact Dr. Lisa Bates [email protected].

Promoting Physical Activity by Integrating School FacilityPlanning with Local Land-Use Planning

DAVID SALVESEN—PI. Fewer thanfifteen percent of students between the agesof five and fifteen walk to school, a factorthat may contribute to the alarming rise inchildhood obesity. By comparison, thirtyyears ago this number was almost fiftypercent. This study, funded by the RobertWood Johnson Foundation, examined theeffectiveness of state-mandated and volun-tary collaboration between local schoolboards and local governments. It sought toassess whether these mandates have led tothe development of walkable schools andneighborhoods and increased physicalactivity among school children. Theresearchers conducted two case studies: one of state-mandated coordination in LeeCounty, Florida and a second of a voluntarycollaboration between the school board andlocal government in Lincoln, Nebraska.

The research yielded several importantfindings. First, state mandates will have littleimpact without the support of those who areexpected to implement the mandate. Second,school district policies on student assign-ments strongly influences whether childrencan walk or bike to school. Third, given theobstacles to walking to school, it may makemore sense to focus more on promotingphysical activity opportunities within theschool setting. Finally, the key factors infacilitating collaboration across agencies ordepartments may be something as simple aspersonal relationships. Dr. David Salvesencan be contacted at 919-962-7045 or [email protected].

Completed research

The Center for Urban and Regional Studies in the College of Arts &Sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a

multi-disciplinary research center focusing on issues and problems facedby our nation’s cities and regions. It is one of the oldest university-basedresearch centers of its kind in the country. Created in 1957, the Centerwill celebrate its 50th Anniversary this year.

The Center supports research activity across campus through itsFaculty Fellows program, supporting and drawing on the expertise ofseventy-nine faculty members from twenty-one schools, departments,and curricula across the campus. The Center's mission is to promote andsupport high-quality basic and applied research on planning and policyissues and interdisciplinary research required to tackle the complex chal-lenges faced in urban, regional, and rural settings alike.

STAFF

DirectorBill Rohe

Associate DirectorTodd Owen

Carolina TransportationProgramSonia Yeh, DeputyDirector of Research

Smart Growth / NewEconomy ProgramDavid Salvesen, Director

Senior ResearchAssociateSpencer Cowan

Senior ResearchAssociateJames Fraser

Senior ResearchAssociateBrian J. Morton

Research AssociateAnjali Mahendra

Research AssociateDanielle Spurlock

Research AssociatePeter Zambito

Grants ManagerHolly McPherson

NewsletterEditor/PublicationsDebra Hill

Accounting TechnicianJudith Bukenya

Processing AssistantLinda Comer

STUDENTS AT CURS

CURS UPDATE is published bi-annually by the Center for Urban and RegionalStudies at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. We welcome your ideasand comments. Please contact the Editor, Debra Hill at [email protected] by phone at (919) 843-9708.

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Phone: (919) 962-3074Fax: (919) 962-2518Website: www.unc.edu/depts/cursEmail: [email protected]

Eun Joo ChoPh.D. CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Gihyoug ChoPh.D. CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Zewditu DemissiePh.D. CandidateEpidemiology

Ann PatroneMaster’s Degree CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Zachary ShahanMaster’s Degree CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Bryan SteffenMaster’s Degree CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Mark StevensMaster's Degree CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Sayuri TerashimaMaster's Degree CandidateCity and Regional Planning

Stephen WhitlowMaster's Degree CandidateCity and Regional Planning

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