cussons brochure complete
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Mechanical Engineering Lab Equipment ManualTRANSCRIPT
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Mechanics of fluids
Thermodynamics
Automotive
Environmental & Clean Energies
Applied Mechanics
Process Control Engineering
Marine Hydrodynamics
Engineering Education
& Research Solutions
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IntroductionCussons Technology was founded in 1876 and
specialises in the development and manufacture
of teaching and research equipment for
mechanical engineering and allied subjects.
Our customers are tertiary educational
establishments worldwide, research institutes
and government training establishments and
the research departments of national and
multinational companies.
In addition to the educational product range a
Division handling automotive research equipment
and facilities was developed and complemented
by new automotive teaching products which we
continue to develop.
Further expansion saw the company acquire
the rights to the well-respected Germanmanufacturer Kempf & Remmers marine
hydrodynamics research and naval architecture systems and products.
Cussons’ K&R brand continues to grow and today includes a range of compact
educational marine hydrodynamics and maritime studies resources.
The automotive and marine expansions of our core mechanical, fluid and
energy-related range have helped to consolidate Cussons’ position as a leader
in the supply of reliable, well-designed and supported, high quality solutions
for educational and research institutions worldwide.
At the heart of Cussons’ philosophy there has always been an understanding
that student commitment - so critical for success - is most effectivelyengendered by interesting, well-designed hands-on experimentation. Our
current equipment offer continues to embrace this principle and incorporates
modern computer technology for data acquisition and control.
The subjects Cussons specialises in are thermodynamics (including heat
transfer, refrigeration, air conditioning and steam engineering), automotive
technology, fluid mechanics, process control and instrumentation, theory of
machines and applied mechanics plus a renewable energy range covering wind,
wave, tidal and solar energy studies.
In addition to supplying individual items of equipment, Cussons also
undertakes complete turnkey projects for the design, supply, installation
and commissioning of entire laboratories, specialising in those for steam,
automotive engineering and marine hydrodynamics . We are fully ISO 9001
compliant.
Full details of all products are available on our website at www.cussons.co.uk
Marine Hydrodynamic Systems
Automotive Research and Development Equipment and Instrumentation
Integrated facilities for R&D projects in Aerospace, Oil, and Military Sectors
Analysis and purification of special gases.
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Cussons Smart Equipment 4
Mechanics of Fluids 5
Fundamental Hydraulic Studies 7
Hydraulic Applied Studies 9
Air Flow 11
Wind Tunnel 12
Thermodynamics 13
Thermodynamic Principles 14
Steam Power Plant 14
Steam Experiments 15
Ancillary Equipment 16
Refrigeration 17
Heat Transfer & Heat Exchanger 17
Gas Turbine and Compressors 18
Properties of Fuels 19
Sectioned Thermodynamics Equipment 19
Automotive 20
Engine Test Beds 21
Autotrainers 21
Instrumentation and Accessories 22
Automotive Fuel & Gas Analysers 22
Sectioned Automotive Equipment 22
Environmental & Clean Energies 23
Wind Turbine Dynamometer Range 24
Solar & Fuel Cell 25
Applied Mechanics 26
Theory of Machines 27
Strength of Materials 28
Structures 29
Process Control Engineering 30
Marine Hydrodynamics Educational Range 33
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SMART EQUIPMENTOver the last twenty five years new technologies have revolutionised educational practice in many subjects, most
especially in engineering and science. Whilst the internet might be the most obvious - contributing to the exponential
rise in information - other digital technologies including computerised data acquisition are becoming ubiquitous
throughout university and college laboratories.
At Cussons we believe the combination of practical experimental equipment and digital teaching applications enhancesstudents’ learning experience and helps educators to convey knowledge and understanding more effectively. We call
this approach ‘Smart Equipment’.
Cussons’ Smart Equipment concept combines horizontal teaching methods* with new applications to provide complete
educational packages where students work and experiment together in collaborative groups. This allows the tutor’s role
to become less didactic and more that of a facilitator and guide.
Smart Equipment Features
Smart Equipment improves your students’ experience Tip
Compact data acquisition hardware with modern
computer software to enhance educational andlaboratory experiences.
Cost-effective and versatile teaching equipment
offering a wide range of experiments.
Quick and straightforward transfer of data from
experiments to computer.
Easy comparison between real-world test results and
theoretical expectations.
‘Plug and play’ operation with no complicated
configuration required.
Intuitive software complete with comprehensive
manuals
Data logging facilities
Calibration screens to facilitate easy sensor adjustment
Graphical representation of experiment processes
Manual and automatic data sampling modes
Automatic data recording
Real-time data display
Comprehensive manuals including exercises and experiments Creation of charts and data tables to enable advanced analysis
Export of data to a spreadsheet for more advanced off-line
processing and presentation options
The Horizontal Teaching Methodprevalent in Nordic and Anglo-Saxon countries promotescollaborative and group workingbetween teachers and learners.It takes a problem-solvingrather than traditionally didacticapproach to teaching andactively involves students in theeducational process in order todevelop deductive reasoningbased on real-world experience.
Play
Analyse
Test
Explore
Learn
Data Collection Data Transfer
Cussons’ Equipment Interface unit Computer unit
SMART EQUIPMENT
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The behaviour of fluids is a key element of study
across many disciplines and Cussons educational
equipment is ideally suited to mechanical, civil,
chemical and marine engineering courses. Its
modular design enables additions to be made as
academic requirements evolve and each unit providesclear visual appreciation of the principles of fluid
mechanics. Instrumentation is provided which allows
a full range of experimental work to be completed
and data acquisition options are being developed.
Our Hydraulic Bench provides a self-contained water supply and
the facilities required to service a wide range of experiments.
Our suggested laboratory includes a number of workstations for
teaching the core principles and the user may select additionalunits for investigating hydrostatics, hydraulic machinery and
pump characteristics as required.
Air flow studies may be conducted using the Cussons Airflow
Bench which is designed for versatility across the areas of
aerodynamics, boundary layers, turbulent jets and flow through
ducts etc. The equipment is robust, durable and castor-mounted
so that it may be easily relocated.
Mechanics of Fluids
5
M e ch ani c s of F l ui d s
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Only required if customer does not have a bench
Optional Accessories
Fundamental Hydraulic Studies
P6211 Cavitation Demonstration Set
P6212 Francis Turbine
P6213 Kaplan Turbine
P6220 Laminar Flows Apparatus
P6221 Losses in Pipes and Fittings
P6222 Entry/Exit & Cont/Expansion Losses
P6223/4 Orifice Experiments Basic/Advanced
P6225/6 Open Channel Weirs Basic/Advanced
P6227 Venturi Meter
P6228 Orifice Plate Experiment
P6229 Turbine Meter
P6230 Pitot Static Tube
P6231 Bernouilli’s Theorem
P6232 Hydraulic Ram
P6233 Impact of Jets
P6234 Calibration of Pressure Gauge
P6235/6 Metacentric Height
P6237 Centre of Pressure
P6238 Free and Forced Vortex
P6239 Comparison of Flow Measurements
P6240 Pelton Wheel
P6249 Miniature Flow Channel
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Accessories
Required forExperiments
Experiments
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Required Accessories
KEY:
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These four different experiments incomparative flow measurement usevarious techniques operating on the
principle of head loss, impulse or velocity:
P6227 Venturi MeterP6229 Turbine MeterP6228 Orifice PlateP6230 Pitot Static Tube
Fundamental Hydraulic Studies
The Cussons Hydraulic Bench provides the basic services for pumping and volumetric measurement of watersupply. Various optional modules are available to form a comprehensive laboratory facility which enables a
detailed Mechanics of Fluids Experimental Course to be followed. The equipment is designed to provide a clearvisual appreciation of hydraulic principles and has been featured by BBC Television on the Open UniversityMechanics of Fluids course.
This range of turbines provides experiments to study reaction, impulse & axial turbines.These can be conveniently mounted on the Hydraulic Bench. The experiments are
performed by pumping water through the turbines with a variable flow rate and using adrum brake system with spring force balance.
P6100 - HYDRAULIC BENCH
P6212 - FRANCIS TURBINE P6240 - PELTON WHEEL P6213 - KAPLAN TURBINE
This compact and cost effective unitprovides experimental capabilities tostudy the cavitation effect includingobservation of the relationship between
cavitation and temperature andobservation of the relationships betweendischarge, velocity and pressure.
Study of liquid flow through an orificeillustrates the need for a semi-empiricalapproach. Cussons offers two relatedexperiments - each with multiple orifices
- which may be mounted on the HydraulicBench:
P6223 Basic Orifices
P6224 Advanced Orifices
In open channels weirs are commonlyused to either regulate or to measure thevolumetric flow rate. Cussons offers thefollowing experiments (with multiple weir
plates) which may be mounted on theHydraulic Bench:
P6225 Basic Weirs
P6226 Advanced Weirs
This experiment demonstrates theprinciples of conservation of mass andconservation of energy and may also beused to examine the onset of turbulence in
an accelerating stream of water.
P6211 - CAVITATION DEMONSTRATION SET
P6223/P6224 - ORIFICES STUDIES P6225/P6226 - OPEN CHANNEL WEIRS
P6231 - BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT
The flow of fluids in closed conduits orpipes is a major topic in mechanical, civiland chemical engineering and is of interest
in areas of biology (e.g. blood flow) andmedicine (e.g. drip delivery). Cussonsoffers three experiments, mountable on theHydraulic Bench:
P6220 - Laminar Flow Apparatus
P6221 - Friction Losses in Pipes and Fittings
P6222 - Entry Exit & Expansion Losses
P6220/21/22 - WATER FLOW IN PIPESAND FITTINGS EXPERIMENTS
P6227 - P2630 - WATER FLOWMEASUREMENT RANGE
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As an independent and self-containedunit, the Hydrostatics Bench enables thestudents to understand the fundamentalproperties of non-moving fluids.Experimental coverage includes densityand relative density; variation of pressurewith head; Hare’s Tube; Pascal’s Law;viscosity; capillarity; surface tension;Archimedes Principle; use of vernier level
gauge and the hydraulic press.
P6242 - HYDROSTATICS BENCH
Cussons offers three related experiments mountable on the HydraulicBench:
P6234 Calibration of Pressure Gauge
P6235 Metacentric Height Apparatus
P6236 Alternative Hulls
P6237 Centre of Pressure Apparatus (Hydrostatic pressure)
A hydraulic ram helps to illustrate theprincipal by which water may be obtainedfrom low lying water sources when noelectrical supply is available to power apump.
The creation of vortices is a commonengineering and natural phenomenonworthy of study. This apparatus maybe used to plot the shape of free/ forced vortices by measurementof surface profile co-ordinates.
This compact set of hydrostaticsapparatus enables students to investigatethe fundamental properties of non-movingfluids. P6244 is a reduced version ofthe apparatus supplied with Cussons’full size P6242 Hydrostatics Bench.
This Osborne Reynolds experiment may be used to investigate laminar/streamline flow, turbulent flowand the transition between these two regimes by observation of an injected dye line. It may also beused to determine the upper and lower Critical Velocities and Reynolds Number.
This apparatus enables experiments onthe reaction of a jet of water upon vanesof various forms (fixed vane, a cone shapeor a hemispherical) to be carried out anddemonstrates the relationship between theforces exerted on the model and the rateof change of momentum of the jet stream
P6234 - P6237 - HYDROSTATICS EXPERIMENTS
P6232 - HYDRAULIC RAM
P6238 - FREE & FORCED VORTEX APPARATUS P6239 - WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT
P6244 - HYDROSTATICS SET
P6248 - OSBORNE REYNOLDS APPARATUS
P6233 - IMPACT OF JETS
This apparatus can be used on theHydraulic Bench or used as free-standingapparatus in conjunction with a lowpressure water supply. The static headat various points in the flow path ismeasured enabling students to analysethe behaviour of water flowing through asudden enlargement, transparent venturimeter, an orifice plate and a rotameter.
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This two dimensional potential flowapparatus is based upon the well-knownHele Shaw experimental method. Itprovides a parallel laminar water flow fieldto allow study of low Reynolds numberflow patterns around submerged modelsrepresenting cylinders, aerofoils, bluffbodies, knife edge weirs and throughpassages such as valve bodies and nozzlesetc.
P6246 - HELE SHAW APPARATUS
Hydraulic Applied Studies
This unit incorporates two pumps which enables investigations of seriesand parallel operation of identical pumps running at the same or different
speeds.
This apparatus enables students to investigate flow through smooth and roughenedpipes under laminar or turbulent flow conditions and also flow through fittings andvalves. Various methods of flow measurement are covered including the variable areaflowmeter (rotameter), venturi, orifice plate and pitot static tube.
Accessories:
P5161 Water Recirculation Unit
P6100 Hydraulic bench
These 2.5m and 5m units provide channels with adjustable slope and transparent acrylicsides for full visibility of the flow characteristics. Test models plus an inclinometer andsurface profile measuring instrument are used to investigate the flow of water along anopen channel and to verify the Chézy equation and Mannings friction factor.
Additional experimental equipment provided with the 5m channel includes a pitot-statictube, dam spillway, Ogee (i.e. overflow) weir with manometer, Crump weir and Parshallflume.
Two types of larger flow channel are offered for flexible semi-custom experimental configurations. Either option may be used asa low speed circulating water channel for sedimentation work, at higher flow rates for hydrodynamics work or with wave and windattachments for coastal engineering studies. The channels come in the following sizes and are constructed in modular sections and maybe specified to a maximum length of 20 metres.
P6275 FLOW CHANNEL - Medium 300 x 450 mm
P6410 FLOW CHANNEL - Large 600 x 500mm
P6135 - SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMP TEST SET
P5160 - FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES & FITTINGS
P6245/P6255 - FLOW CHANNEL
P6275/P6410 - ADVANCED FLOW CHANNELS
This apparatus can be used to investigatethe flow of water along an open channeland to visualise the flow around objectsin its path through the injection of ink.It includes triangular hump section andan undershot weir and demonstrationof approximate ‘Specific energy/Depth’relationships.
P6249 - MINIATURE FLOW CHANNEL
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This is a self-contained bench top unitcomprising a high-walled flow channelincorporating a detachable glass frontpanel, light source, inlet tank withremovable flow straightener, level controlsluice gate, outlet tank, electricallydriven circulating pump, interconnectingpipework plus flow control and drainvalves.
This equipment comprises two stainlesssteel pipes to study water hammer andsurge which is a common phenomenon.This apparatus is provided with softwareoscilloscope facility for display on usersupplied PC.
This unit enables students to investigatethe fundamental concepts of soilpermeability within a compact indoorlaboratory facility to solve problems suchas the seepage of water under dams,the abstraction of water from wells andthe hydrostatic forces exerted on bridgefoundations in the real world.
This self-contained unit enables studentsto investigate a range of hydrologicalphenomena within a compact indoorlaboratory facility. It allows the study ofbasin hydrology cycles; flood and run offhydrographs; effects on civil constructions(bridges and dams); interaction ofadjacent wells and elementary fluvialprocesses such as erosion on hillsides andriver meander.
This relatively compact unit enables students to investigate the full range of forms that arise ina mobile bed as the flow rate and/or slope are increased. The movement of sediment aroundstructures may be examined for scouring and blockage etc.
This apparatus enables students toconduct a range of experiments ona system of interconnecting seriesand parallel pipe networks and fluiddistribution systems. The unit enablesstudents to obtain a full understanding ofthe factors affecting flow distribution andthe behaviour of pipe network systems.
P6520 - PERMEABILITY APPARATUS P6530 - HYDROLOGY APPARATUS
P6540 - SEDIMENT TRANSPORT APPARATUS
P6510 - NETWORK OF PIPES APPARATUS
P6247 - WATER FLOWVISUALISATION APPARATUS
P6515 - PIPE SURGE AND WATERHAMMER APPARATUS
This is a self-contained experimentdesigned to enable students to studythe basic characteristics of the FrancisTurbine. It demonstrates the turbinecharacteristics (torque, power andefficiency) at different conditions andpressure, torque and flow rate aremeasured and indicated.
P6290 - FRANCIS TURBINE SET
Detailed investigations on both rotodynamic and positive displacement pumps may be performed on thismultipurpose test bench which is designed to be self-contained requiring only a single phase electricalsupply. A positive displacement Gear Pump (P6361) is supplied as standard with the following pumpsavailable as optional extras:
P6362 Positive Displacement Piston Pump
P6363 Rotodynamic Centrifugal Pump
P6364 Rotodynamic Axial Pump
P6365 Positive Displacement Vane Pump
P6367 Rotodynamic Channel Impeller Pump
P6360 - MULTI-PUMP TEST RIG
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Wind Tunnel
This is designed for use with either the Cussons Air Flow Bench or P3240 Fan Test Stand and enablesstudents to investigate pressure distributions around cylinder, aerofoil and other models. Lift and drag
forces acting upon models may also be determined with P3231. Data acquisition is also available for thisequipment.
P3230 - TWO DIMENSIONAL WIND TUNNEL
The Cussons Air Flow Bench with associated experiments provide a comprehensive facility for detailedexperiments in various aspects of air flow studies, convective heat transfer and subsonic aerodynamics tobe performed.
Air Flow Accessories:
P3202 Multitube Manometer
P3204 Anemometer
P3200 - AIR FLOW BENCH
Air Flow
Air Flow Experiments
To introduce the studentto the study of air flowmeasurement using varioustypes of measuring devicesbased upon the specificationsgiven in BS848 and BS1042.
To investigate the pressuredistribution along the inner andouter walls of a bend in ductwork
of rectangular cross-section.
The units have been developed to study the characteristics of Axial and Centrifugal fansenabling a wide range of experimentation capabilities related with flow velocity profile inthe pipe aspiration, difference between static pressure, dynamic and total, characteristicof axial and centrifugal curves or axial and centrifugal fan spin.
Speed is displayed digitally and a combination of pressure transducers enables themeasurement of working pressure in order to study the fan characteristics in real time.Pressure taps are sealed to prevent leaks that distort the readings taken.
To visually demonstrate theinterchange between staticand dynamic pressure asair flows through a duct ofvariable cross sectional area
To gain a practical appreciationof various topics relatedto air flow in pipes.
P3203 - FLOW MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
P3222 - FLOW THROUGH A BEND
P3226 AXIAL & P3228 CENTRIFUGAL FAN DEMONSTRATION UNITS
P3208 - BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS
P3224 - FLOW IN PIPES
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This has been designed to demonstrate the capability of a centrifugal fan unit inaccordance with BS848. It may also be used as the base unit for a series of additional
experiments involving air flow in pipes, heat transfer, aerodynamics and compressibleflow studies.
This is a self-contained facility comprising the tunnel with a three-component balancesystem (lift, drag and pitching moment) and an air speed indicator. The unit enablesstudents to investigate the pressure distributions around and the forces experienced byaerofoils, cylinders and other models and also to study boundary layers.
Optional accessories:
This is an open, continuously operating supersonic wind tunnel to investigate pressure distribution along a convergent-divergentnozzle, pressure losses, demonstration of the boundary layers Schlieren method, observation of flow patterns around the aerofoils andmuch more.
P3264 Aerofoil with Slot & Flap
P3265 Pitot Static Tube
P3266 Yaw Probe
P3267 Drag Models
P3268 Pressure Cylinder
P3269 Aircraft Model
P3270 Car Model
P3240 - FAN TEST STAND
P3260 - SUBSONIC OPEN CIRCUIT WIND TUNNEL
P3290 - SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
This is a unique system employing verticaland horizontal balance beams to provideindependent measurements of lift anddrag forces.
This experiment is used to determine thethickness of the ‘boundary layer’ wherefluid flow meets a stationary surface andinvestigate the velocity profile within thislayer.
This equipment produces smokefilaments of adequate density toenable flow patterns around variousobjects to be demonstrated.
This apparatus demonstrates the generalbehaviour of a jet of air emitted froma circular pipe into free surroundingsand helps to investigate air jet velocityat various distances from the emissionpoint in order to determine bothvelocity and momentum profiles.
P3231 - TWO COMPONENT BALANCE
P3233 - SMOKE GENERATOR P3234 - TURBULENT JET APPARATUS
P3232 - BOUNDARY LAYER EXPERIMENT
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Thermodynamics is a branch of physical science
concerned with the interrelationship and inter-
conversion of different forms of energy. The
student can observe the laws of thermodynamics by
conducting experimental work on a wide range of our
products.
A good practical understanding of air conditioning,
refrigeration, work and heat transfer can be achieved with the
use of various types of heat engine. An essential subject area
concerns steam properties and steam turbine technology and
Cussons offers a range of bench mounted steam property
teaching products along with a range of complete working
steam power plants up to 20kW with features representing
current industrial practice.
Thermodynamics
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T h er m o d yn ami c s
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This bench top unit provides comparisonsof two methods of measuring pressure
and two methods of measuring vacuum.It includes measurement of differentialpressure by means of a manometer, adigital pressure calibrator and calibrationof a pressure transducer.
The Stirling Cycle Hot Air Engine enablesstudents to visualize and study the
phenomena of cyclic compression andexpansion of air, study of Hot air engine,effect on performance, use of gases ofdifferent specific heat ratio, regenerativeheat exchanger and many others.
The Humidity Bench provides the studentwith the means of measuring the humidityof the air in the laboratory by severaldifferent methods, whilst at the same timeallowing comparisons to be made of theaccuracy of one measurement againstanother.
This equipment is a modern version of the Mechanical Equivalent
of Heat apparatus derived from the original design by Callendarwhich aptly demonstrated the relationship between mechanicalenergy and heat energy. Though extremely simple in design, theapparatus will yield results with an accuracy of 0.5%.
The Miniature Steam Power Plant is the smallest in our comprehensiverange of Steam Power Products and has been designed to allow teachingestablishments to give students an appreciation of steam and its properties,without the larger capital investment normally required. There are two versions:
P7669R with Reciprocating EngineP7669T with a Steam Turbine
Steam is widely used in industry for power generation, heating and many other processes requiring high temperatures. Cussons SteamLaboratory Equipment has been designed to provide a comprehensive range of products for teaching the technology of steam plant inthermodynamics courses. The equipment has been designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the theory and operation of
a modern steam power plant. The features incorporated and power ratings chosen constitute an excellent representation of industrialpractice within the limitations of an educational laboratory. All items reflect modern practices and their design incorporates the safetyfeatures necessary to minimise any risk in operation.
This Marcet Boiler helps the students toinvestigate the relationship between thepressure and temperature of saturated steam, inequilibrium with water, at all pressures betweenatmospheric and 17 bar (250 lb/in2).
P4811 - PRESSURE MEASURING APPARATUS P5691 - STIRLING CYCLE HOT AIR ENGINE
P4812 - HUMIDITY MEASURING APPARATUS
P7669 - MINIATURE STEAM POWER PLANT
P5700 - MARCET BOILER
Thermodynamic Principles
Steam Power Plant
P4810 - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTAPPARATUS
P5631 - MECHANICAL EQUIVALENTOF HEAT APPARATUS
A self-contained bench top unit which
demonstrates common methods oftemperature measurement, methods ofcalibration, common faults occurring inthermocouple systems and investigationof basic thermocouple laws and theirapplications.
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This Cussons Steam Power Plant is designed as a comprehensive self-contained unitwith all relevant items of equipment factory mounted on a common steel bedplate. Thismodular construction and assembly greatly reduces space and installation requirements.The plant can operate as a steam boiler, turbo-generator or complete power plant.Available tests include: thermal and total efficiency, consumption, boiler capacity, heatbalance, turbine power and specific steam consumption.
Further optional items such as additional boiler and superheater instrumentation, fluegas analysers etc. though not strictly essential to the plant operation; considerably
improve the versatility, and hence teaching potential, of the equipment.
A basic laboratory scheme comprises a boiler and turbine/condenser. In addition thecomplementary items; “P7692 Cooling Tower”, Separating and Throttling Calorimeters,Superheater, Tanks, Blowdown Tank, Water Treatment, Interconnecting Pipework andLab. Design, Steam Pipework Lagging, and Installation & Commissioning may be suppliedas required.
STEAM POWER PLANT RANGEP7690 Series: 1KW Steam Power PlantP7600 Series: 5kW Steam Power PlantP7620 Series: 10kW Steam Power PlantP7655 Series: 20kW Steam Power Plant
STEAM POWER PLANT RANGE
The Steam Boiler Bench is a self-containedelectric boiler supplied with all necessaryfacilities to allow it to be used as a serviceunit to supply steam to a range of SteamBench Experiments - P7671 to P7683.
With this bench students can investigatethe efficiency of two types of lagging andcan calculate the lagging efficiency ofeach type, compare the energy loss fromlagged tubes with that from unlaggedtubes and calculate the coefficient ofthermal conductivity of the lagging.
Cussons steam benches have been designed to allow experiments to be carried out on one piece of equipment by a small group ofstudents. Experience has shown that the modular form of construction is the most versatile and the benches can generally be suppliedas ‘‘standalone’’ units or where more than one bench has been ordered, simply interlinked to form a continuous system.
P7670 - STEAM BOILER BENCH
P7673 - LAGGING EFFICIENCY BENCH
Steam Experiments
P7671 - PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE VESSELBENCH
P7672 - SEPARATING & THROTTLINGCALORIMETER BENCH
Self-contained Steam Bench unit allowsstudents to investigate the relationshipbetween temperature and pressureof saturated steam and compare theexperimental observations with datapublished in recognised steam tables.
Separating and throttling calorimeters areused to determine the dryness fractionor quality of steam passing through thesteam main.
P7690 - 1kW Steam plant
P7600 - 5kW Steam plant
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On this apparatus students are able toinvestigate the efficiency of an ejectoras a water pump and to measure theheat transfer of steam to cooling water.
This apparatus enables students todemonstrate the operation of thecondenser, to investigate the heat transfercoefficient of condenser tubes and todemonstrate the vacuum produced by thecondensing steam in a closed system.
Dual purpose bench designed todemonstrate the basic principles ofwater treatment by filtration andchemical means or to supply treatedwater to a Steam Boiler Bench P7670.The bench includes five interchangeableclear PVC filter columns each of whichcan be filled with either filter sand orone of three ion exchange media.
The steam heating circuit on thisbench supplies steam to a process fluidcircuit designed so that the variousprocesses can be clearly observed,visually demonstrating the use of steamin a natural circulation (thermosyphon)reboiler for the heating of otherfluids and the distillation process.
Self-contained Steam Bench allows students to determine the performance of a double effect evaporator andcompares the relative efficiencies of single effect and double effect evaporators.
With four different nozzles on this bench,the students can experiment with thevariation of pressure along a nozzleprofile, the effect of back pressureon the mass flow rate, determine thecritical pressure ratio and much more.
P7674 - EJECTOR BENCH P7675 - CONDENSER BENCH
P7677 - WATER TREATMENT STUDIES BENCH
P7678 - STEAM PROCESS PLANT BENCH
P7683 - DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR BENCH
P7681 - NOZZLE RIG BENCH
Ancillary Equipment
P7660 - SEPARATING & THROTTLINGCALORIMETER
P8385 - COMBUSTION AND FLUE GASEMISSIONS ANALYSER
This compact unit is an optional economicseparating & throttling calorimeter with asimpler more cost-effective frame design.The unit is used to determine the drynessfraction of the steam supplied to steamsystems.
This compact and portableunit measures the gastemperature at inlet andin stack providing highaccuracy and enablingcalculation of netttemperature.
P7676R - RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINEBENCH
On this bench students can test a singlecylinder steam engine and measure brakehorse power, steam consumption andvarious efficiencies.
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Refrigeration
Heat Transfer & Heat Exchanger
P5721 - COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATIONTRAINER
This training system provides functioningrefrigeration circuits utilising commercial
controls and components and providesrealistic training in setting up, operatingand fault finding refrigeration systems.The system operates with R134a, anenvironmentally acceptable refrigerant.
The self-contained AirConditioning Unit demonstratesthe application of the principles
of thermodynamics in the field ofair conditioning. The unit providesresults over a wide range ofoperating conditions and includesa data acquisition package.
Cussons offers specialised test equipment to illustrate the subject of heatexchange in fluids. All the experimental units are bench top and speciallydesigned to enable flexibility in the interconnections between them. The unitsare also computer controlled with modern data acquisition facilities.
Accessories:
P3212 Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
P3213 Mixed Flow Heat Exchanger
Cussons Refrigerator and Heat PumpApparatus has been developed for thestudy of the thermodynamics of thevapour compression cycle operating
as either a refrigerator or heat pump.As a self-contained unit it includesinstrumentation to enable a comprehensiveseries of experiments to be carried out,including refrigerant cycle evaluation andthermodynamic energy balances of thecondenser, evaporator and compressor.
This unit enables students to visualiseand study industrial refrigeration. Itintegrates all of the essential componentsfor a desktop installation. The unit
includes a computer control system anda troubleshooting simulation module.The system “anti-knock fluid” in thecompressor ensures reliable operationunder extreme stress.
The unit allows the instructor tointroduce 12 faults into a control circuit,
which has been wired by the student.The Unit has a mimic diagram on thefront panel which simulates an actualcompressor control circuit.
The equipment clearly demonstrates theoperation of a heat pump air / water. Thesystem consists of: compressor, circulationpump, flow control valve, accumulatortank, condenser, filter / drier, expansionvalve and evaporator fan, water flowmeters, temperature sensors and pressuredisplay at strategic points of the process.
P5698E - AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
P5730 - HEAT PUMP DEMONSTRATION UNIT
P3210 - HEAT TRANSFER BENCH INCLUDING CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
P5750 - VAPOUR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATOR & HEAT PUMP APPARATUS
P5740 - REFRIGERATION SYSTEMWITH REFRIGERATION CHAMBER
P5735 - REFRIGERATIONWIRING SKILLS BENCH
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P3300 - RADIATION AND CONVECTIONAPPARATUS
P5687 - THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYAPPARATUS
This Thermal Radiation and NaturalConvection Heat Transfer Apparatus isa self- contained bench mounted unit,designed to demonstrate the essentialfeatures of heat transfer by radiation andnatural convection from various heatingelement shapes under varying conditionsof ambient pressure and element surfacetemperature.
The Thermal Conductivity Apparatusis designed for bench top use allowingstudents to calculate heat flows andtemperature gradients along variouscylindrical specimens of relatively highconductivity, such as metals, and across thinsections of insulating material that may beattached to one end of a metal specimen.
The apparatus has been developed topermit experiments on heat transferfrom the solid to the liquid state underconditions of convection and nucleateboiling to be carried out and todemonstrate the effect of film boiling.Heat transfer takes place from a heatedhorizontal nickel filament to the water orother liquid surrounding it.
Cussons offers specialised test equipment inthe area of Heat Exchange. All experimentalunits are bench top and specially designedby modules enabling its flexibility andinterconnection between them. In addition,the units are computer controlled allowingfull data logging and the use of data foradvanced experiments.
The Exchanger Range comprises:• P3430 Water Cooling tower
• P3420 Free and forced Convection
• P3400 Heat exchanger unit with optional accessories: o P3401 Concentric Heat Exchanger
o P3402 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger o P3403 Plate Heat Exchanger o P3404 Jacketed Vessel with coil o P3405 Tubular Heat Exchanger o P3406 Cross Flow Heat Exchanger
P5697 - BOILING HEAT TRANSFER APPARATUS HEAT EXCHANGER RANGE
This popular unit is a full two shaftmachine with built in starting equipment,power absorption system and a datalogging option (P9008). It provides themeans for carrying out an extensive
programme of experiments in gas turbinetechnology using only the instrumentationprovided. Particular features of the TwoShaft Gas Turbine Unit are its versatility,ease of operation, safety and low noiselevel. All instrumentation and controlsare carried on the panel which displays the flow diagram with aclear indication of all measurements identified by symbols andilluminated tell-tales. Measurement of power turbine torque is bycalibrated electrical dynamometer.
Cussons has developed a turbojet enginetest stand to provide a cost effectivemethod of testing the performance of anoperational aero jet engine. The turbojettest stand is mounted on a wheeled
trolley allowing it to be moved to anoperational area or stored in a convenientlocation. The unit is provided with a mimicdiagram displaying the temperatures ofthe gas flow and engine pressure ratio.The unit can demonstrates the turbojetprinciple, performance analysis of aturbojet at varying power and enables themeasurement of air flow, fuel flow and rotational speed.
This robust educational test facility is a self-contained unit comprising two main assemblies; an instrument
and control console and a welded steel base frame which carries the dynamometer, air compressors and airreceivers. The drive system of the compressors is arranged in such a way that the test set may be used as eithera two stage machine or a single stage machine with the second stage undriven and bypassed. Apart from itsuse for educational experiments, the test set may also be used in its single stage form as a compressed airsupply for the laboratory. A computer interface PV Indicating System (P9053) can be also included.
Gas turbines are increasingly used as power plants for a wide variety of applications around the world. Originally they were developedsolely for aircraft propulsion where their inherent low specific weight (i.e. mass/unit power) made them essential for high speed flight.
For this particular purpose they have been developed to a high degree of efficiency both thermodynamically and mechanically.
Industrial gas turbines have been and are being developed for such diverse applications as electrical power peak lopping stations,firefighting pump sets, natural gas pumping and compressor units, factory power and process heating plants, heavy lorry propulsion,rail and ship propulsion. Cussons has designed and manufactured educational gas turbines since 1970 and numerous universities useour gas turbines for experimental and practical demonstrations.
P9005 - TWO SHAFT GAS TURBINE P9010E - TURBOJET ENGINE TEST STAND
P9050 - TWO STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR SET
Gas Turbine and Compressors
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This apparatus comprises a single stage compressor coupled to an electric motor and attached to a springbalance. This apparatus enables students to investigate the laws of thermodynamics including energybalance, entropy and compressed volumetric efficiency.
P9080 - ENERGY BALANCE APPARATUS
Properties of Fuels
Sectioned Thermodynamics Equipment
P6310 - CALORIMETER SET FOR CALORIFICVALUES OF FUELS (BOMB CALORIMETER)
P5656 - ELECTRIC PENSKY MARTENS FLASHPOINT APPARATUS
P5657 - 3 CLOSED CUP FLASH POINTAPPARATUS
The Cussons’ calorimeter is widely used inteaching establishments for the accuratedetermination of the calorific value ofliquid and solid hydrocarbons. It meets thespecifications of the Institute of PetroleumDesignation IP12/73 Heat of Combustion of
Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels For Calorimeters.
As the most popular flash point apparatus,the Pensky Martens method is designedto determine the flash point of petroleumproducts with flash points up to amaximum temperature of 370°C and in sodoing conforms to a number of ASTM, ISO,
UN class and EN standards. Compatiblewith bio-fuel testing.
The electrically heated flash pointapparatus is designed to determine theflash point of petroleum products andsemi-solids with Flash/No Flash testsin a temperature range of 10 - 130°C. Itconforms to the ASTM D3278; ASTM
D3828; ASTM E502; IP 303 (obs); IP 523standards and many more. Compatiblewith bio-fuel testing.
This Boy’s Gas Calorimeter has beendeveloped to provide a simple butaccurate method of ascertaining thecalorific values of a wide range of gaseousfuels.
Cussons sectioned instructional units have been designed to enable the maximum educational value to be obtained from actualequipment in use today. Cussons offers components from refrigeration and air conditioning plant, pumps, valves and steam equipment.Where necessary, units are painted in contrasting colours to show the sectioning clearly and highlight points of interest.
Refrigeration and Air ConditioningP2255 Sectioned Refrigeration CompressorP2256 Board of Sectioned Refrigeration ComponentsP2257 Sectioned Hermetic Refrigeration UnitP2258 Sectioned Air Conditioning Unit
Pumps P2265 Sectioned Centrifugal Water Pump (motorised)P2266 Sectioned Reciprocating Water PumpP2267 Sectioned Vane Pump (air)P2268 Sectioned Diaphragm Pump (air)P2269 Sectioned Gear Pump (oil power hydraulics)P2270 Sectioned Swash Plate Pump (oil power hydraulics)P2271 Sectioned Mono Pump
Valves and Steam PlantP2285 Sectioned Gate ValveP2286 Sectioned Globe ValveP2287 Board of Sectioned Pipe FittingsP2288 Sectioned Reducing Valve (air or gas)P2289 Sectioned Rotary Ball ValveP2295 Sectioned Steam TrapP2296 Sectioned Steam SeparatorP2297 Sectioned Steam EjectorP2298 Sectioned Pressure Relief Valve (steam)P2299 Sectioned CondenserP2300 Sectioned Steam EngineP2301 Sectioned Steam Injector
P5615 - BOY’S GAS CALORIMETER
In addition to the listed products, Cussons can undertake to section awide range of equipment to meet specific requirements.
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For eighty years Cussons Technology has designed
and manufactured engine test beds for universities
and industry. Our design and engineering team
integrates engines of different types and sizes within
dynamometer-equipped test beds to suit a multitude
of educational and research requirements.
Test bed instrumentation - also offered on a stand-alone
basis - includes equipment for measuring air flow, fuel flow,
temperature, torque, speed, emissions etc. With decades of
automotive industry experience, Cussons has an excellent
understanding of what is required in education and has
completed several hundred installations world-wide from the
simplest test bed to major engine test facilities.
Automotive
0
Aut omot i ve
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A bench top unit offered with P8251Petrol and P8252 Diesel four stroke,air cooled engine options. Engines can
accept a cylinder pressure transducerand crank angle encoder (See P8005electronic engine indicating (PV) system).Experimental capabilities includedetermination of:
1. Engine performance curves at full and part load2. Efficiency and variation of specific fuel consumption with speed
and load3. Effect of mixture strength on performance and fuel
consumption4. Gasoline engine includes AFR meter
Engine test stands for vocational training fitted with fuel injected four stroke four cylinder liquid cooledengines. Petrol (P8952) and diesel (P8962) versions are offered both supplied complete with starter motor,alternator, water pump, fuel pump, flywheel, flywheel guard and throttle assembly ready for running.
A self-contained unit with integratedfour stroke, single cylinder, air cooledspark ignition engine and an electrical
dynamometer capable of absorbing 2.2kW and starting/motoring the engine. Twoadditional cylinder heads are includedto provide scope for investigations atthree different compression ratios. Theengine can accept a cylinder pressuretransducer and crank angle encoder. (SeeP8005 electronic engine indicating (PV) system). Extensiveexperimental capabilities include determination of:
1. Mixture strength2. Spark advance characteristics3. Frictional power losses
4. Effect of compression ratiochanges
A self-contained unit with an aircooled 7kW/4,000 RPM eddy currentdynamometer. A wide range of enginesmay be used and Cussons offers modelscovering two/four stroke, air/water coolingand spark/compression ignition. Theseengines can accept a cylinder pressuretransducer and crank angle encoder.(See P8005 electronic engine indicating(PV) system). Extensive experimental capabilities includedetermination of:
1. Engine performance curves at full and part load
2. Volumetric efficiency3. Fuel consumption mixture loops4. Air/Fuel ratio5. Frictional power losses6. Heat and energy balances
Self-contained spark and compression ignition units are offeredwith integrated data acquisition. Both include modern, multi-cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, fuel injected engines whichcan accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angleencoder. (See P8005 electronic engine indicating (PV) system).The engines may be run on alternative fuels and a factory-fittedLPG conversion kit (P8003) is available for the spark ignitionengine. Extensive experimental capabilities include determinationof:
1. Four stroke engine performance curves at full and part load2. Engine efficiency and variation of specific fuel consumptionwith speed and load
3. Brake Mean Effective Pressure4. Exhaust, water, oil and air temperatures5. Heat and energy balances
An advanced engine test bed with integrated data acquisition optimised for academic studiesand offering significant scope for research. The unit is compatible with a range of engines andutilises an eddy current dynamometer. The test bed is offered with a spark or compressionignition four stroke multi-cylinder engine but both may be supplied and interchanged on-site.Standard engines accept a cylinder pressure transducer and crank angle encoder. (See P8005electronic engine indicating (PV) system). A compact external cooling tower (P8751) is availableto reduce reliance on mains water for energy dissipation. Extensive experimental capabilitiesinclude determination of:
P8952/P8962 - AUTOTRAINER TEST STANDS
Engine Test Beds
Autotrainers
P8250 - AUTOMOTIVE 1 ENGINE TEST BED
– PETROL & DIESEL ENGINE OPTIONS
P8160 - SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE TEST
BED - ENGINE OPTIONS UP TO 7KW
P8001/P8002 - MULTI-CYLINDER
ENGINE TEST BEDS
P8150 - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST BED- VARIABLE COMPRESSION FACILITY
P8750 - MULTICYLINDER ENGINE TEST BED - MULTIPLE ENGINE OPTIONS
Engine options:P8615 4-Stroke Water Cooled Petrol EngineP8616 4-Stroke Water Cooled Diesel EngineP8617 4-Stroke Water Cooled Petrol Engine converted to CNG Engine
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A selection of digital blowby meters tomeasure the gas flow from crankcaseswhich may be easily incorporated intoengine ventilation systems. Each meterincludes a flow transducer and a digitaldisplay module.
This 19 inch rack mounted exhaust gas analyser provides a costeffective solution for determining the concentrations of pollutantsand oxygen in the exhaust gases from spark or compressionignition IC engines optimised for all current and envisaged futurerequirements. It provides gas detection with high measurementaccuracy and long term stability. The gases which may bedetected are CO, CO2, O2, HC, SO2 and NOx.
P8360 - P8373 - BLOWBY METER RANGE P8390 - EXHAUST GAS ANALYSER
Sectioned Automotive Equipment
Cussons sectioned instructional units have been designed to enable the maximum educational value to beobtained from actual equipment in use today. The range comprises assemblies and components from motorvehicles. Where necessary, units are painted in contrasting colours to show the sectioning clearly and highlightpoints of interest.
Automotive & Gas Analysers
Cussons offers high quality gas analysers enabling students to test and monitor exhaust gases and emissions in the area of automotivetechnology. All analysers are compatible with our Engine Test Beds and meet the international standards and accreditations for exhaustgas analysers.
P8227 - VOLUMETRIC FUEL FLOWMEASUREMENT SYSTEM
P8261 - P8265 - EXHAUST GAS CALORIMETERRANGE
A self-contained unit for the supply and measurement of fuel useat controlled pressure for both petrol or diesel engines.· Continuous Flow Measurement· Designed for high fuel recirculating rate· Pelton wheel design transducer· Analogue output proportional to flow rate· Digital display of flow rate· Totaliser with reset facility· Pressure controlled fuel delivery· Suitable for both diesel and gasoline fuels
A selection of exhaust gas calorimeterswith instrumentation to enable the heatenergy content of exhaust gases to beaccurately determined.
A factory-fitted option for almost all engines offered for use on Cussons test beds. A low costpressure-vs-volume engine indicating solution with high speed data acquisition and graphicaldisplay on a host PC.
P8005 - ELECTRONIC ENGINE INDICATING (PV) SYSTEM FOR ENGINE TEST BEDS
A selection of laminar flow meters(LFMs) for measuring the pulsating airflows in IC engine air intakes. Elevenmodels are offered suitable for measuringairflows across a wide range. An airflow
measurement and data acquisition system(P7032) is also offered for use with theseLFMs.
Two units are offered to measure ‘swirl’ inthe air drawn into an engine cylinder. Bothare equally effective with blow or suctioninduced flow in either the upward ordownward direction. Cussons also designs
and manufactures custom researchequipment such as complete port flow rigsfor light duty ports (including parts fortumble) and for heavy duty ports etc.
P7190 - P7217 - LAMINAR FLOW METER RANGE P7300/P7302 - IMPULSE SWIRL METER RANGE
Instrumentation and Accessories
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World attention has been focused on the use of
consumable resources by the Kyoto Agreement
and by the mounting evidence for climate change.
Academics and students are particularly aware
of environmental issues and are motivated to
study renewable energy sources. The engineering
disciplines encountered within a study of renewable
energy technologies are often applicable as part of
broader mechanical or aeronautical courses. Cussons’
range of renewable energy laboratory experimentsand demonstrations are designed to teach students
the principles underlying renewable energy
technologies. Each manual explains the theory
behind the experiment in a way that allows it to be
applied within a dedicated renewable energy module
or as an interesting part of other engineering courses.
Environmental &Clean Energies
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E n vi r onm en t al & Cl e anE n er gi e s
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Wind Turbine Dynamometer Range
Wind energy provided one of the earliest forms of mechanical power with a wide range of momentum based wind-powered machines(‘windmills’). Today full size wind turbines typically use the lift generated by aerofoils to provide torque to the electrical generator.Whilst most modern wind turbines are horizontal axis types, there is also support for emerging vertical axis designs. Cussons providesa range of products to permit realistic experiments with flat bladed horizontal axis wind turbines including considerations of energyextraction and forces on the structure.
The P3130A Wind Generator Set is designed to test small scale wind power turbinesof up to 450 mm blade diameter. The equipment is designed to allow use inside alaboratory that does not have access to a wind tunnel. Students can measure powercoefficients, compare power coefficients to theoretical limits (the Betz limit), producepower curves for stall regulated and pitch regulated turbines and determine thrustcoefficients etc.
Dynamometers are used within industrial and other test facilities to verify theperformance and reliability of wind turbines and other commercial machines. Cussons’Wind Turbine Dynamometer range enables small scale turbine blade designs to be testedand the results of their performance validated with complete control of the externalvariables. Options are:
P3131A Wind Turbine Dynamometer - Basic Version
P3132A Wind Turbine Dynamometer - Instrumented hub (slip rings)
P3133A Wind Turbine Dynamometer - Instrumented hub (telemetry)
P3134A & P3136A 2/4 OR 3 BLADE INSTRUMENTATED HUBThe 2/4 and 3 blade instrumented hubs include two strain gauged blade root elements tomeasure blade bending moments in two planes. One set of flat blades is included and aprotractor gauge is supplied to measure pitch angle.
P3137A & P3138A 2/4 OR 3 BLADE NON INSTRUMENTED HUB The 2/4 and 3 blade non-instrumented hubs are supplied with one set of flat blades and
a protractor gauge is supplied to measure pitch angle.
The equipment is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of a wind turbine plantand its whole operation. The layout is very visual and intuitive for teaching purposes. This isachieved by the provision of equipment in schematic and plugging panels. In addition, the unithas a full computer control system.
P3130A - WIND GENERATOR SET
WIND TURBINE DYNAMOMETER RANGE
BLADES FOR WIND DYNAMOMETER
P3150 - WIND TURBINE TRAINER UNIT
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The P7140 Solar EnergyDemonstration unit allows studentsto gain an appreciation of the totalheat capture of a solar thermalenergy panel and an understandingof their relative efficiency. Studentsare able to vary the water flow rateand angle of incidence of the unitto measure the change in energycollection performance.
This unit provides studentsthe means of collecting andstoring solar power, measuringthe energy available fromit and investigating theperformance of a photovoltaicunit. The package enablesboth electrical and mechanicalpower to be obtained yet itdoes not require the use ofcomplicated reflecting systemsin order to concentrate the solar energy.
The equipment reproduces a full scale solar photovoltaic installation. The system offers awide variety of energy tests, observation and analysis of the performance of PV panels:
- PV Panel as independent system, series and parallel.
- Simulations with batteries in series or in parallel.
- Direct access to DC converter and DC to AC.
- PV system as isolated system or connected to the network.
The P9040 Fuel CellDemonstration Unit providesa working desk top protonexchange membrane fuelcell as the basis for studentinvestigations includingmeasurement of efficiency
P7140 - SOLAR ENERGY DEMONSTRATION
P9060 - PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER UNIT
P9065 - SOLAR ENERGY MANAGEMENT UNIT
P9040 - FUEL CELL DEMONSTRATION UNIT
Solar & Fuel Cell
Solar energy has been used for thousands of years to dry crops and fuels naturally and provides the basis for biomass energy of course.Direct use of solar energy is illustrated in the solar distillation of water, solar water heating and in the production of electricity byphotovoltaic cells.
Cussons provides a range of solar energy products to permit realistic experiments in each of these three fields. Many interestingengineering challenges are presented in understanding solar energy use.
Students are often interested in small scale solar energy use and compact indoor laboratory equipment to illustrate the principles isdesirable. Each product manual lays out the theory behind the experiment so that it may be used within a dedicated renewable energyprogramme or as an interesting part of other engineering teaching modules. Each solar apparatus may be used externally with naturalsunlight or with Cussons’ indoor light kits which allow studies to be conducted at any time of the year. Data may be recorded manuallyor through the use of data acquisition equipment.
Fuel cells are a flexible form of energy storage that have the potential to dominate transport and local power supply during the 21stcentury but many students will have no direct experience of them. Cussons provides a series of hydrogen fuel cell experiments andpractical work which can familiarise students with this emerging technology.
P7130/P7135 - SOLAR DISTILLATIONAPPARATUS – BASIN AND THIN FILM TYPE
The Solar Distillation Apparatusenables students to measure outputand efficiency against solar energyinput, amount of base insulation andbrine depth. The effects of differentabsorbent surfaces, inclination, ambienttemperature, wind velocity and theeffect of cooling the glass cover mayalso be investigated
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The important subjects of dynamics, balancing,
vibrations, whirling and other basic principles of
applied mechanics are covered with this range of
products. The equipment has evolved from designs
originating within academic institutions to fulfil the
requirements of a modern mechanical engineering
curriculum. Introductory studies through to advanced
investigations are possible and each piece of
equipment is supplied with comprehensive user
manuals as with all Cussons equipment.
Applied Mechanics
6
Appl i ed Mech ani cs
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P1150 - STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCINGMACHINE
P5464 - INCLINED PLANE / SLIDINGFRICTION APPARATUS
P5226 - ANGULAR ACCELERATIONAPPARATUS
This experiment has been developed toprovide a means for accurate experimentalwork in the balancing of rigid rotors.The design of the machine adheres toindustrial practice and it may be used tobalance real rotors in addition to the five-disc rotor provided.
This apparatus enables students tomeasure the coefficient of frictionfor several combinations of materials.
The robust apparatus is of all metalconstruction with an inclinable 90 cmground steel plane.
This apparatus enables students toinvestigate the angular acceleration of asolid cylindrical body caused by the actionof a falling mass. It provides a number
of interesting experiments relating tothe kinematics and dynamics of rotatingsystems.
Theory of Machines
This experiment enables studentsto understand dynamicallyinduced stresses arising in
mechanically resonant systemssuch as transmission shafts andengine crank shafts. An additionalLinear Vibration Apparatus P1906is available and this extends therange of experiments with theP1901.
The Linear Vibration Apparatus extendsthe range of experiments of the P1901Torsional Vibration Apparatus. The
apparatus provides the student with anintroductory course on linear vibration.The practical experiments with their directrelationship to common design situationsgive an insight into vibration phenomenaand illuminate the fundamental theory.
The Fletcher Trolley Apparatus isthe classic equipment for both linearand angular motion investigations.
Measurement of velocity andacceleration, experiments onmomentum and angular accelerationand determination of accelerationdue to gravity are possible with thisapparatus.
The Energy of Flywheel apparatus isan extremely robust and versatile unitcomprising a flywheel - the mass ofwhich may be varied by adding andremoving two rings and one disc -mounted upon a heavy duty stand. Theunit also includes a vibrating arm toenable traces to be drawn on a paperstrip positioned on the circumferenceof the flywheel.
The Centripetal Force Apparatusenables accurate determinations of therelationship between force, mass radiusand angular velocity for a rotatingbody.
The Whirling of Shafts Apparatus enables students to investigate the whirling of a longthin shaft supported at its ends, whirling of a shaft with concentrated masses, whirling ofa continuous shaft and whirling of a shaft with intermediate nodes.
P1901 - TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS APPARATUS
P1906 - LINEAR VIBRATION APPARATUS P2072 - FLETCHER TROLLEY APPARATUS
P2776 - ENERGY OF FLYWHEEL
P2799 - CENTRIPETAL FORCE APPARATUS
P5428 - WHIRLING OF SHAFTS APPARATUS
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P5377 - ELECTRICAL GYROSCOPE COMPLETEWITH DIGITAL TACHOMETER
P2180 - EXTENSION & COMPRESSION OFSPRINGS
This Electrical Gyroscope has beendesigned to demonstrate the relationshipsbetween gyroscopic speed, gyroscopicinertia, external applied torque andprecession. A separate hand-held opticaltachometer is provided for accuratemeasurement of the gyroscope rotorspeed.
The Extension and Compression of Springsapparatus is a wall mounted unit whichenables students to determine the load
and deflection relationship for close coiledsprings as well as concepts of Modulus ofRigidity.
This apparatus provides a wide rangeof laboratory experiments on journalbearings within a self-contained unit.Various options make it possible tomeasure journal friction, map thehydrodynamic pressure of the oil filmand determine the bearing attitude of a journal bearing using only the optionalinstrumentation 5014 and P5015.
The Rubber Block Apparatus is a wallmounted unit which enables studentsto investigate the shear stress and shearstrain in a rubber slab. It introducesstudents to the concept of Modulus ofRigidity.
Cussons is able to offer digital testing machines ranging from 25kN to 1,000kN capacity with high precisioncontrol and accuracy and including automated computer control of test methods for simplicity of operation.These UTMs have 800% overload capability (load cells), small footprint, high resolution, self-cleaning ball-screws and an extensive suite of software. A range of different grips and fixtures for tension and compression isavailable.
P5030 – 25 Universal Testing Machines 25kN
P5030 – 50 Universal Testing Machines 50kN
P5030 – 100 Universal Testing Machines 100kN
P5030 – 500 Universal Testing Machines 500kN
P5030 – 600 Universal Testing Machines 600kN
The Torsion Apparatus is bench mounted and consists of a horizontal unit which can accept specimens up to6 mm diameter and 450 mm length. The torsion head is supported in ball bearings and torque is applied by ahanger and masses. Angular displacement is measured by a dial and pointer which can slide along the base toenable readings to be taken at any point.
The Free and Forced Vibration Apparatus has been developed to present vibration phenomenawith viscous damping in a way that may be easily perceived and accurately analysed.
P5013 - JOURNAL FRICTION APPARATUS
P1206 - RUBBER BLOCK APPARATUS
P5030 - UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES
P4334 - TORSION APPARATUS
P5000 - FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION APPARATUS
Strength of Materials
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Cussons Structures range comprises a standard test frame with loading andmeasurement facilities plus a series of different test structures which fit into the frame.This range provides an excellent introduction to structures for demonstration and forexperiments at technician and undergraduate level. The equipment is complemented byCussons’ structures software which provides an interactive system for the input of loadsand calculation of displacements. Many teachers find that the traditional weights and dial
gauge system is just as effective for teaching purposes however.
P4120 Frame Bench / Floor mounted
P4125 Deflection of Beams
P4126 Buckling of Struts
P4127 Measurement of Shear Forces
P4128 Measurement of Bending Moment
P4130 Rigidly Supported Arch
P4131 Two Hinged Arch
P4132 Three Hinged Arch
P4133 Suspension Bridge
P4134 Forces in a Truss
P4135 Portal Frame
P4140 Plastic deflection of beam
P4141 Plastic deflection of portal
Structures
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A practical understanding of Process ControlEngineering is essential in most industries. The
Cussons range of process control engineering
products presents the students with a broad cross
section of control techniques and typical applications
used in practice.
The products demonstrate the function of the individualcomponents of control loops and allow the students to change
parameters observing effects and to follow a full experimentalprogram using the manuals provided.
To prepare students, operators and maintenance staff tounderstand the automated environment in industry, Cussonsoffers a range of products for electrical and mechanical controlengineering and instrumentation. The products are designedto be either “self-paced” or instructor taught with a curriculumwhich is easy to understand. Hands-on training programmessimulate real life working conditions. Industry standard qualitycomponents are used throughout.
Process ControlEngineering
0
P roces s Control E ngi n
eeri ng
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The Boiler Control unitalong with its softwaresimulation allowsstudents to investigatethe operation of a steamgeneration plant. Alteringthe system properties
allows the user to simulatea wide range of boilersystems for periods up to24 hours and adjustmentsto the operatingparameters may be made whilst the simulation is running to allowthe investigation of transients on the system.
The Process ControlSimulator is a self-containedlaboratory scale industrialsystem (bench type model- under development)that allows the principlesunderlying modern industrialcontrol equipment to bestudied in the context of
process operations. The unitmay be used to investigatepressure, flow, temperature,level and cascade controlutilising pneumatic andmicroprocessor-based PID controllers.
This Pressure ControlApparatus is designed to
demonstrate automaticcontrol of the pressurewithin a vessel. The unitenables students toinvestigate the effects ofchanging the parametersof the control algorithm(proportional band,integral action andderivative time) on the control capability of the system.
This Flow Control Apparatusis designed to demonstrate
automatic control of theflow of water delivered bya centrifugal pump. Theunit enables students toinvestigate the effects ofchanging the parametersof the control algorithm(proportional band, integralaction and derivative time)on the control capability ofthe system.
This Level ControlSystem is designed toallow numerous levelcontrol experiments to beperformed within a typicallaboratory session. Theunit enables students toinvestigate the effects ofchanging the parametersof the control algorithmand changes can be madeto the process conditionsby adjustment of the flow
into the vessel.
P3005 - PROCESS CONTROL SIMULATORP7665 - BOILER CONTROL DEMONSTRATIONAND FAULT SIMULATION UNIT
P3009 - PRESSURE CONTROL APPARATUS,THREE TERM PNEUMATIC
P3015 - LEVEL CONTROL APPARATUS, THREETERM ELECTRONIC
P3035 - TEMPERATURE CONTROLAPPARATUS, THREE TERM ELECTRONIC
P3010 - FLOW CONTROL APPARATUS, THREETERM ELECTRONIC
The Temperature ControlApparatus illustrates thecontrol of temperaturein a simulated reactorvessel by controlling thesupply of coolant (air) inresponse to changes inprocess conditions. The unitprovides students with theopportunity of investigatingthe effects of a change ofcontroller parameters (proportional band, integral and derivativetimes) on the control capability of the system. The unit is made
up of typical items of control equipment currently used inindustrial applications, thereby providing an excellent opportunityfor familiarisation.
The pH ControlApparatus is designed todemonstrate the controlof the acidity of a watersupply by chemical dosing.Two methods are availableto control the additionof the dosing chemical,
either slug (on-off) dosingor continuous controlledinjection.
The Programmable LogicControl Module (PLC) isdesigned to be connectedto a range of experimentsfor simulating an automaticprocess. The unit has digitalinputs and relay outputswhich, when connected tothe experiments, may beused to start and stop pumps, select remote set point inputs andcreate disturbances to a process by opening or closing solenoidvalves.
P3020 - ACIDITY (PH) CONTROL APPARATUS P3030 - PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLMODULE
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The Three Phase Separator is an essential resource for teaching engineeringstudents and ‘oil & gas’ or process industry personnel. It enables students toinvestigate the effects of separation pressure and flow/residence time etc. onthe separation dynamics. Experimental coverage includes flow vs residencetime, flow vs composition, pressure vs flow, pressure vs composition andtemperature vs composition (latter by means of simulation).
The Plant Trainer has been designed to provide a unique opportunity to traintechnicians on an industrial process plant in a safe, controlled and supervisedenvironment. The trainer is the perfect tool to offer training courses inPlant Maintenance, Control Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, ElectricalEngineering, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Health
and Safety Engineering. Use of this equipment by companies such as BP andShell, has allowed their technicians to gain hands on experience of a real, fullsize process plant facility without the obvious danger of contamination dueto leakage, human error or expensive equipment damage
The Multiphase Flow Unit which is particularly suitable for ‘oil andgas‘courses enables students to study 2- and 3-phase flow (oil, water andcompressed air) by means of ‘once through’ experimental runs followedby gravitational separation. The unit provides for various investigationsincluding single phase flow, hydrostatic and dynamic pressure investigations,hold-up time and slip velocity, 2-phase separation and superficial velocity,drift velocity in air/water flow, 2-phase flow, 2-phase and 3-phase flow
separation rates, bubble structures and bubble sizes. The unit is operatedvia a touch-screen PC with SCADA software and may be specified with anelectrical capacitance tomography sensor option for advanced studies inflow and bubble structure imaging.
P3620 - MULTIPHASE FLOW UNIT
P3700 - THREE PHASE SEPARATION TRAINING UNIT
P3600 - INDUSTRIAL PROCESS PLANT TRAINER
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Cussons Technology has built on the success of its
Kempf & Remmers Range of Research Hydrodynamics
test equipment and its knowledge of tertiary
educational engineering equipment to produce a
new range of Educational hydrodynamic equipment
to complement smaller facilities. The Equipment isdesigned to be robust for student use, and consistent
in its results and accuracy as many of the components
are inherited from the Kempf & Remmers Range.
The Purpose is to allow the lecturer demonstrations
to be carried out with ease, and for the students to
undertake a range of experiments with repeatable
results and reasonable accuracy.
Marine Hydrodynamics
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M ar i n eH y d r o d yn ami c
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Educational Towing Carriages
Educational Wave Makers & Wave Absorbing Beaches
Cussons has a whole new range of towing carriages aimed at University and Educational Institutes that do not have the room for thelarger scale research grade facilities. This range of unmanned carriages, are light weight, highly rigid & robust platforms that allow awide variety of equipment to be attached from them. The carriages are controlled and operated by a shore based Wireless supervisorycontrol and data logging / acquisition system.
Designed to suita towing tank2m wide, withminimum length 40up to a maximumof 70m (maximumrail length is 60m) -Max Speed 3m/s
A variety of dynamometers can be supplied for use with the educational carriages, theseare interfaced with he support frame for connection to ship models or fitting of propellermodels. These include:
R35E – Educational Resistance Dynamometer
R200E – Educational Multi Component Ship / Yacht Model Balance
V110E - Educational Ship Stability Dynamometer
H75E - Educational Open Water Propeller / Turbine Dynamometer R75E - Educational Self–Propulsion
R31E, R42E & R43E Traditional Self-Propulsion Dynamometer for educational scaled models
We also supply additional equipment which can be used in conjunction with thetowing carriage for model manufacturing & measuring facilities:
R28E - Educational Scaled Model Guiding Arms
V122E - Educational High Speed Camera System
N10E - Educational Wake Rake with Integrated Pressure Transducers
M150E - Educational 1.5m Offshore Support Vessel / Trawler Model
H75P Set of Educational Scaled Propeller models
R67 - Tank Pit mounted Off–shore & floor mounted static model 6 component balance
Cussons Technology wave makers incorporate proven software techniques for wave generator controland can include software links to towing carriages to optimise test duration. Wave Technology isa rapidly advancing science - new or modified products are continually being developed to meetunique experimental needs, including those associated with the offshore industry’s deep-seaexploration research programmes. Our wave maker designs include:
W20E/W40E - Wet Back Hinge Flap Regular / Irregular Wave Maker
W20EB/W40EB – Hybrid Resonant Tuneable Wave Absorbing Beach
R23E - Educational Carriage Mounted Wave Probe
Designed to suita towing tank4m wide, withminimum length 40up to a maximumof 70m (maximumrail length is 60m)- Max Speed 3m/s(however 4m/s ispossible)
C20E - EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGE
DYNAMOMETERS FOR EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGES
ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT & INSTRUMENTATION
C40E - EDUCATIONAL TOWING CARRIAGE
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Educational Cavitation Tunnels
Cussons offers a range of small Cavitation Tunnels developed from the Kempf and Remmers designs for use in the laboratories ofTechnical Universities. The Tunnels are manufactured from high grade materials to resist corrosion and fouling. Each of our EducationalRange of Tunnels is supplied with optional control and data-acquisition systems. The data acquisition system interface is based onNational Instruments Front End for development with Labview.
A small but carefully made circulating water tunnel with pressureregulation for cavitation tests, which is suitable for various kinds ofexperimental and demonstration work on flow and cavitation. Thetunnel provides a range of experiments in either hydrodynamic,aerospace or civil engineering.
This is a Small Research Cavitation Tunnel with 3different interchangeable measuring sections available:
- 300mm x 300mm Measuring Section Max Speed 9m/s- 425mm x 425mm Measuring Section Max Speed 5m/s- Asymmetric 630mm x 350mm Measuring Section Max Speed 4m/s
Cussons offers a large variety of instrumentation for hydrodynamic studies. Ourrange of Wake Rakes, Pitot Tubes and High Speed Cameras allow the experimentalwork associated with new research being undertaken in many parts of the world.
J19 Wake Rake with Integrated Pressure Transducers for use Tunnels
K23-06 Pitot Static Tube for use in measuring section of Tunnel
V121E High Speed / Frame Rate Camera system for observing cavitation.
V140 B&K Cavitation Tunnel Hydrophone system
V123E Flat Plate and Cylinder Model Experiment for use in Tunnels
There is a full range of equipment available to compliment these facilities including; Open-water propellerdynamometers, force and moment balances, wake rakes and pitot static Prandtl probes. Please see the list onthe adjacent page. Within the standard K14 and the K23 square sections we would recommend the use of theOpen water propeller dynamometers that can be mounted either down-stream of the flow in the traditionalopen water mode, or upstream of the flow where it can be installed with wake screens to simulate the wakeof the hull.
K14 - EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL
K23 - RESEARCH CAVITATION TUNNEL - ENTRY LEVEL
EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL INSTRUMENTATION
EDUCATIONAL CAVITATION TUNNEL DYNAMOMETERS
External Mounted Dynamometers for use in Tunnelsfor Open Water Propeller testing in the followingranges:
R33E Rated Max Torque ±15Nm, Rated Max Thrust
±400N at 3500rpm. Rated Max Torque ±30Nm,Rated Max Thrust ±600N at 3500rpm.R73E Rated Max Torque ±15Nm, Rated Max Thrust±400N at 3500rpm. Rated Max Torque ±30Nm,Rated Max Thrust ±600N at 3500rpm.
Component Balance range:The R30 Three Component Balance is designed foruse in the measuring section of water tunnels withpressure regulation for cavitation tests.
The R35 Single Component Balance can be usedin air as well as under water, including within aCavitation Tunnel.
The R37 Six Component Balance is designed fortesting rudders, hydrofoils and ship appendageswithin medium sized measuring sections ofCavitation Tunnels.
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HEAD OFFICE
Cussons Technology Limited
Cussons Technology Ltd
Great Clowes Street
Manchester
M7 1RH
TEL: +44 (0)161 833 0036