cvp analysis by iqbal jabed
TRANSCRIPT
Cost Volume Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit AnalysisCost Volume Profit Analysis
Introduction Introduction The Profit FunctionThe Profit FunctionBreakeven AnalysisBreakeven AnalysisDifferential Cost AnalysisDifferential Cost Analysis
IntroductionIntroduction
The Profit EquationThe Profit Equation
OperatingProfit
TotalRevenue
TotalCosts = –
Operating profit equals total revenue Operating profit equals total revenue less total costs.less total costs.
π = TR – TC
The Profit EquationThe Profit Equation
TotalRevenue
Average SellingPrice Per Unit
Units ofOutput
= ×
TR = P × Q
The Profit EquationThe Profit Equation
TotalCosts
Variable CostsPer Unit
Units ofOutput
= ×
TC = (V × Q) + F
FixedCosts+
The Profit EquationThe Profit Equation
Now, we’ll expand our Now, we’ll expand our original equation for profits!original equation for profits!
(P × Q) - [(V × Q) + F]=π
The Profit EquationThe Profit Equation
Now, we’ll expand our Now, we’ll expand our original equation for profits!original equation for profits!
(P × X) - [(V × X) + F]=
(P – V)Q – F=
ππ
ExampleExample
Here is the information from the Mr. X Bikes:
Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 bikes) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$
Finding Target VolumesFinding Target Volumes
The formula to find a volume expressed in units for a target profit is . . .
TargetVolume(units)
=Fixed costs + Target profit
Contribution margin per unit
How many bikes must Mr X sell to earn an annual profit of $100,000?
Target Volume in Sales DollarsTarget Volume in Sales Dollars
The equation for finding the target volume in sales dollars is . . .
Fixed costs + Target profit Contribution margin ratioContribution margin ratio
TargetVolume(sales $)
=
Finding the Break-Even PointFinding the Break-Even Point
The Break-Even Point Break-Even Point is the volume level where profits equal zero.
� To find the break-even point in unitsunits, we use the target volume in units target volume in units equation and set the profit to zero.
� To find the break-even point in sales dollarssales dollars, we use the target volume in sales dollars target volume in sales dollars equation and set the profit to zero.
Break-Even in Units and dollarsBreak-Even in Units and dollars
Let’s use the Mr X Bikes information again.
Total Per Unit PercentSales (500 bikes) 250,000$ 500$ 100%Less: variable expenses 150,000 300 60%Contribution margin 100,000$ 200$ 40%
Less: fixed expenses 80,000 Net income 20,000$
Contribution margin ratio
Contribution margin per unit
Break-Even in UnitsBreak-Even in Units
Break-EvenVolume(units)
=Fixed costs
Contribution margin per unit
= $80,000 200
= 400 units
Break-Even in Sales DollarsBreak-Even in Sales Dollars
= $200000
$80,000 .40
Fixed costs Contribution margin ratio
Break-EvenVolume(sales $)
=
=
Graphic PresentationGraphic PresentationConsider the following information for X Bikes:
Income 300 units
Income 400 units
Income 500 units
Sales 150,000$ 200,000$ 250,000$Less: variable expenses 90,000 120,000 150,000 Contribution margin 60,000$ 80,000$ 100,000$Less: fixed expenses 80,000 80,000 80,000 Net income (loss) (20,000)$ -$ 20,000$
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Graphic PresentationGraphic Presentation
Volume per period (X)
Dol
lars
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Graphic PresentationGraphic Presentation
Break-even point
Dol
lars
Volume per period (X)
Using CVP to Analyze Different Using CVP to Analyze Different Cost StructuresCost Structures
Operating leverageOperating leverage
Margin of safety Margin of safety
Operating leverageOperating leverage
Is a measure of how sensitive net operating income is to percentage change in sales.
Degree of Operating leverage Operating leverage = = Contribution margin
Net operating income
$100000 $20000
==
= 5= 5
Margin of SafetyMargin of SafetyExcess of projected (or actual) sales over the break-
even volume.The amount by which sales can fall before the company
is in the loss area of the break-even graph.
Sales Volume - Break even sales volumeSales Volume - Break even sales volume Margin of Safety =Margin of Safety =
= = $250000 - 250000 - Fixed costs Fixed costs
CM ratioCM ratio= $250000 - = $250000 - $80000 $80000
.4.4
= $50000 = $50000
Thanks