cxr interpretation lectureunlam

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Pemeriksaan Foto Toraks Konvensional (Chest X-Ray Examination) Mashuri A. Rasyid.,dr.,Sp.Rad.,M.Kes Department of Radiology Faculty of Medicine University of Lambung Mangkurat/ Ulin Hospital Banjarmasin

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Page 1: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Pemeriksaan Foto Toraks Konvensional

(Chest X-Ray Examination)

Mashuri A. Rasyid.,dr.,Sp.Rad.,M.Kes

Department of Radiology Faculty of Medicine University of Lambung Mangkurat/

Ulin HospitalBanjarmasin

Page 2: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Terminologi

Conventional radiography=x-rays=plain films=foto polos

Chest x-ray=CXR=foto polos dada=“Foto toraks”

Page 3: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Prinsip: “if the x-ray is taken, it must be interpreted”

Interpretasi:ReadGP WriteExpertise (radiology

report)Radiologist

Page 4: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

What is the role of the radiology report?

Verbal rendition of the film study Medico legal/professional communication

insurance company workman’s compensation boards attorneys (patient’s attorney)

Provides a standard for comparison Part of the permanent patient record

an x-ray report is capable of replacing the lost film Expedite treatment by highlighting indications

and contraindication for treatment

Page 5: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Modalitas “White” “Black”Konvesional (Radio)opak (Radio)lusen

CT Hiperdens Hipodens

MRI Hiperintens Hipointens

US Hiperekoik Anekoik/Hipoekoik

Nucl Medicine

High Uptake (“hot”)

Low Uptake (“cold”)

Page 6: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Bone=Off whit

e

5 principal densities plain X-Ray

Soft Tissue/Water=light grey

Fat=dark grey

Air/GasBlack

Metal=brigh white

Page 7: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

The 15 Step Interpretation 1: Nama/usia 2: Tanggal pembuatan 3: Med record number 4: Foto sebelumnya 5: View(s): PA/AP/+Marker 6: Penetrasi 7: Rotasi 8: Inspirasi 9: Magnifikasi 10: Angulasi 11: Trakea/Cor/Sinuses/Diafragma 12: Hilus/Corakan bronkovaskuler 13: Lapang paru/hemitoraks 14: Soft tissue/bone 15: Kesimpulan/kesan

Quality

Diagnostic

}}

Identitiy}

Page 8: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Identity Nama, usia Tanggal

pembuatan foto

Medical number

Bila perlu disertakan foto lama

Marker L/R

Page 9: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Why Checking The identity (Name And Date ) Matters?

Foto toraks:Pneumothorax

Terapi:A chest tube

It is very bad form to get the name wrong and put a chest tube in the wrong patient!

Page 10: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Tanpa identitas

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“Marker”

Upright Supine

Page 12: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

PA /AP and Supine /Upright

AP and supine films make the heart and mediastinum

appear larger than on a PA or upright film

Mr. S: Upright PA Film 09/09 Mr. S: Supine AP Film 15/09

Page 13: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

PA vs AP CXR

Page 14: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

The 15 Step Interpretation 1: Nama/usia 2: Tanggal pembuatan 3: Med record number 4: Foto sebelumnya 5: View(s): PA/AP/+Marker 6: Penetrasi 7: Rotasi 8: Inspirasi 9: Magnifikasi 10: Angulasi 11: Trakea/Cor/Sinuses/Diafragma 12: Hilus/Corakan bronkovaskuler 13: Lapang paru/hemitoraks 14: Soft tissue/bone 15: Kesimpulan/kesan

Quality

Diagnostic

}}

Identitiy}

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Penetrasi

Penetrasi KV (tegangan)/MASBila KV cukup, maka corpus VT IV

makin ke bawah makin tidak jelaskontras

MAS (kuat arus) memengaruhi jumlah sinar X yang dikeluarkandensitas.

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Good PenetrationOver-PenetrationGood-Penetration

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Under penetration vs over penetration

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Rotasi

Posisi yang diharapkansimetris

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Asimetris

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Kyphoscoliosis

a rotated patientvery difficult to improve patient position and x-ray quality

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Inspirasi

Level inspirasimaksimalMidpoint diafragma pada costa

5-6 anterior atauCosta 9-10 posterior terlihat

pada sulcus cardio-phrenicus kanan

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123

45

6

7

8

9

10

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Poor Good

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Angulasi

Clavicle should lay over 3rd rib

1

2

3

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Top lordotican unusually shaped heart and the usually sharp border of the left

hemidiaphragm will be absent

Apical lordotic Same patient, not lordotic

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Page 30: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Magnifikasi

Posisi PA jantung mendekati ukuran yang sebenarnya

Jarak antara x-ray tube dan pasien lebih pendek pada posisi AP (40 inchi) dibandingkan dengan posisi PA (72 inchi)

Page 31: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Pembesaran jantung=magnifikasi

Pelebaran mediastinum

Merapatnya (Crowded) bronkovaskuler pada basal

Rotasi pasien

Distorsi pada foto AP

Page 32: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Posisi (View) Routine : PA Supplemental :

LATERAL Left Right

AP (Portable)Top lordotikLATERAL DECUBITUS (R or L)OBLIQUEHeart Left Right

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Foto toraks PA

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Toraks Foto PA dan AP

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RIGHT LATERAL CHEST X-RAY

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AORTIC ARCH

LT. HEMI DIAPHRAGMCOLON GAS

TRACHEA

OBLIQUE FISSURE

POSTERIOR RIBS

RT. HEMI DIAPHRAGM

LEFT LATERAL CXR

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Top Lordotik

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LLD/RLD

Evaluation small pleural effusion

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Interpretasi• Trakea (di tengah/terdorong/tertarik)• Jantung (membesar/tidak membesar/bentuk/posisi)• Sinuses dan diafragma kanan/kiri

(normal/tumpul/tertutup perselubungan)• Pulmo:

– Hili (normal/kasar/melebar)– Corakan bronkovaskuler

(normal/bertambah/berkurang)– Tidak tampak (bercak

lunak/perselubungan/nodul/massa)

Skeletal dan soft tissue

Kesan (impresi):

-

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Ukuran jantung

Ukuran

a b

c

(Meschan, 1981)

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Ukuran CTR normal

• Dewasa:<50%

a b

c

Neonatus -2 bulan: 70%

Bayi 2 bulan-1 tahun : 58%

Usia > 1 tahun : 53%

Usia > 3 tahun: 50%

Page 43: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Pada bayi (infant) CTR mungkin dapat mencapai sebesar 65%

William Hering, Learning Radiology

Beberapa referensi menyebutkan angka 60% sebagai batas atas CTR

Dalam menilai jantung pada infant harus diperhatikan:Presentasi klinik: murmur,

takikardia, dan sianosisCorakan bronkovaskuler

Page 44: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Aorta Aorta asenden

Panjang sekitar 5 cmtidak tampak pada foto toraks

Kiri dari VCS Kanan dari trunkus

pulmonalis Arkus aorta

Kiri dari garis tengah Tidak terlalu menonjol

(x=3-3,5 cm). Pembesaran aortic knobpeningkatan tekanan, aliran, perubahan dinding aorta

Arkus Aorta normal=aor

tic knob

Tepi aorta desenden

normal

x

Page 45: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

• Aorta desendenkiri dari kolumna vertebralis, posterior esofagus

• Aorta desendenrelatif lurus dengan midline menuju abdomen

• Pada orang tuadapat melengkung ke kiri (variasi normal)

Arkus Aorta normal=aor

tic knob

Tepi aorta desenden

normal

x

Page 46: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Sinuses

Kostofrenikus Kardiofrenikus

Page 47: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Diafragma Diafragma

kanan lebih tinggi dari kiri

Perbedaannya 2.5 cmlebih dari 3 cm berarti abnormal

Lihat: Free air, gastric bubble, pleural effusions

Page 48: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Paru

Paru terdiri dari kumpulan rongga udara yang merupakan kontras negatif”black”

Bandingkan kanan dan kiri

Page 49: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Kesepakatan deskripsi lapang paru (Lung field/lung zones) pada CXR

• Apekspuncak paru – klavikula

• Lapang atasklavikula sampai kosta II depan

• Lapang tengahkosta II-IV

• Lapang bawahkosta IV sampai diafragma

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Page 51: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Lapang paru: SilhouettesUpper right heart border / ascending aorta (anterior RUL)

Right heart border(medial RML)

Anterior hemidiaphragms(anterior lower lobes)

Upper left heart border(anterior LUL)

Left heart border(lingula; anterior)

Aortic knob(Apical portion of LUL )

Page 52: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Silhouette Sign

Jika 2 struktur yang memiliki densitas yang sama, batas kedua struktur tersebut invisible Silhouette Sign +

Page 53: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Lobus paru kanan

Approximate position of right upper, middle and lower lobes on chest x-ray.

Page 54: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Lobus paru kanan

Lateral View

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Lobus kiri

Approximate position of left upper and lower lobes on chest x-ray.

Page 56: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Lobus kiri

Lateral View

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Hilus (Jamak: Hili)

Tempat keluar masuknya pembuluh darah (a/v), bronkus, limfa

Berukuran +1,5 cm

Pada foto toraks “diwakili” a. pulmonalis

Page 58: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Tangent line• Normal: 0 (menyentuh

tangent line)−5 mm ke arah medial.

Page 59: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Corakan paru=corakan bronkovaskuler

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Kranialisasi/sefalisasi corakan paru apex lebih dari corakan paru di basis dengan perbandingan >5:1 (Normal 3:1)

Kranialisasibendungan vena

Page 62: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Deskripsi Kelainan

Pebercakan (patchy) Bercak/noda keras Infiltrat/Bercak

lunak Konsolidasi (3D) Nodul

Halus/Milier: <0,5cm

Kecil: 0,5-2 cm Besar: 2-3 cm

Massa Ukuran>3 cm

Perselubungan/Konsolidasi (sinonim) Fluffy Cloudlike Hazy

Page 63: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Infiltrat (TB)

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Kavitas (TB post-primer)

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• Hazy/perselubungan opak (pneumonia)

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Rongga lusen, air fluid level (+)

Page 69: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Perselubungan opak homogen

Trakea di tengah Jantung membesar ke

lateral kiri, apeks grounded, pinggang jantung mendatar (flattening), kranialisasi (-)

Sinus kanan/kiri normal, diafragma normal

Pulmo: Hilus kanan: tampak

lesi lobulated batas tegas reguler, ukuran 4cm di hulus kanan

Page 70: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Perselubungan opak homogen

Pulmo: Hilus kanan: tampak

lesi lobulated batas tegas reguler, ukuran 4cm di hilus kanan

Tampak perselubungan/bayangan opak batas tegas di lapang atas paru kanan

Corakan bronkhovaskuler bertambah

Page 71: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Perselubungan opak homogen

Skeletal/soft tissue: normal

Kesan (impresi): Atelektasis superior paru

kanan ec massa paru Cardiomegaly tanpa

bendungan paru

Saran: CT scan toraks+kontras

Page 72: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

Atelektasis

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Perselubungan opak hemitoraks

Upright

Decubitus

Lateral

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Supine

Page 75: CXR Interpretation LectureUnlam

75154 slidesInspiration Expiration

Bayangan lusen avaskuler

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THANKS