CYA Intermediate Cruising

Jack DaleAdvanced CYA Instructor

#2066

Objective To be able to cruise safely in familiar

waters as both skipper and crew of a sailing yacht of 8 - 12 meters in moderate wind and sea conditions by day.

Emphasizes on-the-water skills at a level acceptable for bareboat chartering.

Prerequisites Basic Cruising Standard Recommended

First aid and CPR VHF ROC Coastal Navigation

Section IPlanning

Diesel Fuel System Fuel tank Water separator Fuel pump Fuel filter Injectors Return

Fuel Efficiency Fuel consumption

Diesel O.1 litres per horsepower per hour 56 hp = 5.6 liters per hour 400 litres Range @ 5 knots = 400 / 5.6 X 5 = 357 miles

Gasoline 0.3 litres per horsepower per hour 20 hp 6 litres per hour 100 litres Range @5 knots = 100/6 X 5 = 83 miles

Fuel Efficiency Affected by

Engine Tune RPM # of cylinders Prop type

Folding Feathering # of blades

Fuel Efficiency Affected by

Other factors Cleanliness of hull Dinghy

Towing (drag) On deck (windage)

Wind and current, sea conditions Steering Motorsailing

Fresh Water Requirements

Minimum – 2 litres (.5 US gallon) per person per day

Primarily drinking water Normal - 8 litres (2 US gallons) per person

per day Washing dishes, brief showers

Stored in tanks under berths and settees Use one tank at a time

Domestic Water System

Multiple tank systems has valves to prevent simultaneous use of tanks.Foot or hand pumps might also be used.

Seasickness Causes Mixed messages

Inner ear Eyes Other motion sensors

Worsened by Odours Alcohol Fatty foods Spicy foods Overheating

Seasickness Symptoms Drowsiness Nausea Clammy skin Pale skin Vomiting Dry heaves

Seasickness Prevention Avoid alcohol and coffee Avoid greasy food Get plenty of rest Avoid excessive time below

Navigating Cooking

Avoid discussions and thoughts of mal de mer

Seasickness Medication Meclizine (Bonine) Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) Transderm-Scopolamine Patch Side effects

Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision

Take it before Trip (side effects) Onset

Seasickness – Non-medicinal Treatment Ginger ale (rehydrate) Dry crackers Focus on horizon Steer If incapacitated

Lie on centre line of cabin sole Close eyes

Clothing – Foul Weather Dress in layers Polypropylene underwear Fleece Watch cap Avoid cotton and wool Raingear

Breathable Welded seams

Clothing – Fair Weather Hat Cover ups UV protection Sunglasses (with retainer)

UV protection Gloves

Clothing – Footwear Sailing shoes

Grippy (gum rubber) Non-marking Quick drying

Sea boots Grippy Felt in-soles

Shore shoes Sandals Walking shoes

Packing Clothing Hanging space at a premium

Usually wet lockers Use soft bags Roll pants Organize clothes in laundry bags /

mesh organizers

Menu Planning Check galley

How many burners on stove? Oven? What pots and pans are on board? What containers?

Juice Storage

Barbeque? Propane or briquettes

Provisioning Three nutritious meals per day Snacks Water Beverages Herbs, spices and sauces Dietary requirements of crew

Stowing Provisions Beverages will stay cool if stored

under water line Dry stowage Longer voyages

Stowage plan Long lasting vegetables Turn eggs Remove labels and mark cans

Packing the Fridge First in – last out Coldest at bottom near freezer

plate Keep lettuce and salads way from

freezer plate

Minimizing Fridge Power Consumption Pre-freeze / pre-chill foods Keep fridge full Organize to minimize opening Top opening more efficient Block ice in bottom Beverages stowed below waterline (not

fridge) Extra insulation

First Aid Kits Take first aid and CPR Charter boats may not have

medications

First Aid Kit Contents Box Bandages

Gauze Elastic Adhesive Triangular

Sterile pads Thermometer Surgical tape First aid

manual

Medications Sun block and screen Sunburn lotion Burn cream Antihistamines Laxatives Antacid Diarrhea medication Analgesics Antiseptic lotion Antibiotic cream Personal medication

ScissorsTweezersSafety pinsGlovesCold packsAR shieldSplintsSpace BlanketEye wash kit

Engine Spare Parts Oil Oil filter Fuel filter Impellor(s) Belts Duct tape Electrical tape Fuses

Penetrating oil Transmission fluid Mechanics wire Wire ties Hose clamps Points, plugs,

condenser (gas) Gasket cement

Tools General

Crescent wrenches Box wrenches Vice grips Socket set Pliers Screwdrivers Hammer Allen keys

Sail and Rigging Marlinespike Rigging knife Sail maker’s palm Needles Sail thread Bolt cutter

Engine Checks Daily

Engine oil level Coolant level Belt tension Leaks under

engine Fuel level Bilge

Oil Fuel Propane

Weekly Transmission fluid Transmission

linkage Stuffing box Sea strainer Battery

connections

Clearing Customs and Immigration Into USA

Port of entry Skipper only ashore Boat

Registration # Name / length Cruising permit

Crew Names Addresses Nationalities

(passport) Place / date of birth

Clearance #

Into Canada Port of entry Skipper only ashore Boat

Registration # Name / length

Crew Names Addresses Nationalities

(passport) Place / date of birth

Clearance #

Clearing Customs and Immigration Pre- departure

Check requirements Departure clearance Crew documentation Vessel documentation

Import restrictions “Q” flag? Courtesy flag?

Section IILiving Aboard

Galley Safety Cooking underway

Stove gimbaled Be careful opening oven

Hand rail in front of stove Pots half full Pots clamped into place Wear foul weather pants Use harness in rough weather

Diesel / Kerosene Stove Fuel readily

available Safe Burner must be pre-

heated May produce soot if

not properly primed Must be vented Cannot be gimbaled

Alcohol Stove Cool, moist heat Not explosive unless

vapourized Readily available Must be primed Subject to flaring

Keep pan of water nearby

Fire extinguisher for large flares

Propane Stoves Readily available Inexpensive Efficient heat Heavier than air

Bottles must be in locker vented overboard

Properly installed “sniffer”

CNG Stoves Compressed

natural gas (2000 psi)

Bottle must be exchanged

Efficient heat Lighter than air Becoming more

available in North America

                                                

Electric Stoves Not common on

sailboats On some power

boats Requires higher

voltage (genset) Safe

Diesel Cabin Heaters Must be

exhausted through stack

Convenient fuel Must be primed

properly

Forced Air Cabin Heater Diesel fuel Be patient when starting

3 unsuccessful – service call

Individual cabin controls Use away from dock

Smelly exhaust Expensive to buy Hard to install post-

production

Hot Water Cabin Heating Diesel fuel May also be

heated by engine or electric heat

Individual cabin controls

Smelly exhaust1. Radiator   2. Expansion Tank   3. Warm Water Tank   4. Fuel Line

5. Water Circulation Pump   6. Water Heater   7. Exhaust Pipe

Electric Cabin Heating 110 volt High wattage Only practical at

dock

Electrical System Sources of 12 volt DC power Sources of 120 volt AC power Battery banks

Sources of 12 Volt DC Alternator Solar panels Wind generator

Sources of 120 Volt AC Shore power Genset Inverter

Battery Banks Normally 2 Banks

Engine starting battery – isolated May be smaller

House power Normally 2 or more batteries Deep cycle

Section IIIWeather

Thermal Generated Winds Land heats up faster than water Water cools slower than land Temperature and pressure

differences result in Breezes Clouds

Sea Breeze Lands heats

faster than water Pressure gradient

evolves Air rises over land Replaced by air

from sea

Land Breeze Land cools faster

than water Pressure gradient

results Air circulates Breezes result

Fair Weather Cumulus Clouds

Puffy cotton balls, flat grey bottom

Created by rising warm, moist air

Appear late morning Dissipate late

afternoon May develop into

cumulonimbus clouds (thunderstorms)

Fog Tiny water droplets

suspended in air Dew point

Radiation Fog Land radiates heat into space

Advection Fog Warm, moist air over cooler water

Frontal Fog Often associated with warm fronts

Sea Fog Steam fog (fresh

water) Sea smoke (salt

water) Cold air over much

warmer water 9º C difference

Radar Reflector Mount at least 4

meters high “Catch rain” position

for octahedral reflectors

Section IVSeamanship

Emergencies Four rules of preparation

Respect the boat Worst case scenarios

Prepare the crew Location and use of equipment Assign duties and chain of command Standing orders

Choose a safe route Prepare for emergencies

Practice

Running Aground It will happen! Procedures

All crew in PFDs Check crew safety Check vessel

integrity Check the tide

Float off Prepare for

falling tide

Heel the vessel Kedge off Sail or motor off Take a tow

Preparing for a Falling Tide Kedge anchor Heel boat

Mast to shore Secure items below Close hatches and ports Cushion hull

Avoiding Running Aground Know

Where you are Where you are going

Consult charts regularly Take a coastal navigation course In shallow water, use depth sounder or lead

line Be aware of tides and currents Avoid lee shores Post lookouts in narrow passes

Springing a Leak All crew in PFDs Start pumping Determine source

Look, smell and taste Fresh water

Water tank Leak from rain

Salt water Holed hull Through hulls Above water fixtures and seals

Holed Hull If on rocks, stay there! Collision mat (storm sail) Plug from inside

Tear out cabin sole and cabinets

Stuff cushions, rags, whatever

Hold in place with oars, planks

Pre-drilled marine plywood

Through Hulls Check flush lever

position in head Locate and check all

Loose or damaged hoses Close seacock Tighten or replace hose

clamps Broken seacock

Hammer in wood plug

Stuffing Box, etc Should drip occasionally If excessive flow

Tighten Pump grease into gland

Check prop shaft Check rudder post

Above Water Leaks Check ventilators and deck pipes Close and dog all hatches Inspect hull-deck join

Especially near chain plates) Check all deck fills Check mast partner and boot Clogged drains

Cockpit Anchor well

Avoiding Leaks Same measures to avoid running

aground Look out for objects in water

Deadheads Fill tanks slowly Inspect all hoses

Stainless hose clamps Anti-siphoning loops

Check and lubricate seacocks

Avoiding Leaks (2) Sacrificial anode on prop shaft Check prop shaft alignment Inspect stuffing box Check operation of bilge pumps Inspect hatches, ports and

ventilators Replace gaskets

Steering Failure Rig emergency tiller Steer with sails

Ease jib / harden main to head up Ease main / harden jib to bear away

Jury rig rudder Board lashed to spinnaker pole Pole lashed to backstay

Fouling a Propeller Stop engine immediately Gently tug on line

Pull out fuel stop Transmission in reverse “Stab” starter button

In calm waters Send diver to cut line

Mask, snorkel, fins Safety line

In rough water sail to calm anchorage

Collision With Another Vessel Check crew and vessel

Pan pan or Mayday as required All crew in PFDs Stay in proximity until

released by Other vessel Coast Guard

Exchange insurance information

Fire Shout “fire” All crew in PFDs Keep fire downwind Cut off fuel Use fire extinguisher

P.AS.S. method Prepare to abandon

2 minutes “Mayday”

P.A.S.S. Method Pull pin Aim at base of

fire Squeeze handle Sweep side to

side

Cooling Water Fails Shut off engine Check raw water seacock Check sea strainer Check hoses and hose clamps Check impeller Wait for engine to cool

Restart Blocked inlet

Raw Water Cooling Sea water is

drawn in via through hull

Circulates through engine

Discharged into exhaust

Fresh Water Cooling Coolant circulates

through engine and heat exchanger

Sea water circulates through heat exchanger

Sea water mixed with exhaust

Sea Strainer Close sea cock Remove top (1) Remove basket

and clean Clean body (2) Reassemble OPEN SEACOCK

Engine Failure in Anchorage Not safe to sail Anchor Boat hook Fenders Tow with dinghy

Engine Failure in Channel Issue “Pan Pan” Attempt to sail Keep anchor at ready Tow with dinghy

Recovering Crew Overboard Swim ladder (calm seas) Inflatable dinghy Lifting gear

Life sling Spare halyard Foresail Boom vang on boom end

Emergencies and VHF Mayday

Imminent danger to vessel or crew Pan Pan

Broken down Securité

Safety message

Components of Mayday Message

The distress signal MAYDAY The call sign of the station in distress Position (relative or geographical) Nature of distress and assistance required Vessel description The number of persons on board and injuries Other information that might facilitate rescue Vessel name

Anchoring

Using a Windlass READ THE MANUAL Switch off breaker

when not in use Engine running

(1000 rpm) Monitor the chain Clear with breaker

off Keep loose clothing,

etc.. clear

Avoid heavy strains on windlass

Use engine to move boat forward

Watch deck mounted switches

Use chain break Use snubber Use bursts

Fixed Dock Large Tides Fender board No breast lines Long spring lines

Weighted Boat tilted toward dock Support bow and stern

Mediterranean Moor Prepare

Stern lines Anchor rode

Fenders Both sides

Drop anchor 4 boat lengths

Set anchor Tie to dock or shore

                                                                                       

Stern Tie

Thanks Faster

Breast Anchor Hold a boat away from dock Rode abeam of amidships Bridle from anchor rode to stern

cleat

Rafting Stagger spreaders

Clashing rigs One anchor – largest

boat in middle of raft Dragging anchor Fouled anchors

Lots of lines/fenders Hull damage

Break raft at night Prevent problems

spreading

Recovering Fouled Anchors Trip line Reversing engine Circling Weighted line Shifting crew

weight Using wave action

                                                                                                    

                    

Trip Line Non-floating line

attached to eye in crown

Weights at 10 and 20 feet

Mooring ball If anchor fouls,

retrieve with trip line

Anchor Ball To be strictly

legal, vessels over 12 meters require an anchor ball

Copyright John R Pollard, used with permission

The Dinghy Hardshell / Inflatable At Night Under Way

Hardshell vs Inflatable Hardshell

May be less expensive

Less stable than inflatable

Easier to row May bang against

hull at night

Inflatable More expensive Harder to row Will take larger

engine More stable than

hardshell

Dinghy at Night Fenders between boat and

dinghy Spinnaker pole lashed to

stanchion Attach dinghy to end of pole

Bring on deck Secure to dock

Towing the Dinghy Ensure towing points on dinghy

are substantial Use floating line (polypropylene) Keep vessel and dinghy in sync

with waves Two wave lengths Remove transom plug Secure oars Store engine on vessel stern rail

Swimming Presence of wind / current Reboarding device Depth Swimming ability Predators Hazards

Operating the Marine Head Open Seacock; flush lever to

wet Pump to wet bowl

Flush lever to dry Do your thing Sitting 4 squares of paper

Flush lever to wet Pump until empty

Flush lever to dry Empty remaining water

Close lid; close seacock

Flush Lever

Pump

Precautions – Marine Head If it did not go through your digestive

system, it does not go into the head. Except small amounts of toilet paper

No Tissue Dental floss Feminine hygiene products

Be aware of holding tank capacity If pump pressure increases – stop

identify problem

Courtesies and Customs Permission to board Raft at dock

3 deep at government docks Crossing rafted boats

Foredeck Anchoring rights

First boat Keep clear of races

Flag Etiquette Ensign

1” per foot Stern or leach of aft sail

Courtesy flag .5” per foot Cleared customs Starboard spreader

halyard Club burgee

Mast head

Rendering Assistance A legal requirement

Canada Shipping Act and the Criminal Code of Canada

Watch for signals that indicate distress and need of assistance

Render assistance to every person who is found at sea and in danger of being lost .. without posing serious danger to their own craft and the persons on board

Stop and offer assistance when the operator is involved in an accident

Rope on a Boat Polypropylene

Floating line Dinghy painter

Dacron Little stretch Halyards, sheets

Nylon Stretchy Anchor rode, dock

lines

Sail Management Systems Main sail

Lazy Jacks Stackpacks In Boom Furling In Mast Furling

Foresail / Headsail Furling

Lazy Jacks Collects sail while lowering Battens may snag when lowering / raising Can be retracted to mast

Stackpack “Permanent” sail cover

Top opening Usually used with lazy jacks

In Boom Furling Main rolls into boom May use used with

battens that are parallel to boom

In Mast Furling Main rolls into

mast Can use vertical

battens Jam will prevent

sail from being lowered

Foresail / Headsail Furling Jib sheet unfurls sail Furling line furls sail Keep slight tension

on furling line when unfurling to prevent “bird’s nest.”

Jib Fairlead Position Controlling twist and depth of foot

Move car forward to open foot and close leech

Easing to go downwind Move car aft to close foot and open leech

Hardening to close hauled Specific guideline

All telltales should break together

Jib Fairlead Position

General guidelineSheet should be in line with middle of luff

Jib Fairlead Position (leech and foor shape) Jib lead aft moves the draft in the top of the

sail forward and moves the draft in the bottom of the sail aft. With the lead aft, the leech is loose and foot is tight.

Jib lead forward moves the draft in the top of the sail aft and moves the draft in the bottom of the sail forward. The leech is tight and the foot is loose.

The correct jib lead position distributes draft evenly in the sail and the tension on the leech and foot are relatively equal.

Job Fairlead Position (luff) Jib leads can be located by observing

which portion of the sail begins to luff first. Luffing in the upper portion means that the

lead should be moved forward. Too much twist.

Luffing in the lower portion requires the lead point to be moved aft. Too little twist.

Mainsail Trim Halyard tension Mainsheet tension Boom Vang tension Outhaul tension Backstay / baby stay

tension Cunningham tension Traveller position

Traveller

Mainsheet

Mainsail Halyard Tension Controls draft in mainsail Do not take headboard past the

black line near top of mast Harden luff to move draft forward About 50% draft

Mainsheet Tension Controls twist in

leech Controls angle of

attack beyond traveller

Guideline Harden mainsheet

until top batten is parallel with boom

Boom Vang Tension Controls twist after

mainsheet is at end of traveller

Set tension after mainsheet tension is set

May be used to depower main when sailing downwind

Traveller Position Used to set angle of attack of mainsail Guideline

Set traveller so that the boom is amidships when close hauled

When bearing away ease until main luffs and harden slightly

Bottom two telltales on main battens should stream

Top telltale streaming more than ½ time

Section VNavigation

The Ship’s Compass Points to magnetic

north (sort of) Subject to annual

changes Subject to

deviation Magnetic

disturbances on the boat

Relative to bearing

Variation Difference between

true north and magnetic north

North pole and magnetic pole differ

Annual change Found on compass

rose Varies globally

Compass Rose 004 1/2°W 1985 (8' E) 4.5º West variation in

1985 8’ annual change Current variation 3ºW

8 X 20/60 = 2.7 º change 4.5 – 2.7 = 1.8 Subtract when annual

change and variation directions differ

Add when same

Deviation Difference between ship’s compass and

magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on

vessel Relative to vessel’s heading Found on deviation card / table No deviation in hand bearing compass

Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass

000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175

015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189

030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204

045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218

060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234

075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249

090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265

105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281

120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198

135 0 135 315 0 315

150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334

165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349

Deviation Card Created by

Compass compensator

Self Checked using

ranges or transit

Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the ship’s compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions

Correcting Compass to True

Uncorrecting True to Compass

Compass to True Conversions

Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections

Correcting Compass heading +/- Deviation = Magnetic

heading +/- Variation = True heading Add East

Converting True to Compass

Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings

Uncorrecting True heading +/- Variation = Magnetic

heading +/- Deviation =Compass

heading Add West

Correcting Examples

Compass

Deviation

Magnetic

Variation

True

124 16°W

253 12 °W

165 17 °E

337 13 °E

Uncorrecting Examples

True Variation

Magnetic

Deviation

Compass

017 13 °E

073 11 °W

206 9 °E

268 21 °W

Time, Speed, Distance Distance

Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of

latitude 1.15 statute miles (6080 feet) 1.85 kilometers

Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per

hour) Time

Measured in minutes

The Formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed

times time D=(ST)/60 S=60D/T T=60D/S

Guidelines

Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots

Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes

Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and

20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots. How far have you travelled?

2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500. At what time should you depart, if your speed 6 knots?

3) You leave Sidney for Ganges, a distance of 15 miles. You arrive 4 hours later. What was your speed?

Answers1. D=ST / 60

6 X 240 /60 = 26 miles

2. T=60D /S60 X 20 / 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140

3. S=60D / TS=60D / T60 X 5 / 240 = 3.75 knots

Colregs

International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at

Sea

Application (Rule 1) All vessels upon the high seas All waters connected to the high seas

navigable by seagoing vessels Shall not interfere in the operation of

special rules made by an appropriate authority (Victoria – seaplane aerodrome)

Traffic separation schemes (rules differ)

Responsibility (Rule 2) Shall not exonerate any vessel, or

the owner, master, or crew Required by the ordinary practice

of seamen Due regard shall be had to all

dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances

Definitions (Rule 3) Read carefully May be counter-intuitive

Vessel Every description of watercraft Including non-displacement craft

and seaplanes Used or capable of being used as a

means of transportation on water

Power-driven vessel any vessel propelled by machinery

Sailing Vessel Any vessel under sail

provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used

Vessel Engaged in Fishing any vessel fishing

with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability

not trolling lines

Not Under Command A vessel which through some

exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules

Broken rudder No propulsion

Restricted in Ability to Maneuver

A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver

Unable to keep out of the way of another vessel

Example Cable laying Minesweeper Towing Dredging Aircraft carrier

Underway A vessel

not at anchor not made fast

to the shore not aground

In Sight Vessels shall be deemed to be in

sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.

Restricted Visibility Visibility is restricted by

fog mist falling snow heavy rainstorms sandstorms any other similar causes.

Wing in Ground-effect Boat with wings that

cruises just above the water surface

Floating on a cushion of relatively high-pressure air between its wing and the water surface.

Look Out (Rule 5) Every vessel shall at all times

maintain a proper look-out by sight by hearing by all available means appropriate make a full appraisal of the situation

and of the risk of collision

Safe Speed (Rule 6) All Vessels

Visibility Traffic density Stopping distance and

turning ability Background light State of wind, sea and

current Proximity of

navigational hazards Draft

Equipped with Radar Characteristics,

efficiency and limitations of equipment

Radar range scale Sea state, weather and

other sources of interference

Objects may not be detected

Number, location and movement of vessels

Risk of Collision (Rule 7) Shall use all available means appropriate Radar shall be used if fitted and operating Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of

scanty information Determining risk of collision

Compass bearing does not change substantially May still exist if change is substantial

Large vessel, tow, or close range

Avoiding Collision (Rule 8) Alter speed, alter course or both “Make it big and make it early” Due regard to good seamanship Avoid close calls until the other vessel is finally past

and clear Avoid creating another collision

situation

Narrow Channels (Rule 9) Keep as far to starboard as possible Vessels of 20 m or less and sailboat

shall not impede larger vessels Do not cross if you will impede Use appropriate sounds

Overtaking Bends or obscured vision

Avoid anchoring

Traffic Separation (Rule 10) Use correct lane Joining / leaving

Termination Small angle

Avoid crossing 90

Rules change

Application Rules for Section II apply to

unrestricted visibility

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) Opposite tack Port tack gives way to starboard

tack                                                                            

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) Same tack Windward gives

way to leeward (same tack)

Close-hauled, starboard tack is almost always stand-on

Sailing Vessels (Rule 12) If on port tack and you are

uncertain of other vessel’s tack – keep out of the way

Tack determined by position of boom Port tack – main boom on starboard Starboard tack – main boom on port

Overtaking (Rule 13) Overtaken vessel – stand on Overtaking vessel – give way Pass to either side Keep clear of the overtaken vessel

until finally past and clear

Head –0n (Rule 14) Power-driven Alter course to

starboard Pass port – to –

port

                                                                           

Crossing Situation (Rule 15) Power-driven Give way to vessel on

starboard “Vessel on right is right”

                                                                           

Action by Give Way Vessel (Rule 16) Alter course Alter speed Alter course and speed “Do it big and do it early”

Action by Stand-on Vessel (Rule 17) Maintain course and speed May have to avoid collision if give

way does nothing Avoid altering course to port

Responsibilities between Vessels (Rule 18)

Over Night Room For Sale Plus Snacks & Whisky

Overtaken (Rule 13) Not under command Restricted in Ability to

Maneuver Fishing Sailboat Powerboat Seaplane WIG – taking off

Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility (Rule 19) Safe speed with engine(s) ready When using radar

Avoid altering course to port forward of beam

Avoid altering course towards vessels abeam or abaft the beam

Fog signal forward of beam Slow down and navigate carefully until risk

of collision is over

Sounds Signals (Rules 32-37) Definitions

Short blast – one seconds Prolonged blast – 4 to 6 seconds

Requirements Under 12 meters – whistle (horn) 12 meters and over – whistle and bell

Maneuvering and Warning Signals

1 short blast 2 short blasts 3 short blasts 5 short blasts

May also be light flashes

Altering course to starboard

Altering course to port Operating astern

propulsion Your intentions are

unclear

Overtaking Signals 2 long, 1 short

2 long, 2 short

1 long, 1 short, 1 long, 1 short

I intend to overtake on your starboard

I intend to overtake on your port

I am in agreement with your intentions

Sound Signals –Restricted Visibility

1 prolonged blast 2 prolonged blasts 1 prolonged, 2 short

Each signal within 2 minutes

Moving (under power)

Not moving Almost all others

Distress Signals

Distress Signals

Radar Reflectors (Rule 40) Required if

Under 20 meters, or Non-metallic construction

Mounted 4 meters above waterline Strong return

Blue Flashing Light (Rule 45)

Government ship Providing

assistance Engaged in law

enforcement Adheres to Steering

and Sailing Rules